Dyeing Fabrics
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Dyes attach to fabrics in different ways depending on their chemical composition. Acidic dyes contain acid groups that attach to nitrogen groups in fabrics like wool, silk and nylon. Direct dyes bond to fabrics through hydrogen bonding and are used on rayon and cotton. Reactive dyes were originally used on wool but later found to work well on cotton, reacting with amine and hydroxyl groups. The color fastness of a dye depends on the fabric it is applied to as well as environmental factors like sunlight, which can cause fading over time. Modern dyes are designed to bond strongly to fabrics to prevent running and fading.
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Introduction to dyeing
The document provides an introduction to textile dyeing, including definitions of basic terms like dyestuff and pigment, an overview of dyeing processes and factors that influence dye choices, and descriptions of different types of dyes including direct dyes for cellulosic fibers, reactive dyes, vat dyes, sulfur dyes, and disperse dyes for synthetic fibers. Classification methods for dyes and dyeing conditions for various fiber and dye combinations are also outlined.
Introduction to dyes
Dyes are colored organic compounds that can impart color to substrates like cloth, paper, plastic or leather. There are several types of dyes classified by their chemistry and application method. Reactive dyes are widely used for cotton dyeing due to their high washfast properties. Disperse dyes are used predominantly on polyester fibers. Direct dyes are water-soluble and used for cotton and cellulose. Vat dyes are applied to cellulosic fibers from a soluble leuco form. Sulfur dyes provide good washfastness for economical cotton dyeing.
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This document provides an overview of different types of dyes used in textile dyeing, including their working principles and applications. It discusses vat dyes, reactive dyes, azoic dyes, acid dyes, sulphur dyes, metal complex dyes, basic dyes, disperse dyes, and direct dyes. For each dye type, it describes the general dyeing process, suitable fibers, advantages and limitations, and how the dye bonds to or reacts with the fiber on a molecular level. The document serves as an educational reference on the various classes of dyes and dyeing methods.
Textile dyeing & Process
Dyeing is the application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns, and fabrics with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material. … In dyeing, it is applied to the entire textile.
Dyeing presentation
The document discusses different types of dyes used for textiles, including their chemical properties and fibers they can be used on. It covers natural dyes obtained from plants as well as synthetic dyes developed later. Key dye types discussed include reactive dyes, which chemically bond to cellulose fibers; vat dyes, which are applied in vats and can be used on cotton, wool and leather; acid dyes used for protein fibers like wool; and basic dyes also used for wool and silk. The document provides details on characteristics and applications of different dyes.
Chemical Processing Dyeing
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Introduction of dyeing Basic knowledge
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This document discusses vat dyes, including:
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2. Common reducing agents for vat dyes include sodium hydroxide and sodium dithionite, which must be used carefully due to their caustic nature.
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Dye fiber interactions
1. There are six main theories that explain the interaction between dyes and fibers: physical, chemical, physico-chemical, fiber-complex, solid solution, and mechanical or pigment theories.
2. The physical theory involves dyes being physically retained on fibers through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, while the chemical theory involves chemical bonding between reactive groups on the dye and fiber.
3. The physico-chemical theory involves dyes first being attached physically and then chemically treated to further improve fastness.
Mordant Dyes
1. Mordants are chemical binding agents that help dyes adhere to fabrics by forming coordination complexes between the dye and the mordant, which then attaches to the fabric.
2. Common mordants include alum, tin, iron, chrome, and copper, though some can be toxic. Mordants are used before, during, or after dyeing to improve color fastness.
3. Different mordants will produce different dye colors; some darken hues while others brighten them. Proper mordanting is important for vibrant, long-lasting colors from natural dyes.
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presentation on dye
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cotton dyeing
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The document provides information about dyeing cotton with reactive dyes, including:
1. Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with cotton fibers through reaction groups, making them very colorfast.
2. The dyeing process involves an exhaustion phase where the dye adsorbs to the fiber, and a fixation phase where the dye chemically reacts with and bonds to the fiber.
3. Key factors that affect dyeing include salt, soda, temperature, pH, time, and other assistants; the optimal time for fixation of reactive dyes to cotton is around 60 minutes.
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Disperse dye
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basics of dyeing
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Investigatory project chemistry
Dyes are colored substances that are used to add color to or change the color of other
substances like fabrics, plastics, paper, leather, and food. Dyes work by absorbing certain
wavelengths of visible light, which allows them to impart color. They contain structures called
chromophores that have delocalized electron systems responsible for light absorption.
