Introduction
Discovery
Evolution
Structure
Function
Types of secretion are controlled by the Golgi complex
How do proteins move to the Golgi complex
Conclusion
Reference
Protein Sorting and Transport Through Golgi complexKaushal Sharma
Protein Sorting and Transport Through Golgi complex
The Golgi complex was discovered by an Italian physician and Noble Laureate Camillo Golgi in 1898 during an investigation of the
nervous system.
Its electron microscopic structure was described by Dalton and Felix in 1954.
The Golgi apparatus is noticeable with both light and electron microscope. It is also called the Golgi Apparatus.
Morphologically the Golgi is composed of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs (cisternae) and associated vesicles.
Structure and functions of endoplasmic reticulumICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 57 slides,describes following heads
• DISCOVERY
• INTRODUCTION
• BIOGENESIS OF ER
• ISOLATION OF MICROSOMES FROM E R
• STRUCTURE
• COMPONENTS OF ER
CISTERNAE
VESICLES
TUBULES
• MAIN FUNCTION OF ER
• TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
• FUNCTIONS OF SER
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
• FUNCTIONS OF RER
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.
here u will find every detail of golgi.
Basics only
A variety of small cellular components bounded by single membrane found in Plant and
animal cell. Microbodies are of two types; Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
Protein Sorting and Transport Through Golgi complexKaushal Sharma
Protein Sorting and Transport Through Golgi complex
The Golgi complex was discovered by an Italian physician and Noble Laureate Camillo Golgi in 1898 during an investigation of the
nervous system.
Its electron microscopic structure was described by Dalton and Felix in 1954.
The Golgi apparatus is noticeable with both light and electron microscope. It is also called the Golgi Apparatus.
Morphologically the Golgi is composed of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs (cisternae) and associated vesicles.
Structure and functions of endoplasmic reticulumICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 57 slides,describes following heads
• DISCOVERY
• INTRODUCTION
• BIOGENESIS OF ER
• ISOLATION OF MICROSOMES FROM E R
• STRUCTURE
• COMPONENTS OF ER
CISTERNAE
VESICLES
TUBULES
• MAIN FUNCTION OF ER
• TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
• FUNCTIONS OF SER
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
• FUNCTIONS OF RER
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.
here u will find every detail of golgi.
Basics only
A variety of small cellular components bounded by single membrane found in Plant and
animal cell. Microbodies are of two types; Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
In biology, there are certain parts in a cell in which the students should explore in order to understand its functions and description. This presentation explore about the golgi apparatus
Structure and functon of golgi apparatusICHHA PURAK
The Power point presentation consists of 77 slides including following heads
Introduction
Discovery
Distribution
Origin
Shape
Chemical composition
Structure
Common functions
Cell specific functions
Proteoglycans are assembled in G A
Lpid metabolism in G A
Protein sorting
Vesicular Tubular Clusters (VTCs)
Only properly folded and assembled protein can leave ER
Proteins leave ER in COPII coated transport vesicles
summary
questions
References
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
MECHANISM OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
TRANSCRIPTION
INITIATION
ELONGATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
AMINOACYLATION OF tRNA
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
ELONGATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Introduction.
History.
Central dogma.
Mechanism of protein synthesis.
Transcription.
Process of transcription
translation
Step of translation
Activation of amino acid.
Transfer of amino acid to tRNA.
Initiation of polypeptide chain
Elongation of polypeptide chain
Translocation
Termination of polypeptide chain
processing of released polypeptide chain
Main difference between protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukryotes
Conclusion
Reference
Introduction
History
Geographical distribution
Genome Structure
Anatomy and Life Cycle
Significance of Arabidopsis in Plant Genetics
Conclusion
References.
INTRODUCTION
ABOUT DROSOPHILA
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
CELL BIOLOGY OF DROSOPHILA DEVELOPMENT
LIFE CYCLE
THE DROSOPHILA GENOME
UNUSAL FEATURES OF DROSOPHILA
SEX DETERMINATION
GENETIC MARKERS
DEVELOPMENT IN DROSOPHILA
CLEAVAGE
THE ORIGINS OF ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR POLORITY {GENES}
CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Introduction And Classification
Anatomy Of Flower
Life Cycle Of Arabidopsis
Early Flower Development
Embryogenesis-
A. Formation Of Microspores
B. Formation Of Megaspores
Embryonic Development Starts By Establishing A Root-shoot Axis And Then Halts Inside The Seed
Arabidopsis Genome Is Rich In Developmental Control Genes.
