This document discusses frame and burst acquisition in a TDMA satellite communication network where transmissions may occur on different transponders. It presents the following key points:
1) A unique word pattern is used to aid in the acquisition process and detect the frame. Soft-decision detection of QPSK modulated signals is used in an additive white Gaussian channel.
2) The probability of detection is low when the false alarm rate is low, leading to a long acquisition time. Conversely, a high false alarm rate yields a high probability of detection and shorter acquisition time.
3) An analysis is presented of the unique word detection process at a traffic terminal, assuming carrier and bit timing have been partially recovered from a reference burst
Performance Analysis of Differential Beamforming in Decentralized NetworksIJECEIAES
This paper proposes and analyzes a novel differential distributed beamforming strategy for decentralized two-way relay networks. In our strategy, the phases of the received signals at all relays are synchronized without requiring channel feedback or training symbols. Bit error rate (BER) expressions of the proposed strategy are provided for coherent and differential M-PSK modulation. Upper bounds, lower bounds, and simple approximations of the BER are also derived. Based on the theoretical and simulated BER performance, the proposed strategy offers a high system performance and low decoding complexity and delay without requiring channel state information at any transmitting or receiving antenna. Furthermore, the simple approximation of the BER upper bound shows that the proposed strategy enjoys the full diversity gain which is equal to the number of transmitting antennas.
Pilot induced cyclostationarity based method for dvb system identificationiaemedu
This document presents a method for identifying digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems using pilot induced cyclostationarity (PIC). The PIC approach exploits the periodic structure of pilot symbols in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals to detect cyclostationary features. However, the PIC method has lower identification rates for DVB compared to other standards due to DVB using two pilot configuration types. The proposed method is an extension of the PIC technique developed specifically for DVB identification. Simulation results show the proposed method achieves excellent correct detection probability for DVB systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
CS Based Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems under Long Delay Channels Using ...IJERA Editor
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique which are used in the next-generation wireless communication. Channel estimation in the OFDM technique is one of the big challenges, ever since high-resolution channel estimation can significantly improve the equalization at the receiver and consequently enhance the communication performances. Channel computation using superimposed pilot sequences is also a fully new area, idea for using superimposed pilot sequences has been proposed by various authors for different applications. In this paper, we are introduced a high accurate, low complexity compressive sensing (CS) based channel estimation namely Auxiliary information based Subspace Pursuit (ASP) in TFT-OFDM systems. ASP based channel estimation in TFT-OFDM system is based on two steps. First is, by exploiting the signal structure of recently proposed TDM-OFDM scheme, the supporting channel information is obtained. Second is, we propose the supporting information based subspace pursuit (SP) algorithm to use a very small amount of frequency domain pilots embedded in the OFDM block used for the exact channel estimation. Moreover, the obtained auxiliary channel information is adopted to reduce the complexity of the conventional SP algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate a important reduction of the number of pilots relative to least-squares channel estimation and supporting high-order modulations like 256 QAM.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Comparitive analysis of bit error rates of multiple input multiple output tra...slinpublishers
The document compares the bit error rates of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transmission schemes, including spatial multiplexing, space-time block codes (STBC), and space-time block coded spatial modulation (STBC-SM). It finds that STBC-SM provides better performance than STBC and vertical-Bell labs layered space-time (V-BLAST) spatial multiplexing. Specifically, simulations show STBC-SM has a lower bit error rate than the other schemes when using four transmit and four receive antennas. The document explains the techniques of V-BLAST, STBC, and STBC-SM in detail.
Study of timing synchronization in mimoofdm systems using dvb tijitjournal
This document summarizes a study on timing synchronization in MIMO-OFDM systems using DVB-T. It discusses the timing offset problem in OFDM systems and proposes a solution using the cyclic prefix as a modified Schmidl and Cox algorithm. Simulations were performed to implement the DVB-T system and compare different synchronization methods under an AWGN channel model. The results show that higher timing offsets require greater SNR to achieve the same BER performance. The proposed approach uses cyclic prefix correlation to determine timing offsets with less overhead compared to using a training sequence.
In this paper, we analyzed a numerical evaluation of the performance of MIMO radio systems in the LTE network environment. Downlink physical layer of the OFDM-MIMO based radio interface is considered for system model and a theoretical analysis of the bit error rate of the two space-time codes (SFBC 2×1 and FSTD 4×2 codes are adopted by the LTE norm as a function of the signal to noise ratio. Analytical expressions are given for transmission over a Rayleigh channel without spatial correlation which is then compared with Monte-Carlo simulations. Further evaluated channel capacity and simulation results show throughput almost reaches to the capacity limit.
Performance Analysis of Differential Beamforming in Decentralized NetworksIJECEIAES
This paper proposes and analyzes a novel differential distributed beamforming strategy for decentralized two-way relay networks. In our strategy, the phases of the received signals at all relays are synchronized without requiring channel feedback or training symbols. Bit error rate (BER) expressions of the proposed strategy are provided for coherent and differential M-PSK modulation. Upper bounds, lower bounds, and simple approximations of the BER are also derived. Based on the theoretical and simulated BER performance, the proposed strategy offers a high system performance and low decoding complexity and delay without requiring channel state information at any transmitting or receiving antenna. Furthermore, the simple approximation of the BER upper bound shows that the proposed strategy enjoys the full diversity gain which is equal to the number of transmitting antennas.