Auxochromes are groups attached to chromophores that modify their light absorption
properties and provide solubility and cohesiveness to dyes. There are many ways to classify
dyes, including by their source (natural vs synthetic), chemical structure, intended application,
and dyeing method used. Common types of dyes include direct, vat, sulfur
Chemistry of fabrics
The document discusses the history and chemistry of fabrics and dyes. It describes how flax, cotton, and wool have been used to make fabrics since as early as 5000 BC. Natural fabrics like these are derived from animals, plants, or minerals, while synthetic fabrics like rayon, spandex and acrylic are manufactured. The document then explains the chemical processes used to create common synthetic materials like nylon and polyester. Finally, it covers the history of dyes and provides details on different types of dyes like acid dyes, basic dyes, and direct dyes, and how they bond to fabrics.
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This document discusses dyes, their classification, and properties. It defines dyes as colored organic compounds used to impart color. Dyes must be colorfast, soluble, able to bond to fibers, and withstand washing. There are several classification methods, including by source (natural vs synthetic), chromophore (nitro/nitroso, azo, triarylmethane, anthraquinone, indigo), and application method (direct, vat, mordant, azoic, disperse). Synthetic dyes account for most commercial use due to low cost, brightness, and ease of application. Azo dyes represent over half of dyes and provide a wide range of colors.
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This document discusses disperse dyes, which are water-insoluble dyes used to dye synthetic fibers like polyester, acetate, and nylon. Disperse dyes penetrate fibers through weak Vander Waals forces and have a neutral charge. They require dispersing agents and high temperatures to dye polyester fabrics. The dyeing process involves an exhaust method where the dye bath is heated to 130°C to swell the polyester fibers and allow dye penetration. Disperse dyes have good fastness properties and provide a wide range of colors but are not environmentally friendly. The thermosol process is also described for dyeing mixed fabrics using a padding and heat fixation stage.
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Classification of dyes
This document discusses vat dyes, including:
1. Vat dyes require a reducing agent to solubilize them and are soluble only in their reduced form, changing color upon exposure to air as the dye oxidizes.
2. Common reducing agents for vat dyes include sodium hydroxide and sodium dithionite, which must be used carefully due to their caustic nature.
3. Vat dyes are generally more lightfast than other dye classes but lightfastness ratings can vary between individual vat dyes.
Dye fiber interactions
1. There are six main theories that explain the interaction between dyes and fibers: physical, chemical, physico-chemical, fiber-complex, solid solution, and mechanical or pigment theories.
2. The physical theory involves dyes being physically retained on fibers through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, while the chemical theory involves chemical bonding between reactive groups on the dye and fiber.
3. The physico-chemical theory involves dyes first being attached physically and then chemically treated to further improve fastness.
Mordant Dyes
1. Mordants are chemical binding agents that help dyes adhere to fabrics by forming coordination complexes between the dye and the mordant, which then attaches to the fabric.
2. Common mordants include alum, tin, iron, chrome, and copper, though some can be toxic. Mordants are used before, during, or after dyeing to improve color fastness.
3. Different mordants will produce different dye colors; some darken hues while others brighten them. Proper mordanting is important for vibrant, long-lasting colors from natural dyes.
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presentation on dye
Amir Hamza is a student at Daffodil International University with ID 132-23-193 in the Department of Textile Engineering (TE). The document defines and describes different types of dyes including natural dyes, synthetic dyes, and various classes of synthetic dyes such as acid dyes, basic dyes, direct or substantive dyes, mordant dyes, vat dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, azoic dyes, and sulfur dyes. It also discusses dye classification, color fastness, the basis of color, molecular energy levels, and food dyes.
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Dyeing is the process of coloring fibers, yarns or fabrics using chemicals. Different types of dyes are used for different dyeing processes and for cotton dyeing specifically. Reactive, vat, sulphur, azoic, basic, and natural dyes can be used. Reactive dyes must be anionic, soluble, lightfast, washfast and fix under alkaline conditions. Azoic dyes must be soluble but produce insoluble color, have excellent lightfastness and increased rubfastness. Sulphur dyes must produce sulphur linkages, be insoluble in water but soluble when mixed with reducing agents under alkaline conditions. Dyeing requires additional chemicals like solubilizing
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This document summarizes methods for dyeing cotton yarn, including batch and continuous dyeing processes. It discusses classifying dyes and the reactive dyeing mechanism and process for cotton. Batch dyeing methods described are package, hank, and beam dyeing. Continuous dyeing methods covered are rope and slasher dyeing. A comparative study of costs for cotton yarn dyeing is also presented.
