Function of Thalamus & thalamic syndrome
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The thalamus is located in the middle of the brain between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It acts as a relay station for all sensory pathways and regulates states of sleep and wakefulness. The thalamus is divided into sensory, motor, limbic, and association nuclei that receive and project different types of sensory and motor information to various parts of the cerebral cortex. Damage to the thalamus can lead to a condition called thalamic syndrome, also known as Dejerine-Roussy syndrome, which involves loss of fine sensation, exaggerated pain sensation, and motor problems due to disturbances in thalamocortical connections.
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Thalamus, its functions and thalamic syndrome
The thalamus is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired, oval structure located in the diencephalon that serves as a relay center for sensory and motor signals to and from the cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that process different sensory modalities. The thalamus receives input from various areas and projects to specific regions of the cortex. Damage to certain thalamic nuclei can disrupt motor control, sensory processing, and cause syndromes like thalamic pain. Surgical procedures targeting thalamic nuclei have been used to treat chronic pain conditions.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired symmetrical structure located in the center of the brain that relays sensory and motor signals between the brainstem and cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that have distinct connections and functions. The document provides detailed information on the anatomy, physiology, functional organization and clinical syndromes associated with lesions of different thalamic nuclei. Key points include a description of the gross anatomy and location of the thalamus, its blood supply, the nuclei and their connections, and syndromes associated with infarcts in the posterolateral and medial thalamic territories.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected brain structures that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. They are involved in regulating movement and certain movement disorders. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and thalamus and send output to the thalamus and brainstem areas. Dopamine from the substantia nigra helps modulate input and output signaling in the basal ganglia circuits. Disorders of these circuits can result in dyskinesias like tremors, chorea, athetosis, and ballismus or disturbances of muscle tone.
Limbic system
The document discusses the limbic system, which is a set of brain structures involved in emotion, learning, and memory. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and connections between cortical and subcortical regions. The limbic system regulates many functions including emotion, learning, memory formation, and autonomic nervous system activity. Key structures like the hippocampus and amygdala each have distinct roles - the hippocampus is important for memory formation while the amygdala processes emotions. Lesions in different limbic system areas can impact neurophysiological functions and lead to effects on behaviors regulated by that region.
Motor system
1) The motor cortex and corticospinal tract provide conscious control of voluntary skeletal muscle movements. The corticospinal tract contains fibers that cross to the opposite side of the body and fibers that remain on the same side.
2) Sensory information travels through ascending tracts in the spinal cord including the posterior, lateral, and spinocerebellar tracts to the brain.
3) The medial and lateral motor pathways issue subconscious motor commands through tracts like the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts to control gross movements and posture.
CEREBRAL CORTEX
This document provides an overview of the cerebral cortex, including its external features, functional areas, lobes, connections, and histological structure. It discusses the different areas of the cortex such as the frontal lobe (including the precentral, premotor, and prefrontal cortex), parietal lobe (primary and secondary sensory areas), temporal lobe (primary auditory and association areas), occipital lobe, and their functions. It also covers applied aspects like frontal lobe syndrome and temporal lobe syndrome.
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Thalamus, its functions and thalamic syndrome
The thalamus is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired, oval structure located in the diencephalon that serves as a relay center for sensory and motor signals to and from the cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that process different sensory modalities. The thalamus receives input from various areas and projects to specific regions of the cortex. Damage to certain thalamic nuclei can disrupt motor control, sensory processing, and cause syndromes like thalamic pain. Surgical procedures targeting thalamic nuclei have been used to treat chronic pain conditions.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired symmetrical structure located in the center of the brain that relays sensory and motor signals between the brainstem and cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that have distinct connections and functions. The document provides detailed information on the anatomy, physiology, functional organization and clinical syndromes associated with lesions of different thalamic nuclei. Key points include a description of the gross anatomy and location of the thalamus, its blood supply, the nuclei and their connections, and syndromes associated with infarcts in the posterolateral and medial thalamic territories.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected brain structures that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. They are involved in regulating movement and certain movement disorders. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and thalamus and send output to the thalamus and brainstem areas. Dopamine from the substantia nigra helps modulate input and output signaling in the basal ganglia circuits. Disorders of these circuits can result in dyskinesias like tremors, chorea, athetosis, and ballismus or disturbances of muscle tone.
