Cognitive neuroscience links the brain and nervous system to cognition and behavior. The brain controls thoughts, emotions, and motivations. Neurons transmit signals through the nervous system and are the basic building blocks of the brain. Synapses are connections between neurons that are important for cognition, learning, and memory. Signal transmission occurs through the release and detection of neurotransmitters. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Key areas of the forebrain include the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, and hypothalamus which are involved in various cognitive and regulatory functions. Common brain disorders include stroke, which occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted, and
The document summarizes the main components and functions of the nervous system. It describes the peripheral nervous system, which includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system controls voluntary skeletal muscles while the autonomic system involuntarily controls cardiac, smooth muscles and glands. It also describes the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. The cerebrum controls higher functions while the cerebellum controls balance and motor coordination. The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla that help regulate vital functions. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body and contains dorsal and ventral roots that receive and send signals
This slide talks about neuroplasticity, the central nervous system, the brain and its structure, the spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, its functions, nervous system and learning, neurotransmitters, working of neurotransmitters, classification, types of neurotransmitters, neurotransmitters in learning and limbic system in learning.
The document provides an overview of behavioral neuroscience, discussing the nervous system, neurons, neurotransmitters, and various parts of the brain. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic divisions. It also summarizes key structures and functions of the hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, and various lobes of the cerebral cortex.
The nervous system has three main functions: receiving information, interpreting information, and making the body respond. It is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves throughout the body). The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the somatic nervous system (controls voluntary muscles and skin sensation) and autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary functions like heart rate through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions). Neurons are the basic functional units and transmit signals through electrical and chemical processes. Common nervous system ailments include multiple sclerosis, polio, brain tumors, meningitis, rabies, stroke, and encephalitis.
This chapter discusses the biological basis of behavior, focusing on the nervous system and endocrine system. It describes how neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate the body's functions. Specific areas of the brain like the limbic system and cerebral cortex each have roles in functions like memory, emotion, language, and movement. Genes and evolution also influence behavior, as seen through studies in behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology.
The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions and awareness through different regions like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum controls complex brain functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The brain stem regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate. The spinal cord connects the brain to the body and enables reflexes. The peripheral nervous system includes nerves throughout the body. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The Biological MindChapter 4Biological Psycholog.docxmehek4
The document provides an overview of the biological mind and the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes nerves that carry sensory and motor information between the CNS and body. Key parts of the brain are described, including the brainstem, subcortical structures like the thalamus and amygdala, and the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. Methods for studying brain activity and function like EEG, PET, and fMRI are also summarized.
The document summarizes the main components and functions of the nervous system. It describes the peripheral nervous system, which includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system controls voluntary skeletal muscles while the autonomic system involuntarily controls cardiac, smooth muscles and glands. It also describes the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. The cerebrum controls higher functions while the cerebellum controls balance and motor coordination. The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla that help regulate vital functions. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body and contains dorsal and ventral roots that receive and send signals
This slide talks about neuroplasticity, the central nervous system, the brain and its structure, the spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, its functions, nervous system and learning, neurotransmitters, working of neurotransmitters, classification, types of neurotransmitters, neurotransmitters in learning and limbic system in learning.
The document provides an overview of behavioral neuroscience, discussing the nervous system, neurons, neurotransmitters, and various parts of the brain. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic divisions. It also summarizes key structures and functions of the hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, and various lobes of the cerebral cortex.
The nervous system has three main functions: receiving information, interpreting information, and making the body respond. It is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves throughout the body). The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the somatic nervous system (controls voluntary muscles and skin sensation) and autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary functions like heart rate through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions). Neurons are the basic functional units and transmit signals through electrical and chemical processes. Common nervous system ailments include multiple sclerosis, polio, brain tumors, meningitis, rabies, stroke, and encephalitis.
This chapter discusses the biological basis of behavior, focusing on the nervous system and endocrine system. It describes how neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate the body's functions. Specific areas of the brain like the limbic system and cerebral cortex each have roles in functions like memory, emotion, language, and movement. Genes and evolution also influence behavior, as seen through studies in behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology.
