Cardiac Impulse: Rhythmical Excitation and Conduction in the Heart
Hormonal interplay, puberty, menopause
1. Interplay between the ovarian &
Hypothalamic- Pituitary Hormones,
Puberty, Menopause & Fertility
Dr. Sara Sadiq
(MBBS, M.Phil)
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6. Anovulatory Cycles
• If the preovulatory surge of LH is not of sufficient, ovulation will
not occur
• Lack of ovulation causes failure of development of the corpus
luteum
• No secretion of progesterone
• Cycle’s rhythm remain continue
• The first few cycles after the onset of puberty are usually
anovulatory
7. Puberty and Menarche
• Puberty onset of adult sexual life
• Menarche beginning of the cycle of menstruation
• Onset of puberty and menstruation between ages 11 and 16 years in girls
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10. Menopause
• The period during which the cycle ceases and the female sex
hormones diminish to almost none is called menopause
• The cause of menopause is “burning out” of the ovaries
• The gonadotropins FSH and LH produced in large quantities, but
as the remaining primordial follicles become atretic so the
production of estrogens by the ovaries falls virtually to zero
11. Menopause
• The loss of estrogens often causes
1. Hot flushes
2. Psychic sensations of dyspnea
3. Irritability
4. Fatigue
5. Anxiety
6. Decreased strength and calcification of bones
12. Female Fertility
• The ovum remains viable and capable of being fertilized up to 24
hours after it is expelled from the ovary
• A few sperm can remain fertile in the female reproductive tract for
up to 5 days.
• Period of female fertility during each month is short—about 4 to 5
days.
13. Female Sterility
1. Failure to ovulate
• Hyposecretion of gonadotropic hormones
• Abnormal ovaries that do not allow ovulation
• Anovulatory cycle lack of progesterone decrease Pragnanediol in urine
2. Endometriosis
• Endometrial tissue grows in the pelvic cavity surrounding the uterus,
fallopian tubes, and ovaries
• Endometriosis causes fibrosis throughout the pelvis so ovum can not release
3. Inflammation of fallopian tube Fibrosis