Control Of Carpel & Fruit Development
Arabidopsis Thaliana A Model Plant
Conclusion
References
Introduction
About Drosophila
Genome of Drosophila
Life cycle
Differentiation
Development of Drosophila
* Embryonic development
* Dorsal -ventral and
* Anterior posterior development
* Body segmentation
* Homeotic gene
Conclusion
Reference
Introduction
The big question
Evolution of gene regulation
Gene regulation in eukaryotes
Points of control
Packing/unpacking DNA
Transcription
mRNA processing
mRNA transport
Translation
Protein processing
Protein degradation
Difference between eukaryotic &
prokaryotic gene expression
Conclusions
References
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
GAMETES
STRUCTURE OF GAMETES
SPERM
OVUM
RECOGNITION OF EGG AND SPERM
CAPACITATION
ACROSOME REACTION
SPECIES-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION
GAMETE BINDING AND RECOGNITION
GAMETE FUSION
PREVENTION OF POLYSPERMY
ACTIVATION OF GAMETE METABOLISM
FUSION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF FERTILIZATION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Cellular response to environmental signals in plantKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
CELL SIGNALING:-
I) Unicellular and multicellular organism cell signaling.
II) Classification of intercellular communication.
RESPONSE TO STUMULI:-
(a) Plants
(b) Animals
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY LINK INTERNAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNAL:
(a) Reception
(b) Signal transduction
(c) Response
HORMONE
CHEMICAL SIGNALS IN PLANTS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
ntroduction
2. Definition
3. Steps Of Signal Transduction
A) Reception
B) Transduction
C) Induction
4. Important component used in Signal Transduction
A) Calcium ion as second messenger
B) Protein Kinase
Types of Signal Transduction
A) Extra cellular Signal Transduction
B) Intra cellular Signal Transduction
C) Inter cellular Signal Transduction
6. Mechanism of Signal Transduction
A) GPCR pathway
B) RTK pathway
7. Example of Signal Transduction
A) In plants
B) In animals
8. Conclusion
9. Reference…
Introduction
Definition
History
Basic element in signal transduction
Basic Pathway of signal transduction
Types of signal transduction
Second messenger
Pathway of signal transduction
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Tumours
Types of Tumours
Formation of Tumours
How cancer cell differ from normal cells
Classification of cancer
The causes of cancer
Viruses and Cancer
Cancer and Gene: A. Oncogene
B. Tumours suppressor gene
Detection and Diagnosis
Therapy of cancer
How can cancer are prevented
Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
GENES INVOLVED IN CANCER
ONCOGENES
TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES
ONCOGENE
INTRODUCTION
TYPES
ACTIVATION OF PROTO ONCOGENES
FUNCTION
TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES
INTRODUCTION
EXAMPLE
RB GENE
TP53 GENE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Definition
history
DIFFERENT PHASE
G0 PHASE
INTERPHASE
M PHASE
CHECKPOINT
HOW DOES IT WORK
Inhibitors
Mechanism of action
Function
CONCLUSION
references
GENERAL IDEA OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
DEFINATION
WHAT DOES THE TERM SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEANS
HISTORY
BASIC ELEMENTS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
TYPES OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
SIGNALLING MOLECULE
RECEPTOR MOLECULE
MODES OF CELL CELL SIGNALING
SECOND MESSENGER
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
SOME SIGNALING PATHWAYS
SIGNIFICANCE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
CELL CYCLE
CELL CYCLE CHECK POINT
PHASES IN CELL CYCLE CHECK POINT
ROLE OF CYLINE AND CDKS
MUTURATIONAL PROMOTING FACTOR
FUNCTION OF MPR
CONCLUSION
REFRENCE
ion channel and carrier protein By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION - DEFINITION OF ION CANALS- HISTORY AND DIVERSITY OF ION CANALS- CARRIER PROTEIN-DEFINITION - CLASSES OF CARRIER PROTEIN - MECHANISM OF ION CANALS AND CARRIER PROTEIN - MEMBRANE TRANSPORT- BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF ION CANALS AND CARRIER PROTEIN - CONCLUSION - REFERENCE
Molecular event during Cell cycle By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
WHAT IS CELL?
WHAT IS CELL DIVISION OR CELL CYCLE?
WHY DO CELL DIVIDE?
HISTORY
CELL CYCLE
INTERPHASE
M-PHASE
MOLECULAR EVENT DURING CELL CYCLE AND CELL REGULATION
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION
ABNORMALTIES OF CELL CYCLE
REFRENCES
WHAT IS CELL?
WHAT IS CELL DIVISION OR CELL CYCLE?
WHY DO CELL DIVIDE?
HISTORY
CELL CYCLE
INTERPHASE
M-PHASE
MOLECULAR EVENT DURING CELL CYCLE AND CELL REGULATION
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION
ABNORMALTIES OF CELL CYCLE
REFRENCES
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. functionof Golgi complex
By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )
2. Synopsis
• Introduction
• Discovery
• Evolution
• Structure
• Function
• Types of secretion are controlled by the
Golgi complex
• How do proteins move to the Golgi complex
• Conclusion
• Reference
3. • The Golgi apparatus (also Golgi body or the Golgi complex)
is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
• It was discovered by the Italian physicianCamillo Golgi, in
1897 after whom the Golgi apparatus is named.