Chemistry and Application of Leuco Dyes
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The document provides information about dyeing cotton with reactive dyes, including:
1. Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with cotton fibers through reaction groups, making them very colorfast.
2. The dyeing process involves an exhaustion phase where the dye adsorbs to the fiber, and a fixation phase where the dye chemically reacts with and bonds to the fiber.
3. Key factors that affect dyeing include salt, soda, temperature, pH, time, and other assistants; the optimal time for fixation of reactive dyes to cotton is around 60 minutes.
Disperse Dyes For Dyeing Of Synthetic Fibres
These dyes are non ionic in nature and are applied on the fibres which cannot dyed by any other dyes like Reactive dyes, acidic dyes, direct dyes. These dyes make dispersion in the water which form particles. So we have to make soluble it.
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Leveling agents chemistry and Performance
Leveling agents are chemicals that help promote even dye distribution on fabrics during dyeing. They work by slowing the initial dye uptake to allow more uniform absorption over time. Leveling agents are classified as anionic, cationic, or non-ionic depending on their ionic nature, and include compounds like fatty acids, alcohols, and alkyl aryl sulphonates. Their effectiveness is tested by measuring factors like strike percentage and active content to evaluate uniformity. Careful selection of leveling agent type and concentration is needed to control dye exhaustion for consistent color without compromising yield.
basics of dyeing
This document discusses the process of dyeing textiles. It explains that there are three main types of dyeing: fiber, yarn and fabric dyeing. The dyeing process involves successive stages including dispersing dye in a dye bath, diffusion of dye onto and into the fiber substrate, and bonding between dye and fiber molecules. Dyes are also classified by their application method and chemical structure. Proper control of dye bath parameters like liquor ratio, electrolyte concentration, pH and temperature are important to ensure efficient dye absorption and an even color. Modern industrial dyeing is automated but still aims to produce textiles with homogeneous color in an economic manner with good colorfastness.
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Investigatory project chemistry
Dyes are colored substances that are used to add color to or change the color of other
substances like fabrics, plastics, paper, leather, and food. Dyes work by absorbing certain
wavelengths of visible light, which allows them to impart color. They contain structures called
chromophores that have delocalized electron systems responsible for light absorption.
Auxochromes are groups attached to chromophores that modify their light absorption
properties and provide solubility and cohesiveness to dyes. There are many ways to classify
dyes, including by their source (natural vs synthetic), chemical structure, intended application,
and dyeing method used. Common types of dyes include direct, vat, sulfur
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Flax fiber
Flax fiber comes from the stem of the flax plant. The fibers form bundles beneath the bark and are long, slender cells. Flax plants grow up to 1.25 meters tall. Flax was one of the first fibers used for textiles. The production process involves cultivating the plant, harvesting, retting to separate the fibers, breaking, scutching, and hackling. Retting can be done through dam, dew, tank, or chemical methods. The fibers are then used to make products like linen, sailcloth, sewing threads, garments, artists' canvases, and composites.
Flax
Flax is a widely cultivated plant with pale blue flowers and slender stems containing textile fibers. The fibers are made into linen fabric through harvesting, processing, and weaving. Flax fiber production has a history of over 5000 years and was used by ancient Egyptians. Flax fabric is 100% natural with properties like quick drying, UV protection, and antibacterial/antifungal qualities. However, it can be easily ignited and deteriorates with heat and steam. Flax farming has environmental benefits from less fertilizer and pesticide use. Flax fabric is strong and durable with qualities like some types of steel. It is used for items like curtains, bed linen, upholstery and dressings.
Flax fiber, manufacturing, physical and chemical properties..
This document provides information on the morphology, structure, and production process of flax fibers. It describes flax fibers as natural, cellulose fibers that are 10-100cm in length. The fibers have a thickness of 40-80μm depending on the number of cells in the cross-section. Production involves collecting flax plants, retting them to separate fibers from stems, breaking and scutching to further separate fibers, and hackling/combing and spinning fibers into yarn. The yarn is then bleached before dyeing and woven into linen textiles.
