This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS). It begins with a definition of GIS as a system that integrates hardware, software, and data to capture, store, analyze and display spatially referenced information. The document then outlines the historical background of GIS, the key components including hardware, software, data, procedures and personnel. It also describes the GIS process, common application areas, what makes GIS unique in its ability to handle spatial information, technologies used in GIS like digitization, and the two main data formats of raster and vector. Finally, it discusses the importance of GIS for urban planning by allowing layered maps and helping businesses target customers.

1. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM
( G . I . S )
PRESENTED BY :-
HIMANSHU
CHAKRAVARTI
B.TECH 5TH SEM

2. TOPICS
 WHAT IS GIS ?
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 COMPONENTS OF GIS
 GIS PROCESS
 GIS AREAS
 WHY IS GIS UNIQUE ?
 TECHNOLOGIES USED IN GIS
 GIS DATA FORMAT
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RASTER AND VECTOR DATA !
 WHY GIS IS IMPORTANT IN URBAN PLANNING?

3. WHAT IS GIS ?
 A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware ,
software and data for capturing , managing , analysing and
displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.
 GIS allows us to view, understand , question , interpret , and
visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships , patterns
, and trends in the form of maps , globes, reports, and charts.
 A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by
looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and
easily shared .
 GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise
information system framework .

4. GIS : HISTORICAL
BACKGROUNDThis technology has developed from :
Digital cartography and CAD
DATA BASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS

5. GIS : HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
The first known use of the term “GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM “ was by ROGER TOMLINSON
in the year 1968 in his paper “A GEOGRAPHIC
IFORMATION SYSTEM FOR REGIONAL PLANNING” .
TOMILSON is also acknowledged as the “ FATHER OF
GIS”

6. COMPONENTS OF GIS
1. HARDWARE :- It includes
CPU,VDU,PLOTTER,PRINTER,CD/DVD DRIVE etc.
– to store , process , and present spatial data .
2. SOFTWARE :- It includes software like – Arc
GIS , Map info , Geometrica , Autodesk Map – to
perform GIS operation .
3. DATA :- Geographical data in form of - Hard
copy map , digital map , digital map , aerial photos,
satellite images , statistical tables , other
documents – used for GIS operations.
4. PROCEDURE & ANALYSIS :- To complete task –
procedures are performed using – hardware and
software.
5. EXPERT AND SKILLED PERSONNAL :- Expert
with knowledge area required to apply GIS
properly .Different types of users are using GIS at
different level .

7. GIS PROCESS
CAPTURE
DATA
REGISTER
MAP BASE
INTERPRET
DATA
CONVERT
DATA INTO
DIGITAL
FORM
STORE
DATA IN
COMPUTER
PROCESS
DATA
DISPLAY
RESULT

8. GIS Application Areas
 Geo sciences
 Civil engineering
 Transportation
 Natural resources
 Geology & geophysics
 Environment
 Planning
 Administration
 Management
 Business
 Remote sensing
 Image processing
 Urban & Rural Development
 Floods , disasters
 Oil Exploration
 Mines
 Surveys
 Watershed Management
 Tourism
 Communications

9. Why is GIS unique ?
GIS handles SPATIAL information
• Information referenced by its location in
space.
GIS makes connections between activities
based on spatial proximity .

10. TECHNOLOGIES USED IN ( GIS )
Modern GIS technologies use digital information , for which various digitized data creation
methods are used. The most common method of data creation is digitization, where hard
copy map or survey plan is transferred into digital medium through the use of a CAD
PROGRAM .
With the wide availability of ORTHO-RECTIFIED IMAGERY ( both from satellite & aerial
sources ), HEADS-UP DIGITIZING is becoming the main avenue through which geographic
data is extracted.
HEADS-UP DIGITIZING involves the tracing of geographic data directly on top of the
aerial imagery instead of by the traditional method of tracing the geographic form on a
separate DIGITIZING TABLET (HEADS-DOWN DIGITIZING).
GIS allows multiple layers of information to be
displayed on a single map .

11. GIS DATA FORMAT
There are two
formats used by GIS
systems to store and
retrieve
geographical data :
RASTER
VECTOR

12. DIFFRENCE BETWEEN RASTER & VECTOR
DATA
RASTER FORMAT
 Raster data comes in the form
of individual pixels , and each
spatial location has a pixel
associated where the pixel
values indicates the attributes
 Raster data structure produces
huge file size.
 A representation of world as a
surface divided into a regular
grid of cells.
 It has simple data structure .
VECTOR FORMAT
 Vector data comes in the form
of points and lines that are
geometrically and
mathematically associated.
 Vector data structure produces
smaller file size.
 A representation of the world
using points, lines and polygons.
 It has relatively compact data
structure.

13. For - EXAMPLE

14. WHY IS GIS IMPORTANT IN URBAN
PLANNING ? A GIS can have impact on your life without you ever knowing it. GIS
technology is often used in urban planning and impacts people living in
the area in many ways . The benefit of using a GIS in urban planning
are numerous , because GIS takes into consideration many different
factors to help build an efficient and organized city .

15.  MULTILAYERED MAPS :- one of the feature of a GIS is multi-layered mapping .
A municipal planning committee can use a GIS to see a variety of differents
things , including prime agricultural land , surface water , high flood frequency ,
and highly erodible land . This multi-layered capability can make big difference
when developing an area .
For example :- places with high flood frequency could lead to high flood insurance
premium for residents , which may detract from people wanting to live there .
 BUSINESS WILL IMPROVE :- based on customer provided data . GIS can help a
business see where their potential customers might come from .
For example :- if a produce store opens , and it is 10 miles closer than the previous
store , the business owner can conclude that customers will be likely to try his/her
store if the quality and prices are comparable.

16. THANK YOU 