The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions and awareness through different regions like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum controls complex brain functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The brain stem regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate. The spinal cord connects the brain to the body and enables reflexes. The peripheral nervous system includes nerves throughout the body. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The Biological MindChapter 4Biological Psycholog.docxmehek4
The document provides an overview of the biological mind and the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes nerves that carry sensory and motor information between the CNS and body. Key parts of the brain are described, including the brainstem, subcortical structures like the thalamus and amygdala, and the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. Methods for studying brain activity and function like EEG, PET, and fMRI are also summarized.
Introduction to central nervous system – structure,.pptxPavithra L N
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and spinal cord by the vertebrae. The brain controls bodily functions through different regions like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body. The central nervous system contains gray matter with neurons and white matter with axons and glial cells that support neurons.
Introduction to central nervous system – Structure, Function & DiseasesPavithra L N
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and spinal cord by the vertebrae. The brain controls bodily functions through different regions like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body. The central nervous system contains gray matter with neurons and white matter with axons and glial cells that support neurons.
The document summarizes key concepts about the biology of the mind from Chapter 2 of Psychology (9th edition) by David Myers. It discusses (1) how neurons communicate via action potentials and neurotransmitters, (2) the structure and function of different parts of the brain and nervous system including the cortex, limbic system, and endocrine system, and (3) experimental techniques used to study the brain such as EEG, PET scans, and MRI.
The document discusses the central nervous system (CNS), including its major components and functions. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions through structures like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body and is protected by cerebrospinal fluid and meninges. Key structures in the CNS include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. The peripheral nervous system connects to the CNS through cranial and spinal nerves.
The document provides information about the nervous system. It states that the nervous system is composed of specialized cells called neurons that conduct stimuli through neural networks from sensory receptors to sites of response, such as glands or muscles. It notes that the human nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves connecting to the central nervous system). Some key disorders of the nervous system are also mentioned.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem. The diencephalon contains the hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus. The PNS has two parts - the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary muscles, and the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions like digestion. The autonomic system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that work in opposition to mobilize energy or induce calm.
The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions like awareness, movement, and memory. The spinal cord transmits sensory and motor signals through the spinal canal. The brain is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. It can be divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The forebrain contains structures that regulate homeostasis, memory, emotion, and higher cognitive functions.
The document provides information about the nervous system and its components. It discusses the basic structure and function of neurons. It describes the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla. During development, the central nervous system originates from the neural plate and neural tube. The document also discusses various parts of the brain like the rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon and telencephalon and their functions.
The nervous system is composed of neurons that transmit signals throughout the body via electrical and chemical signals. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes all other neurons. Sensory neurons collect information and transmit it to the central nervous system, while motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to tissues. The brain controls homeostasis and interprets sensory information. It is composed of regions like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The peripheral nervous system includes sensory receptors, motor neurons, and the autonomic nervous system. Neurons transmit signals via action potentials generated by ion flow across membranes. Neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons. Sensory systems allow the detection of stimuli
The document discusses the nervous system, which is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system receives sensory information and controls responses through the brain and spinal cord. It is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body through nerves and is divided into the somatic and autonomic systems. Common nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, which causes memory loss and cognitive decline, and epilepsy, which involves seizures.
In humans and other higher animals, the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) collectively form the whole nervous system. The CNS, which serves as the body's control center, includes the spinal cord and the brain. The PNS, a nerve network, links the CNS to various bodily systems.
The nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells that communicate information throughout the body to cause reactions. Neurons are electrically excitable cells that process and transmit information. They consist of a soma, dendrites, axon, and axon terminals. There are different types of neurons. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, which controls mental processes and physical actions. The brain is divided into lobes and structures like the limbic system that support functions like emotion and memory. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It describes the main parts of the brain and spinal cord as well as the roles of different types of neurons. It also compares the nervous system to the endocrine system and outlines some of their interconnections in regulating bodily processes and homeostasis.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain can be divided into the brain stem, diencephalon, cerebellum, and cerebrum. The brain stem controls vital functions like breathing. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The cerebrum is responsible for higher functions like thinking and memory. The nervous system works closely with the endocrine system to control bodily processes through electrical and chemical signals.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It describes the main parts of the brain and spinal cord as well as the roles of different types of neurons. It also compares the nervous system to the endocrine system and outlines some of their interconnections in regulating bodily processes and homeostasis.
