This document provides an overview of fungi, including its history, types, structure, reproduction, life cycle, importance, and impacts. It discusses how fungi were first described in 1729 and are estimated to include 1.5 million species. Fungi lack chlorophyll and reproduce both sexually and asexually through spores. They play important roles in ecosystems through decomposition and nutrient recycling but can also cause illnesses in humans and plants. In conclusion, fungi are essential organisms that aid nutrient cycling while also posing some risks.
Nutrient media – A source of amino acids and nitrogen (e.g., beef, yeast extract). This is an undefined medium because the amino acid source contains a variety of compounds with the exact composition being unknown
Nutrient media – A source of amino acids and nitrogen (e.g., beef, yeast extract). This is an undefined medium because the amino acid source contains a variety of compounds with the exact composition being unknown
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion.
Economic importance of bacteria
#Economic importance of bacteria
#Bacteria : economically important as these microorganisms are used by humans for many purposes.
#Beneficial uses of bacteria
#Genetic engineering :
#Biotechnology :
#Food processing :
#Bioremediation
#Industry importance of bacteria
#Fiber industry:
#Medicine (probiotics)
#Agriculture importance
Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
Fungi is a group of eukaryotic non-phototropic organisms with rigid cell walls, that includes unicellular yeasts and multicellular molds. These slides will provide you the basics of fungi, general properties , reproduction and types of fungi.
Introduction of algae and general characteristics
Fossil history of algae
Endosymbiosis Theory
Where are algae abound? Ecology
Algal Blooms
Eutrophication
How are algae similar to higher plants?
How are algae different from higher plants?
Variations in the pigment constitution
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic algae...............
Presentation
BEST OF LUCK
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion.
Economic importance of bacteria
#Economic importance of bacteria
#Bacteria : economically important as these microorganisms are used by humans for many purposes.
#Beneficial uses of bacteria
#Genetic engineering :
#Biotechnology :
#Food processing :
#Bioremediation
#Industry importance of bacteria
#Fiber industry:
#Medicine (probiotics)
#Agriculture importance
Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
Fungi is a group of eukaryotic non-phototropic organisms with rigid cell walls, that includes unicellular yeasts and multicellular molds. These slides will provide you the basics of fungi, general properties , reproduction and types of fungi.
Introduction of algae and general characteristics
Fossil history of algae
Endosymbiosis Theory
Where are algae abound? Ecology
Algal Blooms
Eutrophication
How are algae similar to higher plants?
How are algae different from higher plants?
Variations in the pigment constitution
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic algae...............
Presentation
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Social Science 105 Politics & Governance with Constitution
Social Science 104 Philippine History with Politics & Governance
UNDER : Josefino Tulabing Larena ,AB, CPS,CPE,MPA
Microbiology is a branch of science that deals with microbes. The term microbiology derives its name from three Greek words mikros [small] bios [life] and logos [study]. Microbiology focus on the occurrence and distribution of microorganisms in nature, their structure, physiology, reproduction, metabolism and classification.
Microbes - Microorganisms are tiny and invisible to naked eye. They can be seen only by magnifying their image with a microscope. Small subcellular or cellular living beings with milli-micron or micron in size and are not visible to our naked eyes are called micro-organisms. Microorganisms include the cellular organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa. Viruses are also included as one of the microorganism but they are acellular.
The definition of Microorganisms, types of Microorganisms (Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa and Algae). It also explains the beneficial microbes (called Probiotics) and the harmful microbes (called Pathogens). It further enumerated the roles of Probiotics and Pathogens.
Fungi is most abundantly found organism in earth, almost all parts of earth we found earth, here we represent some characteristic with their uses and disadvantages .
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms. These organisms are classified under kingdom fungi.