Limbic system
The document discusses the limbic system, which is a set of brain structures involved in emotion, learning, and memory. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and connections between cortical and subcortical regions. The limbic system regulates many functions including emotion, learning, memory formation, and autonomic nervous system activity. Key structures like the hippocampus and amygdala each have distinct roles - the hippocampus is important for memory formation while the amygdala processes emotions. Lesions in different limbic system areas can impact neurophysiological functions and lead to effects on behaviors regulated by that region.
Motor system
1) The motor cortex and corticospinal tract provide conscious control of voluntary skeletal muscle movements. The corticospinal tract contains fibers that cross to the opposite side of the body and fibers that remain on the same side.
2) Sensory information travels through ascending tracts in the spinal cord including the posterior, lateral, and spinocerebellar tracts to the brain.
3) The medial and lateral motor pathways issue subconscious motor commands through tracts like the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts to control gross movements and posture.
CEREBRAL CORTEX
This document provides an overview of the cerebral cortex, including its external features, functional areas, lobes, connections, and histological structure. It discusses the different areas of the cortex such as the frontal lobe (including the precentral, premotor, and prefrontal cortex), parietal lobe (primary and secondary sensory areas), temporal lobe (primary auditory and association areas), occipital lobe, and their functions. It also covers applied aspects like frontal lobe syndrome and temporal lobe syndrome.
Anatomy of limbic system
The limbic system is a complex network of brain structures involved in emotion, behavior, and memory. It includes cortical areas like the cingulate gyrus and subcortical structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus. The hippocampus plays an important role in memory formation and storage. The amygdala is associated with emotional responses. Connecting pathways in the limbic system include the fornix, stria terminalis, and mammillothalamic tract. Damage to limbic structures like the hippocampus can cause memory impairment.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a midline paired structure in the brain that relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. It contains several nuclei that subserve different functions. The ventral posterior nuclei relay sensory information from the body and face. The ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei are major motor relay nuclei. The medial geniculate and lateral geniculate bodies relay auditory and visual information respectively. Damage to specific nuclei causes localized neurological deficits, while more widespread damage can impact functions like arousal, memory and behavior.
Limbic system final
The limbic system can be divided into a rostral and caudal region. The rostral region including the amygdala, septum, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate is important for emotion. The caudal region including the hippocampus, posterior parahippocampal cortex and posterior cingulate is important for memory and visual-spatial functions. The limbic system is involved in various functions including emotional responses, reward and punishment, memory, social cognition, and more. Key structures in the limbic system that support these functions are the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cingulate gyrus.
Thalamus, anatomy of thalamus, Thalamus PPT
1. The document describes the anatomy and functions of the thalamus.
2. It is a midline paired structure located within the brain that relays sensory information (except smell) between the brainstem and cerebral cortex.
3. The thalamus has several nuclei that receive sensory information from different pathways and project to specific areas of the cerebral cortex, functioning as a relay for sensory integration.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired, symmetrical structure located in the center of the brain near the brainstem. Each half is bulb-shaped and around the size of a walnut. The thalamus contains several nuclei that receive and relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex. It plays an important role in regulating states of consciousness and sleep/wake cycles. Damage to the thalamus can cause sensory deficits, involuntary movements, and even permanent coma. Common pathologies include lesions from blocked blood vessels and thalamic syndromes that cause loss of sensation.
Antomy of Thalamus and hypothalamus
this presentation summaries the basic anatomy of thalamus and hypothalamus with respect to their position, nuclei and their functions.
Anatomy of thalamus
The thalamus is a large mass of gray matter located in the diencephalon that acts as a relay center for sensory and motor signals sent to the cerebral cortex. It has several nuclei that receive input from various sensory systems and subcortical structures and projects this information to different areas of the cortex via thalamic radiations. Damage to the thalamus can result in thalamic syndrome, where a person experiences hypersensitivity to pain throughout the body due to disruptions in sensory processing.
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum has three main parts - the vermis, two hemispheres, and four lobes. It receives sensory input from the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. There are three layers in the cerebellar cortex - molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, and granular layer. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem via three cerebellar peduncles and plays a role in motor coordination and balance.
Anatomy of midbrain
The brain stem is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord, and consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain connects the forebrain to the pons and cerebellum. It contains important centers for visual and auditory reflexes, and gives rise to the trochlear nerve. Key structures in the midbrain include the superior and inferior colliculi, oculomotor nucleus, red nucleus, and substantia nigra. The midbrain serves to relay motor and sensory signals between the spinal cord and forebrain.