The document provides an overview of the biology of the mind and nervous system. It discusses:
- How neurons communicate via electrical signals and neurotransmitters.
- The structure and function of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral divisions.
- Techniques for studying the brain like PET scans, MRI scans, and EEGs.
- Key structures of the brain like the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and right-left hemispheric specialization.
- The endocrine system and how hormones influence bodily functions.
The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind and consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain contains approximately 100 billion neurons and glial cells that support and protect neurons. Glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and radial glia. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body and contains circuits that control reflexes. The CNS is made up of gray matter containing neurons and white matter containing axons and glial cells.
Fore-brain it's structure functions and related Disorders.umarawkum
The document discusses the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It describes the main components and functions of the brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, limbic system, and how damage to different parts can impact emotions, memory, movement and other bodily functions. Diseases that can damage parts of the forebrain like the thalamus, hypothalamus and basal ganglia are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in neural communication and brain anatomy and function. It discusses neurons and how they communicate via electrical signals and neurotransmitters. It describes the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It also covers the endocrine system and hormones. Regarding the brain, it outlines structures like the brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and describes techniques used to study the brain like PET scans and MRI scans.
Introduction to central nervous system – structure,.pptxPavithra L N
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and spinal cord by the vertebrae. The brain controls bodily functions through different regions like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body. The central nervous system contains gray matter with neurons and white matter with axons and glial cells that support neurons.
Introduction to central nervous system – Structure, Function & DiseasesPavithra L N
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and spinal cord by the vertebrae. The brain controls bodily functions through different regions like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body. The central nervous system contains gray matter with neurons and white matter with axons and glial cells that support neurons.
The document summarizes key concepts about the biology of the mind from Chapter 2 of Psychology (9th edition) by David Myers. It discusses (1) how neurons communicate via action potentials and neurotransmitters, (2) the structure and function of different parts of the brain and nervous system including the cortex, limbic system, and endocrine system, and (3) experimental techniques used to study the brain such as EEG, PET scans, and MRI.
The document discusses the central nervous system (CNS), including its major components and functions. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions through structures like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body and is protected by cerebrospinal fluid and meninges. Key structures in the CNS include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. The peripheral nervous system connects to the CNS through cranial and spinal nerves.
The document provides information about the nervous system. It states that the nervous system is composed of specialized cells called neurons that conduct stimuli through neural networks from sensory receptors to sites of response, such as glands or muscles. It notes that the human nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves connecting to the central nervous system). Some key disorders of the nervous system are also mentioned.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem. The diencephalon contains the hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus. The PNS has two parts - the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary muscles, and the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions like digestion. The autonomic system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that work in opposition to mobilize energy or induce calm.
The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions like awareness, movement, and memory. The spinal cord transmits sensory and motor signals through the spinal canal. The brain is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. It can be divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The forebrain contains structures that regulate homeostasis, memory, emotion, and higher cognitive functions.
The document provides information about the nervous system and its components. It discusses the basic structure and function of neurons. It describes the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla. During development, the central nervous system originates from the neural plate and neural tube. The document also discusses various parts of the brain like the rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon and telencephalon and their functions.
The nervous system is composed of neurons that transmit signals throughout the body via electrical and chemical signals. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes all other neurons. Sensory neurons collect information and transmit it to the central nervous system, while motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to tissues. The brain controls homeostasis and interprets sensory information. It is composed of regions like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The peripheral nervous system includes sensory receptors, motor neurons, and the autonomic nervous system. Neurons transmit signals via action potentials generated by ion flow across membranes. Neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons. Sensory systems allow the detection of stimuli
The document discusses the nervous system, which is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system receives sensory information and controls responses through the brain and spinal cord. It is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body through nerves and is divided into the somatic and autonomic systems. Common nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, which causes memory loss and cognitive decline, and epilepsy, which involves seizures.
In humans and other higher animals, the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) collectively form the whole nervous system. The CNS, which serves as the body's control center, includes the spinal cord and the brain. The PNS, a nerve network, links the CNS to various bodily systems.
The nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells that communicate information throughout the body to cause reactions. Neurons are electrically excitable cells that process and transmit information. They consist of a soma, dendrites, axon, and axon terminals. There are different types of neurons. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, which controls mental processes and physical actions. The brain is divided into lobes and structures like the limbic system that support functions like emotion and memory. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It describes the main parts of the brain and spinal cord as well as the roles of different types of neurons. It also compares the nervous system to the endocrine system and outlines some of their interconnections in regulating bodily processes and homeostasis.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain can be divided into the brain stem, diencephalon, cerebellum, and cerebrum. The brain stem controls vital functions like breathing. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The cerebrum is responsible for higher functions like thinking and memory. The nervous system works closely with the endocrine system to control bodily processes through electrical and chemical signals.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It describes the main parts of the brain and spinal cord as well as the roles of different types of neurons. It also compares the nervous system to the endocrine system and outlines some of their interconnections in regulating bodily processes and homeostasis.
The document provides an overview of the biology of the mind and nervous system. It discusses:
- How neurons communicate via electrical signals and neurotransmitters.
- The structure and function of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral divisions.
- Techniques for studying the brain like PET scans, MRI scans, and EEGs.
- Key structures of the brain like the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and right-left hemispheric specialization.
- The endocrine system and how hormones influence bodily functions.
The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind and consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain contains approximately 100 billion neurons and glial cells that support and protect neurons. Glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and radial glia. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body and contains circuits that control reflexes. The CNS is made up of gray matter containing neurons and white matter containing axons and glial cells.
Fore-brain it's structure functions and related Disorders.umarawkum
The document discusses the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It describes the main components and functions of the brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, limbic system, and how damage to different parts can impact emotions, memory, movement and other bodily functions. Diseases that can damage parts of the forebrain like the thalamus, hypothalamus and basal ganglia are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in neural communication and brain anatomy and function. It discusses neurons and how they communicate via electrical signals and neurotransmitters. It describes the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It also covers the endocrine system and hormones. Regarding the brain, it outlines structures like the brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and describes techniques used to study the brain like PET scans and MRI scans.
Similar to 3-Cognitive-Neuroscience-20022023-022932pm.pptx (20)
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
2. Cognitive Neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience is the field of study linking the
brain and other aspects of the nervous system to cognitive
processing and, ultimately, to behavior.
The brain is the organ in our bodies that most directly
controls our thoughts, emotions, and motivations.
5. Neurons
Neurons transmit electrical signals from one location to
another in the nervous system, they are the basic building
blocks of the brain.
6. Structure Of Neurons
Nucleus:
The control
center of the cell
Directs all
activities of the
cell
Soma (Cell body):
Part of the cell
where dendrites
transmit
information
7. Synapses and Neurotransmitters Synapse is the
connection between
two neurons
Synaptic cleft is the
connecting space
between two
neurons
Neurotransmitters
move from one
neuron to the other
in the synaptic cleft
8. Synapses are important in cognition. Rats show increase
in both the size and the number of synapses in the
brain as a result of learning (Federmeier, Kleim &
Greenough, 2002). Decreased cognitive functioning, as in
Alzheimer’s disease, is associated with reduced efficiency
of synaptic transmission of nerve impulses (Selkoe, 2002).
Signal transmission between neurons occurs when the
terminal buttons release one or more neurotransmitters at
the synapse.
These neurotransmitters are chemical messengers for
transmission of information across the synaptic gap to the
receiving dendrites of the next neuron.
13. Gross Anatomy of the Brain:Forebrain,Midbrain,Hindbrain
The Forebrain is the region of the brain located toward
the top and front of the brain. It comprises the cerebral
cortex, the basal ganglia, the limbic system, the
thalamus, and the hypothalamus
Forebrain
Cerebrum Basal Ganglia Limbic System Thalamus Hypothalamus
14. The cerebral cortex is the
outer layer of the
cerebral hemispheres. It
plays a vital role in our
thinking and other mental
processes
The basal ganglia are
collections of neurons crucial
to motor function.
Dysfunction of the basal
ganglia can result in motor
deficits.
These deficits include tremors,
involuntary movements,
changes in posture and muscle
tone, and slowness of
movement.
Deficits are observed in
Parkinson’s disease and
Huntington’s disease.
15. The limbic system is important to emotion, motivation, memory,
and learning. The limbic system comprises three central
interconnected cerebral structures:
the Septum, the Amygdala, and the Hippocampus.