Pilot induced cyclostationarity based method for dvb system identificationiaemedu
This document presents a method for identifying digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems using pilot induced cyclostationarity (PIC). The PIC approach exploits the periodic structure of pilot symbols in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals to detect cyclostationary features. However, the PIC method has lower identification rates for DVB compared to other standards due to DVB using two pilot configuration types. The proposed method is an extension of the PIC technique developed specifically for DVB identification. Simulation results show the proposed method achieves excellent correct detection probability for DVB systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
CS Based Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems under Long Delay Channels Using ...IJERA Editor
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique which are used in the next-generation wireless communication. Channel estimation in the OFDM technique is one of the big challenges, ever since high-resolution channel estimation can significantly improve the equalization at the receiver and consequently enhance the communication performances. Channel computation using superimposed pilot sequences is also a fully new area, idea for using superimposed pilot sequences has been proposed by various authors for different applications. In this paper, we are introduced a high accurate, low complexity compressive sensing (CS) based channel estimation namely Auxiliary information based Subspace Pursuit (ASP) in TFT-OFDM systems. ASP based channel estimation in TFT-OFDM system is based on two steps. First is, by exploiting the signal structure of recently proposed TDM-OFDM scheme, the supporting channel information is obtained. Second is, we propose the supporting information based subspace pursuit (SP) algorithm to use a very small amount of frequency domain pilots embedded in the OFDM block used for the exact channel estimation. Moreover, the obtained auxiliary channel information is adopted to reduce the complexity of the conventional SP algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate a important reduction of the number of pilots relative to least-squares channel estimation and supporting high-order modulations like 256 QAM.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Comparitive analysis of bit error rates of multiple input multiple output tra...slinpublishers
The document compares the bit error rates of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transmission schemes, including spatial multiplexing, space-time block codes (STBC), and space-time block coded spatial modulation (STBC-SM). It finds that STBC-SM provides better performance than STBC and vertical-Bell labs layered space-time (V-BLAST) spatial multiplexing. Specifically, simulations show STBC-SM has a lower bit error rate than the other schemes when using four transmit and four receive antennas. The document explains the techniques of V-BLAST, STBC, and STBC-SM in detail.
Study of timing synchronization in mimoofdm systems using dvb tijitjournal
This document summarizes a study on timing synchronization in MIMO-OFDM systems using DVB-T. It discusses the timing offset problem in OFDM systems and proposes a solution using the cyclic prefix as a modified Schmidl and Cox algorithm. Simulations were performed to implement the DVB-T system and compare different synchronization methods under an AWGN channel model. The results show that higher timing offsets require greater SNR to achieve the same BER performance. The proposed approach uses cyclic prefix correlation to determine timing offsets with less overhead compared to using a training sequence.
In this paper, we analyzed a numerical evaluation of the performance of MIMO radio systems in the LTE network environment. Downlink physical layer of the OFDM-MIMO based radio interface is considered for system model and a theoretical analysis of the bit error rate of the two space-time codes (SFBC 2×1 and FSTD 4×2 codes are adopted by the LTE norm as a function of the signal to noise ratio. Analytical expressions are given for transmission over a Rayleigh channel without spatial correlation which is then compared with Monte-Carlo simulations. Further evaluated channel capacity and simulation results show throughput almost reaches to the capacity limit.
This document discusses single carrier and multicarrier transmission techniques. Multicarrier transmission divides the transmission bandwidth into multiple narrow subchannels transmitted in parallel. This reduces intersymbol interference compared to single carrier as each subchannel experiences flat fading, even if the overall channel is frequency selective. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is described as a multicarrier technique that achieves orthogonality between subcarriers using the discrete Fourier transform. This allows overlapping subcarriers to prevent interference. OFDM is used widely but has drawbacks including sensitivity to synchronization errors and high peak-to-average power ratios.
Blind channel estimation for mimo ofdm systemstrungquang0207
This document presents a blind channel estimation technique for MIMO-OFDM systems. It generalizes existing subspace-based methods for single-input single-output OFDM systems to operate with multiple transmit and receive antennas. The proposed method establishes conditions for channel identifiability. It obtains accurate channel estimates using a small number of OFDM symbols and is insensitive to overestimates of the true channel order. The method can work with no or insufficient cyclic prefix if virtual carriers are present, potentially increasing channel utilization. Simulation results show the mean-square error performance of the proposed method.
This document discusses an algorithm for estimating the velocity of multiple reflecting objects using standard OFDM communication signals without any specific coding of the transmitted data. The algorithm processes the symbols that compose the OFDM symbols directly rather than the baseband signals. Range and Doppler information can be extracted from the received OFDM signal and used to implement radar sensing functions in a joint radar and communication system, such as for vehicular applications. Simulation and measurement results demonstrating the algorithm's effectiveness are presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes and compares different channel estimation techniques for OFDM systems. It discusses block-type pilot arrangement where pilots are sent on all subcarriers periodically, and comb-type pilot arrangement where pilots are spaced between data symbols. For block-type, channel estimation can be done with LS or MMSE. For comb-type, estimation is done at pilot frequencies using LS, MMSE or LMS, and interpolation between pilots with techniques like linear, cubic spline. Decision feedback equalizer is also implemented for block-type. Performance is evaluated using modulation schemes like QPSK, 16QAM under fading channels, and comb-type is shown to track fast fading better than block-type.
Performance and Analysis of OFDM Signal Using Matlab SimulinkIJMER
Multi-carrier modulation is an attractive technique for fourth generation .OFDM is based on
multicarrier modulation technique. In OFDM system the bit stream is divided into many different sub
channels. An efficient and distortionless scheme for peak power reduction in OFDM is proposed. In this
paper, a set of mapping where the actual transmit signal is selected. From this set of signal reduced
PAPR. Simulation results are shown. The lowest PAPR is compared with conventional work. It is also
compared BER to SNR and best result is achieved.
A novel delay dictionary design for compressive sensing-based time varying ch...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Compressive sensing (CS) is a new attractive technique adopted for Linear Time Varying channel estimation. orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) was proposed to be used in 4G and 5G which supports high data rate requirements. Different pilot aided channel estimation techniques were proposed to better track the channel conditions, which consumes bandwidth, thus, considerable data rate reduced. In order to estimate the channel with minimum number of pilots, compressive sensing CS was proposed to efficiently estimate the channel variations. In this paper, a novel delay dictionary-based CS was designed and simulated to estimate the linear time varying (LTV) channel. The proposed dictionary shows the suitability of estimating the channel impulse response (CIR) with low to moderate Doppler frequency shifts with acceptable bit error rate (BER) performance.
Spatial multiplexing ofdmoqam systems with time reversal techniqueijwmn
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing with Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (OFDM/OQAM) is a multicarrier modulation scheme that can be considered as an alternative to the conventional Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with Cyclic Prefix (CP) for transmission over multipath fading channels. In this paper, we investigate the combination of the OFDM/OQAM with Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system with Time Reversal (TR) technique.
TR can be viewed as a precoding scheme which can be combined with OFDM/OQAM and easily carried out in a MIMO context using spatial data multiplexing.
We present the simulation results of the performance of OFDM/OQAM system in SISO case compared with the conventional CP-OFDM system and the performance of the combination MIMO-OFDM/OQAM with TR compared to MIMO-CP-OFDM. The performance is derived by computing the Bit Error Rate (BER) as a function of the transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
This document provides an overview of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) including:
1. The basic principles of OFDM including modulation using IDFT and demodulation using DFT.
2. How a cyclic prefix is used to mitigate multipath interference.
3. A block diagram of a basic OFDM system showing key components like mapping, IFFT/FFT, insertion of cyclic prefix, and demapping.