Natural Fiber to Yarn Stage - Linen
Linen is obtained from the flax plant. It is composed mainly of cellulose and is one of the strongest natural fibers. The linen manufacturing process involves cultivating flax plants, harvesting, and then preparing the fibers through processes like retting, breaking, scutching and spinning. Linen has good strength and absorbency but lacks elasticity. It is resistant to heat and weak acids but can be damaged by insects and strong acids. The properties of linen make it well suited for uses like towels and handkerchiefs.
FLAX
Flax (also known as common flax or linseed), with the binomial name: Linum usitatissimum, is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae. It is a food and fibre crop that is grown in cooler regions of the world. The species is native to the region extending from the eastern Mediterranean, through Western Asia and the Middle East, to India.
Flax is grown for its use as an edible oil, as a nutritional supplement, and as an ingredient in many wood finishing products. Flax is also grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. Flax fibers are used to make linen.
Flax
This document discusses the production of linen yarn from flax fiber. It begins by providing background on flax, including its botanical name and classification. It then describes the key steps in manufacturing linen yarn from flax, including harvesting flax plants, extracting the fibers through retting processes, dressing the fibers by breaking, scutching, and hackling, and cottonizing the fibers for spinning into yarn. The document also discusses the chemical composition of flax fiber and different methods for cottonizing flax fibers, including chemical, enzymatic, ultrasound, and steam explosion processes.
Yarn production process/ Spinning process
This document summarizes the process of yarn manufacturing from fibers through spinning. It describes how fibers are opened, cleaned and formed into laps in the blowroom. The laps then go through carding to be further cleaned and formed into slivers. Combing is used to straighten and parallelize fibers. Drawing drafts and blends slivers. Roving/Simplex frames draft and add twist to form rovings. Ring frames further draft and twist rovings to produce yarn, which is then wound onto bobbins. The key steps are blowroom, carding, combing or drawing, roving/Simplex frame, and ring frame spinning.
Yarn & textile sculpture
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TYPES OF YARNS & APPLICATION& PROPERTIES
This document provides information on different types of yarns including their physical properties, advantages, disadvantages, and end applications. It discusses jute, acrylic, nylon, spandex, and cotton. For each yarn type, it outlines properties like tenacity, density, elongation at break, burning characteristics, and more. It also lists common end uses for each yarn such as bags for jute, clothing for acrylic and nylon, hosiery for nylon, exercise clothing for spandex, and more.
Yarn Manufacturing
Textile yarn manufacturing involves several key steps. Fibers are first opened and cleaned through blowroom and carding processes. Drawing further arranges fibers into parallel strands called slivers. Roving attenuates slivers and adds twist. Ring frames then spin roving into yarn using drafts and twist. Combing upgrades raw materials by removing short fibers. The processes work to arrange, draft, and twist fibers into consistent yarns for weaving or other uses.
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TEXTILES 101 – QUIZ #5 (TAKE HOME) DUE 101814 RAPA – TR.docx
TEXTILES 101 – QUIZ #5 (TAKE HOME) DUE 10/18/14
RAPA – T/R 7PM-8.15PM Name:
Multiple Choice
1. Polyester filling used in a quilt is this type of textile:
A. meltblown nonwoven
B. felt
C. spunbond nonwoven
D. interlock
E. airlaid nonwoven
2. Another name for double-needle-bar raschel is:
A. simplex knit
B. lace
C. spunlace
D. interlock
E. spacer knit
3. Round shoelaces are often manufactured using this process
A. twisting
B. weaving
C. bonding
D. braiding
E. flat knitting
4. The process of making leather pliable, rot and water resistant is
A. snuffing
B. tanning
C. ageing
D. splitting
E. anti-fungus
5. Leather made from the most durable and expensive part of the hide is called
A. suede
B. split grain
C. top grain
D. pleather
E. coarse grain
6. In the video on leather manufacturing, what chemical is used to turn the animal skin blue?
A. Citric Acid
B. Chromium sulfate
C. Hydrochloric Acid
D. Sodium Hydroxide
E. Methylene Blue
7. Carpet is usually manufactured using this method:
A. knitting
B. tufting
C. felting
D. stitching
E. braiding
8. Color matching under one light source, but not with any other light source is called
A. bezold effect
B. lab dipping
C. metamerism
D. incandescent
E. crystal theory
9. The number of needles per inch in a knit is the
A. gauge
B. wale
C. count
D. course
E. decitex
10. Which fabrication method is made with a series of interlocking loops?
A. braiding
B. lace-making
C. knitting
D. weaving
E. chenille
11. Which of the fabrics below is a sliver knit?
A. velour
B. interlock
C. tricot
D. ponti-di-roma
E. fake fur
12. Which of the following is not a nonwoven fiberweb structure?
A. spunlaced
B. air-laid
C. needlepunched
D. laminated
E. spunbonded
13. Cordonnet is a type of
A. brocade
B. a surface embroidery
C. re-embroidered lace
D. tapestry
E. battenburg lace
SHORT ANSWERS
14. List the five steps involved in machine weft knitting:
15. a) Identify the following stitch:
a)
b) How is this stitch used in weft knitting?
16. What can be produced on a Sangiacomo knitting machine?
17. Describe one resist dyeing technique
18. When needles on one bed line up directly across from needles on the other bed, this is called:
19. List the two kinds of warp knitting machines:
a)
b)
20. Describe the 3 main nonwoven bonding mechanisms:
21. a) Name a product you use or wear that is made out of a non-woven textile:
b) Describe what type of nonwoven it is and how it is produced:
22. a) Describe one method of printing:
b) What is the advantage of using this print method over others?
Chapter 19
Dyeing and Printing
T101
Survey of the Textile Industry
Christina Rapa
[email protected]
215-490-7999
Important product characteristic
Goal: produce a ...
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Reactive dyes were developed to improve the washing fastness of cotton dyes. Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with cotton fibers through reactive groups like chlorine or vinyl sulphone that react under alkaline conditions. This provides excellent washing fastness. Reactive dyes have structures like azo dyes but include a reactive group and sulfonate group. They are widely used for cotton dyeing due to their bright colors and versatile dyeing methods. Proper handling is needed as the reactive groups can hydrolyze over time reducing dye reactivity.
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Synthetic organic dyes are manmade dyes derived from petroleum products rather than occurring naturally. They are classified based on their solubility and chemical properties into categories like acid dyes, basic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, vat dyes, azoic dyes, sulphur dyes, and mordant dyes, which dye different fibers like wool, silk, cotton, nylon, and polyester. The global market for textile dyes is projected to grow significantly due to the increasing demand for dyes to color various fiber types like cotton, polyester, and viscose for clothing and other textile applications.
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This document discusses different types of cellulosic fibers and dyes used to dye them. It describes the main fiber in plants as cellulose, which is found in fibers like cotton, linen, and rayon. It then discusses natural cellulosic fibers like cotton, flax, and jute. The document also provides an overview of direct dyes, reactive dyes, vat dyes, and basic dyes - including their chemical properties and dyeing processes for cellulosic fibers.
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TEXTILES 101 – QUIZ #5 (TAKE HOME) DUE 101814 RAPA – TR.docx
TEXTILES 101 – QUIZ #5 (TAKE HOME) DUE 101814 RAPA – TR.docx
Dyeing Fabrics
- 2. How Dyes Attach Themselves to Fabric Different dyes are required to color different groups on the fibers….
- 3. Acidic Dyes Contain acid groups that form attractions to –NH groups Used in wool, silk and nylon
- 4. Direct Dyes Bond to fabrics by hydrogen bonding In fabrics such as rayon and cotton
- 5. Fabric Reactive Dyes Used for wool at first but it didn’t work The dye was then used on cotton which did not damage fibers Dye molecules react with amine and hydroxyl group on the cotton fibers
- 6. Color Fastness Definition: The property of a pigment or dye to keep its original hue without fading, running, or changing Different dyes will have different fastness rates depending on what fabric they are applied to Also certain dyes only work on certain fabrics Something that works on leather wont work on cotton
- 7. Running Occurs when you wash fabric or when you expose something to a detergent Occurs also when the dye has a weak attraction to the material it’s attached to
- 8. Fading Caused by the chemical change of unstable dye molecules to a less strongly colored form Things that cause fading: Sunlight UV radiation Oxygen and atmospheric water No way to stop a fabric from fading
- 9. Dyes Today Built to be strongly bonded to the fabric they are attached to This way they wont run as easily or fade as easily Also, over the years scientists have learned what dye works well with what fabric