Cerebrum
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres. It describes the cerebrum as the largest part of the brain, located in the anterior and middle cranial fossa. It notes that the cerebral hemispheres are separated by a longitudinal cerebral fissure and connected by the corpus callosum. It then outlines the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and some of the main sulci and gyri on the surface of each lobe.
The brainstem
The brainstem consists of three parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and contains nuclei that control vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It also contains tracts that relay signals between the spinal cord and higher brain centers. The reticular formation is a network of fibers and neurons throughout the brainstem that plays roles in motor control, sensory processing, autonomic functions, and maintaining alertness. Important structures in the brainstem include the cranial nerve nuclei, pyramidal tract, olives, and red nucleus.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that receive input from and send output back to the cerebral cortex to assist with motor control and learning. They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia help control skilled movements through circuits involving the putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, and motor cortex. Damage to parts of these circuits can cause movement disorders like chorea, hemiballismus, and athetosis. Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to rigidity, tremors, and akinesia
Internal capsule
The internal capsule is a central white matter structure that contains important projection fibers connecting the cerebral cortex with deep gray matter structures. It is divided into the anterior limb, genu, posterior limb, retrolenticular and sublenticular parts. The internal capsule receives its blood supply from the middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, and anterior choroidal artery. Strokes or lesions involving the internal capsule can cause motor or sensory deficits depending on the fibers affected.
Reticular formation
1). The reticular formation is an ill-defined region in the brainstem comprising neurons and fibers that extends from the spinal cord to the thalamus. It is involved in arousal, attention, sleep-wake cycles, and autonomic functions.
2). The ascending reticular activating system projects from the brainstem reticular formation to the thalamus and cortex, promoting wakefulness. The descending pathway projects to the spinal cord and is involved in motor function.
3). The reticular formation receives inputs from sensory systems and projects to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and spinal cord. It regulates functions like muscle tone, respiration, cardiovascular control, and endocrine secretion.
Anatomy and physiology of brain stem
The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It connects the forebrain to the spinal cord superiorly and inferiorly. The pons and medulla are separated posteriorly by the fourth ventricle. The brainstem contains nuclei that control vital functions like respiration, circulation, swallowing and eye movements. Damage to the ascending reticular activating system in the brainstem can disturb consciousness.
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspects
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
Reticular formation
The reticular formation is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that serves important functions. It extends from the spinal cord up through the midbrain. The reticular formation receives input from various areas of the brain and spinal cord and sends output to many regions including the thalamus and cerebral cortex. It is involved in arousal, motor control, sensory processing, sleep-wake cycles and other vital functions through the ascending and descending reticular activating systems. Damage to or disruption of the reticular formation can impact consciousness, muscle tone, learning, and circadian rhythms.
THALAMUS
The document discusses the thalamus and its functions. It begins with objectives and physiological anatomy of the thalamus. It then discusses the internal structure of the thalamus including its white and grey matter. Next, it covers the connections of the thalamus including its sensory, motor, visceral, and integrative nuclei. It lists the functions of the thalamus such as acting as a sensory relay center and in arousal, perception, emotions, and motor integration. Finally, it discusses some applied aspects including thalamic syndrome, Korsakoff's syndrome, and frontal lobotomy.
Thalamus ppt
The thalamus is a structure located in the middle of the brain between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It is the largest component of the diencephalon. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information (except smell) sending signals to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex. It is divided into nuclei that each have distinct functions and connections related to motor control, sensory processing and integration, arousal, memory and cognition. Damage to different thalamic nuclei can disrupt various functions and result in sensory deficits, movement problems or changes to consciousness.
Limbic system
The limbic system is a set of brain structures located in the midbrain and temporal lobes that are involved in emotion, behavior, motivation, learning, and memory. It includes structures like the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, septum, and limbic cortex. These structures work together and interact with other parts of the brain to control functions like pleasure and punishment, emotional responses, learning and memory formation. The limbic system plays an important role in regulating behaviors, emotions, and the formation of memories.
Somatosensory pathway
The somatosensory pathway consists of neurons that transmit sensations from receptors to the cerebral cortex. There are different pathways depending on the type of sensory information. The first neuron has a pseudounipolar structure, transmitting signals to the spinal cord or brainstem. Signals then cross to the opposite side and ascend to the thalamus before reaching the parietal cortex. Different pathways transmit discriminative touch and proprioception, sharp pain and temperature, or crude touch and pain depending on the receptor type and neuronal myelination. Precise topographic maps are maintained throughout the pathways.
Thalamus
Thalamus which is the Relay center in our Body.