• Golgi apparatus forms a part of the cellular endomembrane
system
• It provides connection between ER and perinuclear space
on the one hand and between transport vesicles and
plasma lemma on the other.
• It also performs an important function for transport of
material from nucleus to the cytoplasm.
• It processes and packages macromolecules, such
as proteins and lipids
4. • Due to its fairly large size, the Golgi apparatus was one of the first
organelles to be discovered and observed in detail. The apparatus was
discovered in 1897 by Italian physician Camillo Golgi during an
investigation of the nervous system
• After first observing it under his microscope, he termed the structure
the internal reticular apparatus.
• The structure was then renamed after Golgi not long after the
announcement of his discovery in 1898.
• However, some doubted the discovery at first, arguing that the appearance
of the structure was merely an optical illusion created by the observation
technique used by Golgi.
• With the development of modern microscopes in the 20th century, the
discovery was confirm.
5. • The Golgi apparatus appears to have existed
even in the "ancestral eukaryote" from which
all modern eukaryotes evolved, even though
some do not have it in the stacked form.
6. • Found in both plant and animal cells
• The Golgi is composed of stacks of membrane-
bound structures known
as cisternae (singular: cisterna).
• An individual stack is sometimes called a
dictyosome (from Greek dictyon: net + soma:
body),[4] especially in plant cell
• A mammalian cell typically contains 40 to 100
stacks.
• Between four and eight cisternae are usually
present in a stack; however, in some protists as
many as sixty have been observed
• Each cisterna comprises a flat, membrane
enclosed disc that includes special Golgi enzymes.
• The cisternae stack has four functional regions:
the cis- Golgi network, medial-Golgi, endo -Golgi,
and trans-Golgi network. Each region contains
different enzymes .
This electron micrograph illustrates
a Golgi Complex
7. • Micrograph of Golgi apparatus, visible as a
stack of semicircular black rings near the
bottom. Numerous circular vesicles can be
seen in proximity to the organelle
• Diagram of secretory process from
endoplasmic reticulum (orange) to Golgi
apparatus (pink).
• 1. Nuclear membrane;
• 2. Nuclear pore;
• 3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER);
• 4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER);
• 5. Ribosome attached to RER;
• 6. Macromolecules;
• 7. Transport vesicles;
• 8. Golgi apparatus;
• 9.Cis face of Golgi apparatus;
• 10. Trans face of Golgi apparatus;
• 11. Cisternae of lipids
8. • This includes the production of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), long unbranched polysaccharides .
• Enzymes in the Golgi polymerize several of these GAGs via a xylose link onto the core protein
• Another task of the Golgi involves the sulfation of certain molecules passing through its lumen via
sulphotranferases that gain their sulphur molecule from a donor called PAPs.
• This process occurs on the GAGs of proteoglycans as well as on the core protein.
• The level of sulfation is very important to the proteoglycans' signalling abilities as well as giving the
proteoglycan its overall negative charge.[13]
• The phosphorylation of molecules requires that ATP is imported into the lumen of the Golgi[15] and
then utilised
• by resident kinases such as casein kinase 1 and casein kinase 2
• One molecule that is phosphorylated in the Golgi is Apolipoprotein, which forms a molecule known
as VLDL that is a constituent of blood serum. It is thought that the phosphorylation of these
molecules is important to help aid in their sorting for secretion into the blood serum.
• A newly characterized protein, GAAP (Golgi anti-apoptotic protein), almost exclusively resides in the
Golgi and protects cells from apoptosis
• The bcl2 genes present in the Golgi are used for this purpose.
9. • The Golgi complex controls trafficking of different
types of proteins.
• Some are destined for secretion. Others are
destined for the extracellular matrix.
• other proteins, such as lysosomal enzymes, may
need to be sorted and sequestered from the
remaining constituents because of their potential
destructive effects.
10. • Finally, this cartoon also shows the packaging
of lysosomes .
11. • Transport of material in
and out of the Golgi
complex involves budding
and fusion of vesicles.
This cartoon shows that
the membranes of each
join and align themselves
during the process so that
the inside face remains in
the lumen and the
outside face remains
towards the cytoplasm.
12. Conclusion
• The golgi apparatus is an important organelle
of eukaryotic cells . directing the
carbohydrates and protein required by the
body to their correct destination is the
primary job of golgi body. In this process of
directing molecules to appropriate
destinations, they are tagged with
destination information and structural
modifications.