4. Examples of OFDM parameters used in standards like IEEE 802.11a.
The document proposes a new method for frame synchronization in OFDMA mode of wireless networks. The method uses a timing metric based on the preamble structure specified for OFDMA, which consists of real BPSK symbols on every third subcarrier. In an ideal scenario with a DFT size of 2046, the timing metric results in four significant peaks, with the true frame boundary indicated by one of the peaks. Thresholding and detection strategies are discussed to identify the frame boundary in noisy channels. Simulations show the proposed method performs better than existing techniques, especially in fading channels.
Analyses and performance of techniques papr reduction for stbc mimo ofdm syst...ijwmn
An OFDM system is combined with multiple-input mult
iple-output (MIMO) in order to increase the
diversity gain and system capacity over the time va
riant frequency-selective channels. However, a maj
or
drawback of MIMO-OFDM system is that the transmitte
d signals on different antennas might exhibit high
peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).In this paper, w
e present a PAPR analysis reduction of space-time-
block-coded (STBC) MIMO-OFDM system for 4G wireless
networks. Several techniques have been used to
reduce the PAPR of the (STBC) MIMOOFDM system: clip
ping and filtering, partial transmit sequence
(PTS) and selected mapping (SLM). Simulation result
s show that clipping and filtering provides a bette
r
PAPR reduction than the others methods and only SLM
technique conserve the PAPR reduction in
reception part of signal.
Review on Doubling the Rate of SEFDM Systems using Hilbert Pairsijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel technique to double the data rate of spectrally efficient frequency division multiplexing (SEFDM) systems using Hilbert pulse pairs. The technique transmits two symbol streams simultaneously within the same bandwidth using a Hilbert pair as pulse-shaping filters. At the transmitter, the symbol stream is split and modulated onto two sets of subcarriers before being combined using the Hilbert pair. At the receiver, the Hilbert pair separates the streams which can then be independently demodulated without interference. Simulations show the proposed technique achieves the same bit error rate as conventional SEFDM but with double the spectral efficiency through transmitting two data streams simultaneously. The use of turbo coding also provides significant bit error
Mobile antennae general Beamforming principles presentationPierre LARREGLE
The document discusses smart antennas and MAC protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. It covers topics such as:
1) System models and algorithms for optimum beamformer design and adaptive beamforming.
2) Direction-of-arrival estimation methods including MF, MVDR, and MUSIC.
3) Schemes using directional antennas in the MAC layer including Vaidya's scheme 1 which uses directional RTS and omnidirectional CTS.
A JOINT TIMING OFFSET AND CHANNEL ESTIMATION USING FRACTIONAL FOURIER TRANSFO...IJCNCJournal
This paper proposes a new method for joint timing offset and channel estimation in OFDM systems using fractional Fourier transform and constant amplitude zero autocorrelation sequences. After estimating the timing offset in the frequency domain, compensation is performed in the time domain. Channel estimation then uses least squares with discrete Fourier transform and linear interpolation to recover the transmitted signal. Simulation results show the proposed method achieves good performance in terms of mean square error for timing offset estimation compared to other techniques, especially for fast fading channels. It also estimates the channel well while maintaining throughput.
Iaetsd vlsi implementation of spatial modulation receiverIaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes a research paper on implementing a spatial modulation receiver in VLSI. Spatial modulation is a modulation technique for MIMO systems that encodes information in both the transmitted symbol and antenna used. The author presents the system model of a spatial modulation system with multiple transmit and receive antennas. Bit streams are divided to select an antenna and symbol. The receiver task is to estimate the symbol and detect the transmitting antenna. The author discusses designing and implementing a low complexity spatial modulation receiver for MIMO systems in VLSI that achieves high performance.
RTH-RSS Mac: Path loss exponent estimation with received signal strength loca...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study on integrating received signal strength path-loss exponent (RSS PLE) estimation localization into the Real Time Hybrid MAC (RTHMAC) protocol. RTHMAC combines TDMA and FDMA to provide soft real-time communication for wireless sensor networks. The study develops a new RTH-RSS MAC protocol that replaces the initialization and discovery phases of RTHMAC with an RSS PLE localization technique called IDRSS-PLE. This aims to minimize delay, maximize network lifetime by decreasing energy consumption of nodes. Simulations show that using RSS PLE localization, RTH-RSS MAC is able to achieve less energy consumption and shorter localization response times compared to the classical RTHMAC protocol.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of different pilot-based channel estimation schemes for OFDM systems using QPSK and 16-QAM modulation over Rayleigh fading channels with Doppler frequency shifts. It compares block-type pilot arrangement, which inserts pilots into all subcarriers periodically, to comb-type arrangement, which inserts pilots into each symbol and requires interpolation. It evaluates channel estimation algorithms like LS, LMMSE, SVD for block pilots and linear, quadratic, and cubic spline interpolation for comb pilots. The goal is to analyze how bit error rate is affected by Doppler shifts. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB to compare the schemes.
1) The document describes the downlink physical channels of LTE including the DL-SCH, PBCH, PDSCH, PDCCH, PCFICH, and PHICH.
2) It discusses design constraints for LTE including keeping the cyclic prefix smaller than the symbol length and larger than the delay spread to avoid overhead and interference. The subcarrier spacing must also be large enough to overcome Doppler shifts from UE motion.
3) The placement of reference signals is described, needing to be spaced at least every 0.5ms in time to track fast channels and every 6 subcarriers (45kHz) in frequency to resolve variations.
1. The document analyzes the effect of signal distortion techniques for PAPR reduction like clipping and peak windowing on the bit error rate (BER) performance of turbo and low density parity check (LDPC) coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems.
2. It implements an OFDM system based on IEEE 802.11a standards with turbo and LDPC error correcting codes over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and exponentially decaying Rayleigh fade channels.
3. The results show that LDPC-COFDM performs better than turbo-COFDM in both channels, even with clipping applied. However, turbo-COFDM is better with peak windowing due to
UHP Networks develops a universal hardware platform (UHP) that provides a carrier-grade VSAT solution for high-throughput satellites. The UHP platform supports multiple modes of operation including SCPC, TDM/TDMA, mesh, and hubless TDMA networks. It offers high efficiency, scalability, reliability and quality of service features to take advantage of increased satellite capacity enabled by high-throughput satellites.