Anatomy & Physiology of Thalamus
Book references:- Snell's Anatomy and K. and prema Sembuligum
Medical
-Yash Bhandari (Physiotherapist)
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Anatomy of limbic system
The limbic system is a complex network of brain structures involved in emotion, behavior, and memory. It includes cortical areas like the cingulate gyrus and subcortical structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus. The hippocampus plays an important role in memory formation and storage. The amygdala is associated with emotional responses. Connecting pathways in the limbic system include the fornix, stria terminalis, and mammillothalamic tract. Damage to limbic structures like the hippocampus can cause memory impairment.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a midline paired structure in the brain that relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. It contains several nuclei that subserve different functions. The ventral posterior nuclei relay sensory information from the body and face. The ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei are major motor relay nuclei. The medial geniculate and lateral geniculate bodies relay auditory and visual information respectively. Damage to specific nuclei causes localized neurological deficits, while more widespread damage can impact functions like arousal, memory and behavior.
Limbic system final
The limbic system can be divided into a rostral and caudal region. The rostral region including the amygdala, septum, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate is important for emotion. The caudal region including the hippocampus, posterior parahippocampal cortex and posterior cingulate is important for memory and visual-spatial functions. The limbic system is involved in various functions including emotional responses, reward and punishment, memory, social cognition, and more. Key structures in the limbic system that support these functions are the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cingulate gyrus.
Thalamus, anatomy of thalamus, Thalamus PPT
1. The document describes the anatomy and functions of the thalamus.
2. It is a midline paired structure located within the brain that relays sensory information (except smell) between the brainstem and cerebral cortex.
3. The thalamus has several nuclei that receive sensory information from different pathways and project to specific areas of the cerebral cortex, functioning as a relay for sensory integration.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired, symmetrical structure located in the center of the brain near the brainstem. Each half is bulb-shaped and around the size of a walnut. The thalamus contains several nuclei that receive and relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex. It plays an important role in regulating states of consciousness and sleep/wake cycles. Damage to the thalamus can cause sensory deficits, involuntary movements, and even permanent coma. Common pathologies include lesions from blocked blood vessels and thalamic syndromes that cause loss of sensation.
Antomy of Thalamus and hypothalamus
this presentation summaries the basic anatomy of thalamus and hypothalamus with respect to their position, nuclei and their functions.
Anatomy of thalamus
The thalamus is a large mass of gray matter located in the diencephalon that acts as a relay center for sensory and motor signals sent to the cerebral cortex. It has several nuclei that receive input from various sensory systems and subcortical structures and projects this information to different areas of the cortex via thalamic radiations. Damage to the thalamus can result in thalamic syndrome, where a person experiences hypersensitivity to pain throughout the body due to disruptions in sensory processing.
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum has three main parts - the vermis, two hemispheres, and four lobes. It receives sensory input from the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. There are three layers in the cerebellar cortex - molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, and granular layer. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem via three cerebellar peduncles and plays a role in motor coordination and balance.
Anatomy of midbrain
The brain stem is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord, and consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain connects the forebrain to the pons and cerebellum. It contains important centers for visual and auditory reflexes, and gives rise to the trochlear nerve. Key structures in the midbrain include the superior and inferior colliculi, oculomotor nucleus, red nucleus, and substantia nigra. The midbrain serves to relay motor and sensory signals between the spinal cord and forebrain.
Cerebrum
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres. It describes the cerebrum as the largest part of the brain, located in the anterior and middle cranial fossa. It notes that the cerebral hemispheres are separated by a longitudinal cerebral fissure and connected by the corpus callosum. It then outlines the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and some of the main sulci and gyri on the surface of each lobe.
The brainstem
The brainstem consists of three parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and contains nuclei that control vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It also contains tracts that relay signals between the spinal cord and higher brain centers. The reticular formation is a network of fibers and neurons throughout the brainstem that plays roles in motor control, sensory processing, autonomic functions, and maintaining alertness. Important structures in the brainstem include the cranial nerve nuclei, pyramidal tract, olives, and red nucleus.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that receive input from and send output back to the cerebral cortex to assist with motor control and learning. They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia help control skilled movements through circuits involving the putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, and motor cortex. Damage to parts of these circuits can cause movement disorders like chorea, hemiballismus, and athetosis. Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to rigidity, tremors, and akinesia
Internal capsule
The internal capsule is a central white matter structure that contains important projection fibers connecting the cerebral cortex with deep gray matter structures. It is divided into the anterior limb, genu, posterior limb, retrolenticular and sublenticular parts. The internal capsule receives its blood supply from the middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, and anterior choroidal artery. Strokes or lesions involving the internal capsule can cause motor or sensory deficits depending on the fibers affected.