16. The septum is involved in anger and fear.
The amygdala plays an important role in emotion as well,
especially in anger and aggression. Stimulation of the
amygdala commonly results in fear.
Damage or removal of amygdala can result in maladaptive lack of
fear
Other effects of lesions to the amygdala can be visual agnosia
and hypersexuality.
The hippocampus plays an essential role in memory
formation. People who have suffered damage to or removal of
the hippocampus still can recall existing memories—for
example, they can recognize old friends and places— but they
are unable to form new memories
Korsakoff’s syndrome is associated with deteriation of the
hippocampus.
17. Korsakoff's syndrome is a disorder that primarily affects
the memory system in the brain. It usually results from a
deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1), which may be caused
by alcohol abuse, dietary deficiencies, prolonged
vomiting, eating disorders, or the effects of chemotherapy
18. The thalamus relays incoming sensory information through
groups of neurons that project to the appropriate region
in the cortex. Most of the sensory input into the brain
passes through the thalamus.
The thalamus relays sensory impulses from receptors in
various parts of the body to the cerebral cortex. A
sensory impulse travels from the body surface towards the
thalamus, which receives it as a sensation. This sensation
is then passed onto the cerebral cortex for interpretation as
touch, pain or temperature.
19. The hypothalamus regulates behavior related to species
survival: fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating. The
hypothalamus also is active in regulating emotions and
reactions to stress
20. Thalamus
Relay station
Transmits info to the correct
regions of the brain
Receives info from senses and
transmits them to relevant cortical
area esp for
vision, hearing, pain/pressure and
balance/equilibrium
Hypothalamus
Controls the endocrine system
Appetite regulation
Temperature regulation
Emotions, pleasure, pain and stress
21. The Midbrain
The midbrain helps to control eye movement and coordination.
The Reticular Activating System (RAS; also called the “reticular
formation”), a network of neurons essential to the regulation of:
Consciousness
Sleep
Wakefulness
Arousal
Attention
Heartbeat
Breathing
The RAS also extends into the hindbrain.
Both the RAS and the thalamus are essential to our having any
conscious awareness of or control over our existence.
22. Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the
central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies.
The grey matter includes regions of the brain involved in
muscle control
Memory
speech
24. The hindbrain comprises the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the
cerebellum.
The Medulla Oblongata controls heart activity and largely controls
breathing, swallowing, and digestion.
Medulla is also the place at which nerves from the right side of the
body cross over to the left side of the brain. At this point, nerves
from the left side of the body cross over to the right side of the
brain- decussation
Medulla oblongata contains part of RAS, helps to keep us alive
25. The Pons serves as a kind of relay station because it
contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of
the brain to another.
Also contains a portion of the RAS
The Cerebellum controls bodily coordination, balance,
and muscle tone.
26.
27. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
The cerebral cortex forms the outer layer of the two halves of the
brain—the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The transmission of
information between the two hemispheres is contralateral.
The corpus callosum is a dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting
the two cerebral hemispheres. It allows transmission of information
back and forth.
Once information has reached one hemisphere, the corpus callosum
transfers it to the other hemisphere. If the corpus callosum is cut, the
two cerebral hemispheres can not communicate with each other.
30. THE FRONTAL LOBE
Its located towards the front
of the brain
It is associated with motor
processing and higher
thought processes, such as
abstract reasoning, problem
solving, planning, and
judgment.
It contains the primary
motor cortex, which
specializes in the planning,
control, and execution of
movement, particularly of
movement involving any kind
of delayed response
31. THE PARIETAL LOBE
It is located at
the upper back
portion of the
brain.
It is associated with
somatosensory processing
which means that it receives
inputs from the neurons
regarding touch, pain,
temperature sense, and limb
position when you are
perceiving.
The parietal lobe
is also involved in
consciousness and
paying attention.
32. THE TEMPORAL LOBE
It is located directly
under your temples.
It is associated with
auditory processing
which includes
comprehension of
language.
The temporal lobe is
also associated in the
formation of Visual
memories due to the
location of the
Hippocampus within it.
33. THE OCCIPITAL LOBE
It is located towards the
back of the brain, under the
Parietal lobe.
It is associated with visual
processing.
The occipital lobe contains
numerous visual areas, each
specialized to analyze
specific aspects of a scene,
including color, motion,
location, and form.