The document discusses smart antenna arrays. It lists the group members and contents which include smart antenna elements, types like switched lobe, dynamically phased array and adaptive array. It explains these types and their applications in mobile communication systems like GSM and CDMA. The advantages of smart antennas are higher capacity, coverage and quality. It concludes that smart antennas improve radio transmission and network services like handover.
This document discusses single carrier and multicarrier transmission techniques. Multicarrier transmission divides the transmission bandwidth into multiple narrow subchannels transmitted in parallel. This reduces intersymbol interference compared to single carrier as each subchannel experiences flat fading, even if the overall channel is frequency selective. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is described as a multicarrier technique that achieves orthogonality between subcarriers using the discrete Fourier transform. This allows overlapping subcarriers to prevent interference. OFDM is used widely but has drawbacks including sensitivity to synchronization errors and high peak-to-average power ratios.
Blind channel estimation for mimo ofdm systemstrungquang0207
This document presents a blind channel estimation technique for MIMO-OFDM systems. It generalizes existing subspace-based methods for single-input single-output OFDM systems to operate with multiple transmit and receive antennas. The proposed method establishes conditions for channel identifiability. It obtains accurate channel estimates using a small number of OFDM symbols and is insensitive to overestimates of the true channel order. The method can work with no or insufficient cyclic prefix if virtual carriers are present, potentially increasing channel utilization. Simulation results show the mean-square error performance of the proposed method.
This document discusses an algorithm for estimating the velocity of multiple reflecting objects using standard OFDM communication signals without any specific coding of the transmitted data. The algorithm processes the symbols that compose the OFDM symbols directly rather than the baseband signals. Range and Doppler information can be extracted from the received OFDM signal and used to implement radar sensing functions in a joint radar and communication system, such as for vehicular applications. Simulation and measurement results demonstrating the algorithm's effectiveness are presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes and compares different channel estimation techniques for OFDM systems. It discusses block-type pilot arrangement where pilots are sent on all subcarriers periodically, and comb-type pilot arrangement where pilots are spaced between data symbols. For block-type, channel estimation can be done with LS or MMSE. For comb-type, estimation is done at pilot frequencies using LS, MMSE or LMS, and interpolation between pilots with techniques like linear, cubic spline. Decision feedback equalizer is also implemented for block-type. Performance is evaluated using modulation schemes like QPSK, 16QAM under fading channels, and comb-type is shown to track fast fading better than block-type.
Performance and Analysis of OFDM Signal Using Matlab SimulinkIJMER
Multi-carrier modulation is an attractive technique for fourth generation .OFDM is based on
multicarrier modulation technique. In OFDM system the bit stream is divided into many different sub
channels. An efficient and distortionless scheme for peak power reduction in OFDM is proposed. In this
paper, a set of mapping where the actual transmit signal is selected. From this set of signal reduced
PAPR. Simulation results are shown. The lowest PAPR is compared with conventional work. It is also
compared BER to SNR and best result is achieved.
A novel delay dictionary design for compressive sensing-based time varying ch...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Compressive sensing (CS) is a new attractive technique adopted for Linear Time Varying channel estimation. orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) was proposed to be used in 4G and 5G which supports high data rate requirements. Different pilot aided channel estimation techniques were proposed to better track the channel conditions, which consumes bandwidth, thus, considerable data rate reduced. In order to estimate the channel with minimum number of pilots, compressive sensing CS was proposed to efficiently estimate the channel variations. In this paper, a novel delay dictionary-based CS was designed and simulated to estimate the linear time varying (LTV) channel. The proposed dictionary shows the suitability of estimating the channel impulse response (CIR) with low to moderate Doppler frequency shifts with acceptable bit error rate (BER) performance.
Spatial multiplexing ofdmoqam systems with time reversal techniqueijwmn
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing with Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (OFDM/OQAM) is a multicarrier modulation scheme that can be considered as an alternative to the conventional Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with Cyclic Prefix (CP) for transmission over multipath fading channels. In this paper, we investigate the combination of the OFDM/OQAM with Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system with Time Reversal (TR) technique.
TR can be viewed as a precoding scheme which can be combined with OFDM/OQAM and easily carried out in a MIMO context using spatial data multiplexing.
We present the simulation results of the performance of OFDM/OQAM system in SISO case compared with the conventional CP-OFDM system and the performance of the combination MIMO-OFDM/OQAM with TR compared to MIMO-CP-OFDM. The performance is derived by computing the Bit Error Rate (BER) as a function of the transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
This document provides an overview of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) including:
1. The basic principles of OFDM including modulation using IDFT and demodulation using DFT.
2. How a cyclic prefix is used to mitigate multipath interference.
3. A block diagram of a basic OFDM system showing key components like mapping, IFFT/FFT, insertion of cyclic prefix, and demapping.
4. Examples of OFDM parameters used in standards like IEEE 802.11a.
The document proposes a new method for frame synchronization in OFDMA mode of wireless networks. The method uses a timing metric based on the preamble structure specified for OFDMA, which consists of real BPSK symbols on every third subcarrier. In an ideal scenario with a DFT size of 2046, the timing metric results in four significant peaks, with the true frame boundary indicated by one of the peaks. Thresholding and detection strategies are discussed to identify the frame boundary in noisy channels. Simulations show the proposed method performs better than existing techniques, especially in fading channels.
Analyses and performance of techniques papr reduction for stbc mimo ofdm syst...ijwmn
An OFDM system is combined with multiple-input mult
iple-output (MIMO) in order to increase the
diversity gain and system capacity over the time va
riant frequency-selective channels. However, a maj
or
drawback of MIMO-OFDM system is that the transmitte
d signals on different antennas might exhibit high
peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).In this paper, w
e present a PAPR analysis reduction of space-time-
block-coded (STBC) MIMO-OFDM system for 4G wireless
networks. Several techniques have been used to
reduce the PAPR of the (STBC) MIMOOFDM system: clip
ping and filtering, partial transmit sequence
(PTS) and selected mapping (SLM). Simulation result
s show that clipping and filtering provides a bette
r
PAPR reduction than the others methods and only SLM
technique conserve the PAPR reduction in
reception part of signal.