Reticular formation
1). The reticular formation is an ill-defined region in the brainstem comprising neurons and fibers that extends from the spinal cord to the thalamus. It is involved in arousal, attention, sleep-wake cycles, and autonomic functions.
2). The ascending reticular activating system projects from the brainstem reticular formation to the thalamus and cortex, promoting wakefulness. The descending pathway projects to the spinal cord and is involved in motor function.
3). The reticular formation receives inputs from sensory systems and projects to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and spinal cord. It regulates functions like muscle tone, respiration, cardiovascular control, and endocrine secretion.
Anatomy and physiology of brain stem
The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It connects the forebrain to the spinal cord superiorly and inferiorly. The pons and medulla are separated posteriorly by the fourth ventricle. The brainstem contains nuclei that control vital functions like respiration, circulation, swallowing and eye movements. Damage to the ascending reticular activating system in the brainstem can disturb consciousness.
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspects
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
Reticular formation
The reticular formation is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that serves important functions. It extends from the spinal cord up through the midbrain. The reticular formation receives input from various areas of the brain and spinal cord and sends output to many regions including the thalamus and cerebral cortex. It is involved in arousal, motor control, sensory processing, sleep-wake cycles and other vital functions through the ascending and descending reticular activating systems. Damage to or disruption of the reticular formation can impact consciousness, muscle tone, learning, and circadian rhythms.
THALAMUS
The document discusses the thalamus and its functions. It begins with objectives and physiological anatomy of the thalamus. It then discusses the internal structure of the thalamus including its white and grey matter. Next, it covers the connections of the thalamus including its sensory, motor, visceral, and integrative nuclei. It lists the functions of the thalamus such as acting as a sensory relay center and in arousal, perception, emotions, and motor integration. Finally, it discusses some applied aspects including thalamic syndrome, Korsakoff's syndrome, and frontal lobotomy.
Thalamus ppt
The thalamus is a structure located in the middle of the brain between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It is the largest component of the diencephalon. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information (except smell) sending signals to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex. It is divided into nuclei that each have distinct functions and connections related to motor control, sensory processing and integration, arousal, memory and cognition. Damage to different thalamic nuclei can disrupt various functions and result in sensory deficits, movement problems or changes to consciousness.
Limbic system
The limbic system is a set of brain structures located in the midbrain and temporal lobes that are involved in emotion, behavior, motivation, learning, and memory. It includes structures like the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, septum, and limbic cortex. These structures work together and interact with other parts of the brain to control functions like pleasure and punishment, emotional responses, learning and memory formation. The limbic system plays an important role in regulating behaviors, emotions, and the formation of memories.
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Somatosensory pathway
The somatosensory pathway consists of neurons that transmit sensations from receptors to the cerebral cortex. There are different pathways depending on the type of sensory information. The first neuron has a pseudounipolar structure, transmitting signals to the spinal cord or brainstem. Signals then cross to the opposite side and ascend to the thalamus before reaching the parietal cortex. Different pathways transmit discriminative touch and proprioception, sharp pain and temperature, or crude touch and pain depending on the receptor type and neuronal myelination. Precise topographic maps are maintained throughout the pathways.
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The thalamus is a large egg-shaped structure located in the brain that serves as a relay center for sensory and motor signals to and from the cerebral cortex. It has multiple nuclei that receive input from various sensory systems and project to different regions of the cortex. The thalamus plays an important role in sensory perception and motor control through its connections with the cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia.
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The thalamus is an egg-shaped structure atop the brain stem that acts as a sensory relay station. It is composed of several discrete nuclei that are classified anatomically and physiologically. Anatomically, the thalamus is divided into anterior, medial, and lateral groups of nuclei. Physiologically, the nuclei are grouped into specific relay nuclei, association nuclei, nonspecific nuclei, and motor nuclei. The thalamus receives ascending sensory inputs and projects them to sensory cortical areas, functioning as a relay for somatic sensations and special senses. It also plays roles in arousal, memory, emotion, motor functions, and sleep-wake cycles.
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The thalamus is a structure located in the middle of the brain between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It is the largest component of the diencephalon. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information (except smell) sending signals to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex. It is divided into nuclei that each have distinct functions and connections related to motor control, sensory processing and integration, arousal, memory and cognition. Damage to specific thalamic nuclei can disrupt functions like sensory perception, movement, consciousness and memory formation.
