This document provides an overview of the basic hardware components of a personal computer. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), motherboard, memory, buses, and input/output devices. The CPU processes instructions and performs calculations. It contains the microprocessor, co-processors, and connects to the motherboard via buses that allow communication between the CPU and other components. The motherboard contains connections for memory, expansion slots, and input/output devices. It facilitates communication between all hardware within the computer case. Buses like PCI transfer data and commands between the CPU and attached devices. Memory temporarily stores instructions and data for processing. Interrupts signal events and trigger routines to handle keyboard, mouse, and other hardware inputs.

1. FUNCTIONAL
HARDWARE OF PC
Class XI Science
Mentor: Aditi Bhushan

2. What is computer software ?
■ Set of Instruction – stored electronically in computer
Types of Software
System Software Application Software
Examples: File Utilities, Batch,
Shell, Data Compression
Examples: Chrome, Ms Paint,
Word, Notepad

3. Difference between software and
hardware

4. Motherboard

5. Important Parts
■ MICROPROCESSOR – 8085, 8086, PENTIUM, CORE DUO
■ CO-PROCESSORS
■ MEMORY – RAM / ROM / EPRAM
■ I/O DEVICES
■ EXPANSION SLOT
■ INTER-CONNECTING CIRCUITS

8. CPU

9. ■ CLOCK FREQUENCY – Maintains Speed : Pentium
processor maintains 500 MHz to 1 GHz.
■ DATA BUS – can accommodate for 8 bit, 16 bit, 32
bit, 64 bit or 126 bit.
■ ADDRESS BUS – Eg: Pentium can support 32 bit
means mapping of 2^32 = 1 Gb memory
■ CONTROL BUS – supports bidirectional flow of
resources.
■ SERIAL PORTS - supports serial transfer of data

10. Memory

11. Controller
■ A device – Controls the data transfer from
computer to a peripheral device.
■ Communication with Bus.
■ Example : PCI, SCSI, Disk Controller
■ Disk Controller: - Controls a disk drive.
■ Hard Disk Controller: - Controls a hard disk drive.
(HDC)
■ Floppy Disk Controller: - Controls a floppy disk
drive. (FDC)

12. SYSTEM BUSES
■ DATA / ADDRESS BUS
■ CONTROL BUS
■ USB (UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS)
■ ISA BUS (Industrial Standard Architechture) – 16 bit, 8 MHz
■ EISA BUS – MCA CHANNEL CONNECTIVITY – 32 bit
■ MCA BUS (Micro Channel Bus) – 32 bit, improvement over ISA, 80386DX,
Configurable over adapter cards
■ VLB (VESA Local Bus) – 1992, First popular bus,Video Electronic Standard,
32-bit, 33MHz, I/O Controller
■ PCI Bus (Peripheral Connection Interface) – 32 bit, 33MHz, Local to CPU,
Expansion cards and slots

13. INTERRUPTS /TRAP/EXCEPTION
■ SIGNALS happening at some EVENT
■ Example: Keystroke, Mouse Click
■ 2TYPES :
– HARDWARE IR
– SECONDARY IR
■ IR generates Routines, Sub-Routines. {Eg: Key-Strokes}
■ IR is saved in MEMORY as INTERRUPTVECTORTABLE
(IVT)

14. IVT

15. THANKYOU