Review on Doubling the Rate of SEFDM Systems using Hilbert Pairsijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel technique to double the data rate of spectrally efficient frequency division multiplexing (SEFDM) systems using Hilbert pulse pairs. The technique transmits two symbol streams simultaneously within the same bandwidth using a Hilbert pair as pulse-shaping filters. At the transmitter, the symbol stream is split and modulated onto two sets of subcarriers before being combined using the Hilbert pair. At the receiver, the Hilbert pair separates the streams which can then be independently demodulated without interference. Simulations show the proposed technique achieves the same bit error rate as conventional SEFDM but with double the spectral efficiency through transmitting two data streams simultaneously. The use of turbo coding also provides significant bit error
Mobile antennae general Beamforming principles presentationPierre LARREGLE
The document discusses smart antennas and MAC protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. It covers topics such as:
1) System models and algorithms for optimum beamformer design and adaptive beamforming.
2) Direction-of-arrival estimation methods including MF, MVDR, and MUSIC.
3) Schemes using directional antennas in the MAC layer including Vaidya's scheme 1 which uses directional RTS and omnidirectional CTS.
A JOINT TIMING OFFSET AND CHANNEL ESTIMATION USING FRACTIONAL FOURIER TRANSFO...IJCNCJournal
This paper proposes a new method for joint timing offset and channel estimation in OFDM systems using fractional Fourier transform and constant amplitude zero autocorrelation sequences. After estimating the timing offset in the frequency domain, compensation is performed in the time domain. Channel estimation then uses least squares with discrete Fourier transform and linear interpolation to recover the transmitted signal. Simulation results show the proposed method achieves good performance in terms of mean square error for timing offset estimation compared to other techniques, especially for fast fading channels. It also estimates the channel well while maintaining throughput.
Iaetsd vlsi implementation of spatial modulation receiverIaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes a research paper on implementing a spatial modulation receiver in VLSI. Spatial modulation is a modulation technique for MIMO systems that encodes information in both the transmitted symbol and antenna used. The author presents the system model of a spatial modulation system with multiple transmit and receive antennas. Bit streams are divided to select an antenna and symbol. The receiver task is to estimate the symbol and detect the transmitting antenna. The author discusses designing and implementing a low complexity spatial modulation receiver for MIMO systems in VLSI that achieves high performance.
RTH-RSS Mac: Path loss exponent estimation with received signal strength loca...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study on integrating received signal strength path-loss exponent (RSS PLE) estimation localization into the Real Time Hybrid MAC (RTHMAC) protocol. RTHMAC combines TDMA and FDMA to provide soft real-time communication for wireless sensor networks. The study develops a new RTH-RSS MAC protocol that replaces the initialization and discovery phases of RTHMAC with an RSS PLE localization technique called IDRSS-PLE. This aims to minimize delay, maximize network lifetime by decreasing energy consumption of nodes. Simulations show that using RSS PLE localization, RTH-RSS MAC is able to achieve less energy consumption and shorter localization response times compared to the classical RTHMAC protocol.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of different pilot-based channel estimation schemes for OFDM systems using QPSK and 16-QAM modulation over Rayleigh fading channels with Doppler frequency shifts. It compares block-type pilot arrangement, which inserts pilots into all subcarriers periodically, to comb-type arrangement, which inserts pilots into each symbol and requires interpolation. It evaluates channel estimation algorithms like LS, LMMSE, SVD for block pilots and linear, quadratic, and cubic spline interpolation for comb pilots. The goal is to analyze how bit error rate is affected by Doppler shifts. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB to compare the schemes.
1) The document describes the downlink physical channels of LTE including the DL-SCH, PBCH, PDSCH, PDCCH, PCFICH, and PHICH.
2) It discusses design constraints for LTE including keeping the cyclic prefix smaller than the symbol length and larger than the delay spread to avoid overhead and interference. The subcarrier spacing must also be large enough to overcome Doppler shifts from UE motion.
3) The placement of reference signals is described, needing to be spaced at least every 0.5ms in time to track fast channels and every 6 subcarriers (45kHz) in frequency to resolve variations.
1. The document analyzes the effect of signal distortion techniques for PAPR reduction like clipping and peak windowing on the bit error rate (BER) performance of turbo and low density parity check (LDPC) coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems.
2. It implements an OFDM system based on IEEE 802.11a standards with turbo and LDPC error correcting codes over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and exponentially decaying Rayleigh fade channels.
3. The results show that LDPC-COFDM performs better than turbo-COFDM in both channels, even with clipping applied. However, turbo-COFDM is better with peak windowing due to
UHP Networks develops a universal hardware platform (UHP) that provides a carrier-grade VSAT solution for high-throughput satellites. The UHP platform supports multiple modes of operation including SCPC, TDM/TDMA, mesh, and hubless TDMA networks. It offers high efficiency, scalability, reliability and quality of service features to take advantage of increased satellite capacity enabled by high-throughput satellites.
The document discusses smart antenna arrays. It lists the group members and contents which include smart antenna elements, types like switched lobe, dynamically phased array and adaptive array. It explains these types and their applications in mobile communication systems like GSM and CDMA. The advantages of smart antennas are higher capacity, coverage and quality. It concludes that smart antennas improve radio transmission and network services like handover.
Ip Networking Over Satelite Course SamplerJim Jenkins
This three-day course is designed for satellite engineers and managers in government and industry who need to increase their understanding of the Internet and how Internet Protocols (IP) can be used to transmit data and voice over satellites. IP has become the worldwide standard for data communications. Satellites extend the reach of the Internet and Intranets. Satellites deliver multicast content efficiently anywhere in the world. With these benefits come challenges. Satellite delay and bit errors can impact performance. Satellite links must be integrated with terrestrial networks. Space segment is expensive; there are routing and security issues. This course explains the techniques and architectures used to mitigate these challenges. Quantitative techniques for understanding throughput and response time are presented. System diagrams describe the satellite/terrestrial interface. The course notes provide an up-to-date reference. An extensive bibliography is supplied.
This document discusses multiplexing and multiple access techniques used in communication networks. It describes multiplexing as transmitting multiple signals over a single medium, such as frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). Multiple access allows several stations to transmit simultaneously into the same network using techniques like frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDMA divides the available bandwidth into frequency slots, TDMA divides transmission time into time slots, and CDMA assigns unique codes to signals.
FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and DAMA are multiple access techniques that allow multiple users to share access to a satellite for communication. FDMA divides the available bandwidth into different frequency channels. TDMA divides the bandwidth into different time slots. CDMA spreads each user's signal over the entire bandwidth using unique codes. DAMA dynamically assigns bandwidth according to demand rather than using pre-assigned blocks of time or frequency. These techniques allow efficient sharing of satellite bandwidth among multiple users.
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) is a digital transmission technology that allows multiple users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. It allocates a single frequency channel for a short time and then switches to another channel, with the digital samples from a single transmitter occupying different time slots across several frequency bands simultaneously. The current TDMA standard for cellular divides each channel into six time slots, with each signal using two slots, providing three times the capacity of earlier analog cellular standards.
Satellite communication uses satellites as relay stations to transmit radio and television signals between Earth stations. There are over 750 communication satellites currently in orbit. They provide wide area coverage, transmission regardless of distance, and a transmission delay of about 0.3 seconds. Common types are fixed satellites for point-to-point communication, broadcast satellites for television/radio, and mobile satellites for satellite phones. Satellites can be in low, medium or geostationary orbits depending on their purpose and coverage needs. Frequency bands like C-band, Ku-band and Ka-band are used depending on the satellite type and application.
Point Sum Average Peak Algorithm Detection of LTEAM Publications
This paper proposes an improved detection algorithm for LTE Random Access preamble detection and evaluates the performance of the algorithm with respect to the performance of algorithms proposed in the literature using MDP metric.
This document presents a new hybrid method for estimating the topology of digital subscriber lines using a combination of Correlation Time Domain Reflectometry (CTDR) and Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR). The method obtains an approximate loop topology estimate from initial CTDR measurements, then uses an optimization algorithm based on FDR to predict a more accurate topology. It compares measured FDR data to simulated FDR data for the approximate topology to define an objective function, which is minimized using an optimization method to estimate the accurate loop topology without requiring prior network knowledge. Tests on typical loops showed good prediction capability of the proposed hybrid CTDR/FDR method.
System performance evaluation of fixed and adaptive resource allocation of 3 ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses and compares fixed and adaptive (dynamic) resource allocation strategies for 3GPP LTE downlink interfaces. It finds that an adaptive subcarrier allocation based on user channel quality information performs better than fixed allocation by optimizing the allocation of network resources. The key points are:
1) Fixed allocation dedicates specific subcarriers to each user, even if they are not being used, wasting resources. Adaptive allocation uses channel quality information to allocate subcarriers dynamically based on user needs.
2) Simulation results show that adaptive allocation, which allocates more subcarriers to users with better channel conditions, optimizes resource use compared to fixed allocation.
3) The objective of adaptive allocation is to find a
This document summarizes a research paper on using time-domain signal cross-correlation for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems applied to vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It aims to address spectrum scarcity issues in VANETs by allowing vehicles to opportunistically access TV white space spectrum when licensed spectrum is unavailable. The time-domain symbol cross-correlation technique is analyzed for spectrum sensing performance over Rayleigh fading channels. Analytical expressions for average miss detection probability are derived and simulation results show the probability of miss detection decreases with increasing SNR and number of secondary users. The time-domain symbol cross-correlation method provides good spectrum sensing performance at low SNRs for cognitive radio in VANETs.
Osc mac duty cycle with multi helpers ct mode wi-lem technology in wireless s...ijwmn
Recently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) grow to be one of the dominant technology trends; new needs
are continuously emerging and demanding more complex constraints in a duty cycle, such as extend the life
time communication . The MAC layer plays a crucial role in these networks; it controls the communication
module and manages the medium sharing. In this work we use OSC-MAC tackles combining with the
performance of cooperative transmission (CT) in multi-hop WSN and the Wi-Lem technology
Ultra-wideband (UWB) ranging via time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation method has gained a lot of research interests because it can take full advantage of UWB capabilities. Energy detection (ED) based TOA estimation technique is widely used in the area due to its low cost, low complexity and ease of implementation. However, many factors affect the ranging performance of the ED-based methods, especially, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) condition and the integration interval. In this context, a new TOA estimation method is developed in this paper. Firstly, the received signal is denoised using a five-level wavelet decomposition, next, a double sliding window algorithm is applied to detect the change in the variance information of the received signal, the first path (FP) TOA is then calculated according to the first variance sharp increase. The simulation results using the CM1 and CM2 IEEE 802.15.4a channel models, prove that our proposed approach works effectively compared with the conventional ED-based methods.
Analysis of Space Time Codes Using Modulation TechniquesIOSR Journals
Abstract: In this Paper, Analysis of channel codes for improving the data rate and reliability of communication over fading channels using multiple transmit antennas has been considered. The codes, namely ’Space Time Codes’ render full diversity and amend coding gain. Performance criteria for designing such codes, under this assumption that the fading is slow and nonselective frequency, is also analysed. Under this research, Study of Frame Error Rate(FER) and outage capacity is compared for different no. Of transmit and receive antennas as well as for different modulation techniques. According to theoretical results FER decreases with increasing SNR and No. Of receiving antennas. Numerical and practical result shows that FER decreases with increasing SNR and no. Of receiving antennas. Keywords: Space time Block Codes ,Space time trellis Codes,Frame Error Rate(FER),Outage capacity,Pairwise Error Probability
Multi-carrier Equalization by Restoration of RedundancY (MERRY) for Adaptive ...IJNSA Journal
This paper proposes a new blind adaptive channel shortening approach for multi-carrier systems. The performance of the discrete Fourier transform-DMT (DFT-DMT) system is investigated with the proposed DST-DMT system over the standard carrier serving area (CSA) loop1. Enhanced bit rates demonstrated and less complexity also involved by the simulation of the DST-DMT system.
Index modulation is one of the promising techniques for future communications systems due to many improvement over the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems such as single RF chain, increased throughput for the same modulation order, achieved tradeoff between the efficiencies of the power and the spectral, and elimination of inter-channel interference. Many forms of index modulation researches exist where symbols are conveyed in antennas, subcarriers, time slots, and the space-time matrix. Spatial modulation is one member of index modulation family where symbols are conveyed in activating transmit/receive antennas. In this paper, a modification to a standard multiple input single output scheme by integrating spatial modulation using simplified mathematical procedure is achieved. In the transmitter side, data and activation symbols are distributed simultaneously using mathematical module and floor functions. At the receiver, a simplified maximum likelihood detector is used to obtain transmitted pair of symbols. To verify this, MATLAB simulink is used to simulate a downlink system where spatial modulation is applied to a base station. Results for different transmit antenna number and modulation order are obtained in the form of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio.