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Behavior and motivational mechanism of brain, the limbic system and the hypot...
Behavior and motivational mechanism of brain, the limbic system and the hypot...DR MUHAMMAD MUQEEM MANGI
ppt of behavioral and motivational mechanism of brain in human Physiology Limbic system and HypothalmusFunctions of basal ganglia thalamus limbic system and central cortex
The document outlines the functions of various parts of the central nervous system, including the basal ganglia, thalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. It discusses the specific structures that make up each area and their roles. The basal ganglia help control voluntary movement, while the thalamus acts as a relay center between sensory systems and the cortex. The limbic system regulates emotion, motivation, and memory formation. The cerebral cortex is involved in motor control, sensory processing, speech, and higher cognitive functions.
Histology of Nervous system
The document provides information about the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord contains gray matter with neurons and white matter with nerve fibers. The brainstem relays signals between the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system, controlling vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates motor control through integration of sensory input. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain involved in higher functions like thinking, language, and memory. Diagrams and pictures are included to illustrate these structures.
Nervous system
The document summarizes the main components and structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum, diencephalon, and limbic system. The cerebrum is made up of four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - each with different functions. The peripheral nervous system includes spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and the autonomic nervous system. The document provides details on the structures and functions of these various components of the nervous system.
Similar to Function of Thalamus & thalamic syndrome (20)
Behavior and motivational mechanism of brain, the limbic system and the hypot...
Behavior and motivational mechanism of brain, the limbic system and the hypot...
Functions of basal ganglia thalamus limbic system and central cortex
Functions of basal ganglia thalamus limbic system and central cortex
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Function of Thalamus & thalamic syndrome
- 1. Function of Thalamus & Thalamic Syndrome Dr. Sara Sadiq (MBBS, M.Phil)
- 2. Thalamus • Greek word “inner chamber” or “meeting place” • The thalamus is a structure in the middle of the brain. • It is located between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain.
- 3. Division of Brain – Thalamus localization
- 9. a) Sensory Nuclei 1. Somatosensory relay nuclei The ventroposterior nuclear complex receives somatosensory information about the contralateral half of the body and face, and that it projects to the ipsilateral somatosensory cortex. 2. Visual relay nucleus The lateral geniculate nucleus receives input from the retina via the optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex (area 17). 3. Auditory relay nucleus The medial geniculate nucleus receives auditory input from inferior colliculus and projects to primary auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus).
- 10. b) Motor Nuclei • The ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei provide information which influence posture and movement c) Limbic Nuclei • The anterior and dorsomedial nuclei provide input to the cerebral cortex from areas of the brain involved in learning, memory, and the control of emotions
- 11. d) Association Nuclei Developed to carry out higher order functions • Pulvinar nucleus Integration of visual, auditory & other sensation. • Lateral posterior nucleus Lateral dorsal nucleus Concerned with speech
- 12. 2. Non-specific Nuclei • The midline, intralaminar and centromedian nuclei an extension of the brainstem reticular formation and thus regulate alertness and deep sleep
- 18. Functions of Thalamus 1. It acts as a relay station for all sensory pathways. 2. Role in regulating states of sleep and wakefulness. Thus damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent coma. 3. Thalamus is functionally connected to the hippocampus. So, it is crucial for human episodic memory. The thalamic regions also provide differentiation of the functioning of recollective and familiarity memory. 4. The thalamus provides the specific channels from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the cortical motor areas. 5. Impulses received from hypothalamus projected o prefrontal & cingulate gyrus – Determination of mood
- 19. Thalamic Syndrome • Also known as • Dejerine–Roussy syndrome • Central Poststroke Pain Syndrome (CPSP) • Disturbance of emotional response to sensory experience. • Cause • Thrombotic blockage of Thalamogeniculate branch of Posterior Cerebral Artery • Damage to Posteroventral & Posterolateral nuclei. • Symptoms and signs occurs on the opposite site of the body
- 20. Thalamic Syndrome • Signs & Symptoms: • Loss of fine sensation Tactile localization Tactile discrimination Grade of temperature Light touch • Exaggeration of pain sensation pin prick felt as bullet • Hypotonia • Weakness damage of cerebellothalamic tract • Ataxia • Chorea • Athetosis damage to connection b/w thalamus & globus pallidus
- 21. Thank You