Introduction of Biology in living organismssoumyapottola
What is biology? In simple terms, biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments. This is a very broad definition because the scope of biology is vast. Biologists may study anything from the microscopic or submicroscopic view of a cell to ecosystems and the whole living planet . Listening to the daily news, you will quickly realize how many aspects of biology are discussed every day. For example, recent news topics include Escherichia coli outbreaks in spinach and Salmonella contamination in peanut butter. Other subjects include efforts toward finding a cure for AIDS, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. On a global scale, many researchers are committed to finding ways to protect the planet, solve environmental issues, and reduce the effects of climate change. All of these diverse endeavors are related to different facets of the discipline of biology.
Biology is a science, but what exactly is science? What does the study of biology share with other scientific disciplines? Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning “knowledge”) can be defined as knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method. It becomes clear from this definition that the application of the scientific method plays a major role in science. The scientific method is a method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation.
The steps of the scientific method will be examined in detail later, but one of the most important aspects of this method is the testing of hypotheses by means of repeatable experiments. A hypothesis is a suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested. Although using the scientific method is inherent to science, it is inadequate in determining what science is. This is because it is relatively easy to apply the scientific method to disciplines such as physics and chemistry, but when it comes to disciplines like archaeology, psychology, and geology, the scientific method becomes less applicable as it becomes more difficult to repeat experiments.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
1. Presentedby
School of Studies in Environmental Science
Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur C.G.
M.Sc. III rd Semester in Environmental Science
1
SUBHAM DEWANGAN
2. • INTRODUCTION
• EXPLANATION
• HISTORY
• TYPES OF FUNGI
• MORPHOLOGICAL OF FUNGI
• REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI
• STRUCTURE OF FUNGI
• LYFE CYCLE OF FUNGI
• IMPORTANTS OF FUNGI
• ADVANTAGES OF FUNGI
• DISADVANTAGES OF FUNGI
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCE
2
3. • Microbiology is the branch of biology which deals with
the study of Microscopic organism such as bacteria,
viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa.
• Microbiology is the study of microorganism those being
unicellular,multicellular, acellular.
3
4. • Fungus is the any group of eukaryotic that include unicellular
microorganism such as yeast.
• The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important
organisms, both in terms of their ecological and economic roles.
4
5. 5
• In 1729, Pier A. Micheli first published descriptions of fungi.
• 50,000 genera and 10,000 species.
• In fungi is recovered 90,000 described.
• 1.5 million spp. Estimated to exist .
6. • Lack chlorophyll – unable to synthesis food
• Mycology- study of fungi
• Hyphae – Thread like structure
• Mycelium – network of hyphae.
• Cell wall – chitin & cellulose.
• Reproduction – vegetative
1) Fragmentation
2) Fission
3) Budding
• Eukaryotic
6
12. Perfect fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, while
imperfect fungi reproduce only asexually (by mitosis).In both
sexual and asexual reproduction, fungi produce spores that
disperse from the parent organism by either floating on the wind
or hitching a ride on an animal.
12
19. • Agent of bio degradation.
• Used in industrial fermentation.
• Used in bioremediation.
• Beneficial in agriculture, horticulture, medicine,
forestry.
• Transport of nutrients.
19
20. • Fungi play an essential role in ecosystems.
• They are responsible for the decomposition of organic matter.
• Removing and recycling the organic matter on the ground.
• Providing nutrients and food for plants.
• Use for making penicillin.
20
21. • Some species of fungi produce harmful toxins that cause
illness or death when eaten.
• Fungi are also responsible for skin infections such as
ringworm and athlete's foot.
• Other fungi have airborne spores that cause illness and life-
threatening infections.
21
23. 23
Fungi are the most essential organism in our
earth. It continue the neutrine cycle it both
beneficial and harmful for human and plant.
Fungi are use in medical file in the form of
antibiotic and penicillin .
24. 24
•Atlas R.M. and Maxwell-Mcmillan ,Microbiology – Fundamentals and
application, International Publisher, Sixth Edition (1996) 410-500.
•Madigan M.T., Martinko J.M. and Parker J., Broke –Biology of
Microorganisms, Prentice Hall International Publisher, Seventh Edition
(1998) 565-595.
•Michael J. Pelzer, Microbiology, Tata Publisher, Twelfth Edition,(2012)
321-389.