Joint Timing and Frequency Synchronization in OFDMidescitation
1) The document discusses synchronization challenges in OFDM systems, including packet detection, timing synchronization, and frequency offset calculation. It analyzes various synchronization techniques like auto-correlation difference, auto-correlation sum, and cross-correlation methods for packet detection and timing synchronization.
2) For frequency offset calculation, it describes data-aided and non-data aided algorithms, including the van De Beek algorithm which relies on cyclic prefix redundancy rather than pilot symbols.
3) The key synchronization challenges are maintaining orthogonality between subcarriers in the presence of frequency offsets introduced by the wireless channel, which can significantly degrade performance if not corrected. Accurate synchronization algorithms are important for OFDM receivers to function properly.
Iaetsd a novel scheduling algorithms for mimo based wireless networksIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes new scheduling algorithms for MIMO wireless networks to improve system performance. It discusses designing practical user scheduling algorithms to maximize capacity in MIMO systems. Various MAC scheduling policies are implemented and modified to provide distributed traffic control, robustness against interference, and increased efficiency of resource utilization. Simulations using MATLAB compare the different policies and draw important results and conclusions. The paper suggests new priority scheduling and partially fair scheduling algorithms incorporating awareness of interference to improve system-level performance in MIMO wireless networks.
Enhanced Mobile Node Tracking With Received Signal Strength in Wireless Senso...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Node localization is important parameter in WSN. Node localization is required to report origin of
events which makes it one of the important challenges in WSN. Received signal strength (RSS) is used to
calculate distance between mobile node and reference node. The position of the mobile node is calculated using
multilateration algorithm (MA). Extended Kalman filter (EKF) is utilized to estimate the actual position. In this
paper, the implementation and enhancement of a tracking system based on RSS indicator with the aid of an
Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is described and an adaptive filter is derived.
Keywords - Extended Kalman filter (EKF), mobile node tracking, multilateration algorithm (MA), received
signal strength (RSS), Wireless sensor networks (WSN)
Enhanced Mobile Node Tracking With Received Signal Strength in Wireless Senso...IOSR Journals
Node localization is important parameter in WSN. Node localization is required to report origin of
events which makes it one of the important challenges in WSN. Received signal strength (RSS) is used to
calculate distance between mobile node and reference node. The position of the mobile node is calculated using
multilateration algorithm (MA). Extended Kalman filter (EKF) is utilized to estimate the actual position. In this
paper, the implementation and enhancement of a tracking system based on RSS indicator with the aid of an
Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is described and an adaptive filter is derived.
This document provides an overview of channel estimation strategies used in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It describes the basic types of channel estimation methods: block-type pilot channel estimation and comb-type pilot channel estimation. For block-type estimation, pilots are inserted into all subcarriers of OFDM symbols periodically. This allows estimation of the channel conditions between pilot symbols. Estimation can be done with least squares (LS), minimum mean-square error (MMSE), or modified MMSE. For comb-type estimation, pilots are inserted into certain subcarriers of each symbol, requiring interpolation to estimate data subcarriers. The document compares the implementation complexity and performance of different estimation methods.
A SEMI BLIND CHANNEL ESTIMATION METHOD BASED ON HYBRID NEURAL NETWORKS FOR UP...ijwmn
The paper describes how to improve channel estimation in Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access (SC-FDMA) system, using a Hybrid Artificial Neural Networks (HANN). The 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for uplink Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) uses pilot based
channel estimation technique. This kind of channel estimation method suffers from a considerable loss
ofbitrate due to pilot insertion; all data frame sent contains reference signal. The HANN converts data
aided channel estimator to semi blind channel estimator. To increase convergence speed, HANN uses some
channel propagation Fuzzy Rules to initialize Neural Network parameters before learning instead of a
random initialization, so its learning phase ismore rapidly compared to classic ANN.HANN allows more
bandwidth efficient and less complexity. Simulation results show that HANN has better computational
efficiency than the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) estimator and has faster convergence than
classic Neural Networks estimators.
Capsulization of Existing Space Time TechniquesIJEEE
1) The document discusses space-time coding techniques used in wireless communication systems to improve reliability of data transmission using multiple transmit antennas.
2) It describes space-time block codes (STBC) such as Alamouti codes and orthogonal designs which transmit redundant copies of data across antennas without loss of data rate.
3) It also discusses space-time trellis codes (STTC) which provide coding gain but have higher complexity than STBCs.
Clustering based Time Slot Assignment Protocol for Improving Performance in U...journal ijrtem
Recently, numerous approaches have been proposed for designing medium access control (MAC)
in underwater acoustic networks (UANs). Some of those works tried to adapt MAC protocols proposed for
terrestrial networks. However, unique environmental characteristics of UANs make the MAC protocols hard to be
used in the UANs and degrade network performance. In order to improve network performance, COD-TS MAC
protocol was proposed. COD-TS focuses on both single hop and multi-hop mode and utilizes CDMA for
exchanging schedule information between cluster heads. COD-TS has shortcomings such as collisions, additional
energy consumption by exchanging schedule information and near-far effect of CDMA. To overcome above
shortcomings, we propose a clustering-based time slot assignment protocol. In the proposed protocol, nodes are
clustered, and each cluster head performs two-hop neighbor cluster discovery operation. And then, a cluster head
obtains its own relative position information. Finally, the cluster head assigns its own time slot for data
transmission based on the information. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has always better
performance compared to the COD-TS.
Clustering based Time Slot Assignment Protocol for Improving Performance in U...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Recently, numerous approaches have been proposed for designing medium access control (MAC)
in underwater acoustic networks (UANs). Some of those works tried to adapt MAC protocols proposed for
terrestrial networks. However, unique environmental characteristics of UANs make the MAC protocols hard to be
used in the UANs and degrade network performance. In order to improve network performance, COD-TS MAC
protocol was proposed. COD-TS focuses on both single hop and multi-hop mode and utilizes CDMA for
exchanging schedule information between cluster heads. COD-TS has shortcomings such as collisions, additional
energy consumption by exchanging schedule information and near-far effect of CDMA. To overcome above
shortcomings, we propose a clustering-based time slot assignment protocol. In the proposed protocol, nodes are
clustered, and each cluster head performs two-hop neighbor cluster discovery operation. And then, a cluster head
obtains its own relative position information. Finally, the cluster head assigns its own time slot for data
transmission based on the information. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has always better
performance compared to the COD-TS.