35. STROKE
Vascular disorder is a
brain disorder caused by a
stroke.
Strokes occur when the
flow of blood to the brain
undergoes a sudden
disruption.
Nature of loss depends on
the area of the brain that
is affected by the stroke
People who experience
stroke typically show;
Two kinds of stroke may
occur:
Marked loss of
Cognitive
functioning
Paralysis
Pain
Numbness
A loss of
speech
A loss of
language
comprehension
A loss of
movement in
parts of the
body
36. Ischemic Stroke
An ischemic stroke usually occurs when a buildup of fatty tissue
occurs in blood vessels over a period of years, and a piece of this
tissue breaks off and gets lodged in arteries of the brain.
Ischemic strokes can be treated by clot-busting drugs.
37. Hemorrhagic Stroke
A hemorrhagic stroke, occurs when a blood vessel in the brain
suddenly breaks.
Blood then spills into surrounding tissue. As the blood spills over,
brain cells in the affected areas begin to die.
This death is either from the lack of oxygen and nutrients or from the
rupture of the vessel and the sudden spilling of blood.
38. COMMON SYMPTOMS
Numbness
or
weakness
in the
face, arms,
or legs
(especially
on one
side of the
body)
Confusion,
difficulty
speaking
or
understand
ing speech
Vision
disturbanc
es in one
or both
eyes
Dizziness,
trouble
walking,
loss of
balance or
coordinati
on
Severe
headache
with no
known
cause
39. BRAIN TUMORS
Brain tumors, also called Neoplasms are abnormal growth of
tissue in the brain.
Can occur in either the gray or white matter of the brain
Benign tumors do not contain cancer cells(can
be removed, do not invade surrounding cells or
spread to other parts of body) whereas
Malignant brain tumors do.
Primary brain tumors start
in the brain. Most
childhood brain tumors
are of this type.
Secondary brain tumors
start as tumors
somewhere else in the
body, such as in the lungs.
Brain tumors can be
either benign or
malignant.
40. COMMON SYMPTOMS OF BRAIN TUMORS
Headaches
Nausea or
vomiting
Changes in
speech,
vision, or
hearing
Problems
balancing or
walking
Changes in
mood,
personality,
or ability to
concentrate
Problems
with
memory
Muscle
jerking or
twitching
(seizures or
convulsions)
Numbness or
tingling in
the arms or
legs
41. HEAD INJURIES
A head injury is any injury that results in trauma to the skull or the brain.
Could be because of car accidents, contact with hard object, bullet wounds
In closed-head injuries, the skull
remains intact but there is damage
to the brain, typically from the
mechanical force of a blow to the
head. Slamming one’s head against a
windshield in a car accident might
result in such an injury.
In open-head injuries, the
skull does not remain intact
but rather is penetrated,
for example, by a bullet.
42. HEMATOMA
• A hematoma is a
collection, or
clotting, of blood
outside the blood
vessels.
• It can be very
serious if a
hematoma occurs in
the brain.
HEMORRHAGE
• A hemorrhage is
uncontrolled
bleeding.
• There can be
bleeding in the
space around your
brain,
called subarachnoid
hemorrhage
• Or bleeding within
your brain tissue,
called intracerebral
hemorrhage.
SKULL FRACTURE
• Unlike most bones
in your body, your
skull doesn’t have
bone marrow. This
makes the skull very
strong and difficult
to break.
• A broken skull is
unable to absorb
the impact of a
blow, making it
more likely that
there’ll also be
damage to your
brain
CONCUSSION
• A concussion occurs
when the impact on
the head is severe
enough to cause
brain injury.
• It’s thought to be
the result of the
brain hitting against
the hard walls of
your skull or the
forces of sudden
acceleration and
deceleration (a
form of head injury
caused by the head
suddenly being
placed into motion
or abruptly stopped
eg car accidents)
43. IMMEDIATE SYMPTOMS OF A HEAD INJURY
Unconsciousness
Abnormal breathing
Obvious serious wound or
fracture
Bleeding or clear fluid from the
nose, ear, or mouth
Disturbance of speech or vision
Pupils of unequal size
Weakness or paralysis
Dizziness
Neck pain or stiffness
seizure
Vomiting more than two to three
times
Loss of bladder or bowel control