A Multiple Access Technique for Differential Noise Shift Keying: A Review of ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of multiple access techniques for differential chaos shift keying (DCSK). It begins by introducing DCSK and discussing its advantages over coherent systems. It then reviews several studies on different multiple access DCSK schemes, including those based on orthogonal variable spreading factor codes, code division, and Walsh codes. The document also examines permutation division multiple access and permutation multiple access DCSK techniques. Finally, it reviews literature on frequency division multiple access and direct sequence code division multiple access approaches to multiple access DCSK. The goal of the document is to provide an overview of various shift keying methods and multiple access techniques for differential chaos shift keying.
Similar to Frame and-burst-acquisition-in-tdma-satellite-communication-networks-with-transponder-hopping (20)
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm to design Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) damping controllers. The goal is to damp low frequency oscillations in power systems. The paper models a single-machine infinite-bus power system installed with a UPFC. It linearizes the system equations and formulates the controller design as an optimization problem to minimize oscillations. Simulation results comparing the proposed RCGA approach to conventional tuning are presented to demonstrate its effectiveness and robustness in damping power system oscillations.
The main-principles-of-text-to-speech-synthesis-systemCemal Ardil
This document discusses text-to-speech synthesis systems. It provides background on the history and development of such systems over three generations from 1962 to the present. It describes some of the main challenges in developing speech synthesis for different languages. The document then focuses on specifics of the Azerbaijani language and outlines the approach used in the text-to-speech synthesis system developed by the authors, which combines concatenative synthesis and formant synthesis methods.
The feedback-control-for-distributed-systemsCemal Ardil
The document summarizes a study on feedback control synthesis for distributed systems. The study proposes a zone control approach, where the state space is partitioned into zones defined by observable points. Control actions are piecewise constant functions that only change when the system transitions between zones. An optimization problem is formulated to determine the optimal constant control value for each zone. Gradient formulas are derived to solve this using numerical optimization methods. The zone control approach was tested on heat exchanger process control problems and showed more robust performance than alternative methods.
System overflow blocking-transients-for-queues-with-batch-arrivals-using-a-fa...Cemal Ardil
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the transient behavior of the overflow probability in a queuing system with fixed-size batch arrivals. It introduces a set of polynomials that generalize Chebyshev polynomials and can be used to assess the transient behavior. The key findings are:
1≤k ≤ B
k≥B+1
which is just the generating function of the Chebyshev
polynomials of the second kind.
Furthermore, if we consider the special case when B = 1 in
(9), and make the substitution x → 2x, we obtain
k =0
0≤k ≤ B
Pk −1
λ
μ
Sonic localization-cues-for-classrooms-a-structural-model-proposalCemal Ardil
The document describes a proposed structural model for sonic localization cues in classrooms. It discusses two primary cues for localization - interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD) created by sounds reaching each ear. While these cues provide azimuth information, they do not provide elevation information. Elevation information is provided by spectral filtering effects of the head, torso and outer ears (pinnae) known as the head related transfer function (HRTF). The proposed structural model aims to produce well-controlled horizontal and vertical localization cues through a signal processing model of the HRTF that mimics how sounds interact with the body. The effectiveness of the model is tested through synthesized spatial audio experiments with human subjects
This document summarizes a new method for designing robust fuzzy observers for nonlinear systems based on Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models. The method uses linear matrix inequalities to design observers that minimize the H-norm of the closed loop system, providing a measure of robustness and disturbance attenuation. The observer design method is similar to existing parallel distributed compensation controller design methods, making it possible to adapt controller design techniques for observer design. The observer estimates system states and outputs based on measured outputs and system inputs while attenuating effects of disturbances and uncertainties.
This document discusses evaluating the response quality of heterogeneous question answering systems. It begins by noting the lack of standard evaluation metrics for systems that use natural language understanding and reasoning to answer questions, as opposed to just information retrieval. It proposes a "black-box" approach to evaluate response quality by observing system responses, developing a classification scheme to categorize responses, and assigning scores. As a demonstration, it applies this approach to evaluate three example systems (AnswerBus, START, and NaLURI) on a set of questions about cyberlaw.
The document describes two methods for reducing the order of linear time-invariant systems: Routh approximation and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Routh approximation determines the denominator of the reduced order model using a Routh array, while retaining time moments or Markov parameters to determine the numerator. PSO reduces order by minimizing the integral squared error between responses of the original and reduced models, adjusting numerator and denominator coefficients. The methods are illustrated on examples, with Routh approximation providing stability guarantees when applied to stable systems.
Real coded-genetic-algorithm-for-robust-power-system-stabilizer-designCemal Ardil
This document summarizes a research paper that uses a real-coded genetic algorithm to optimize the design of power system stabilizers. The algorithm is applied to both single-machine and multi-machine power systems. The goal is to minimize rotor speed deviations and improve stability under disturbances. Simulation results show the proposed controller provides effective damping of low frequency oscillations across different operating conditions.
This summary provides the key points about the document in 3 sentences:
The document presents a method for obtaining the exact probability of error for block codes using soft-decision decoding and the eigenstructure of the code correlation matrix. It shows that under a unitary transformation, the performance evaluation of a block code becomes a one-dimensional problem involving only the dominant eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvector. Simulation results demonstrate good agreement with the analysis, validating the method for computing the bit error rate of block codes based on the properties of the code correlation matrix.
This document presents an optimal supplementary damping controller design for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA). TCSC is capable of improving power system stability by modulating reactance during disturbances. The document proposes using a multi-objective fitness function consisting of damping factors and real parts of eigenvalues to optimize the parameters of a TCSC-based supplementary damping controller using RCGA. Simulation results presented show the effectiveness of the proposed controller over a wide range of operating conditions and disturbances.
This document presents a method for generating optimal straight line trajectories in 3D space using an algorithm called the Bounded Deviation Algorithm (BDA). BDA approximates a straight line trajectory between two points by iteratively inserting knot points to minimize the deviation between the actual trajectory and the joint space trajectory. The document provides the mathematical formulation and simulation results of applying BDA to generate a straight line trajectory for a 5-axis articulated robot between two specified points.
On the-optimal-number-of-smart-dust-particlesCemal Ardil
This document discusses optimizing the number of smart dust particles used to generate weather maps. It addresses two main challenges: 1) how to match signals from smart dust particles to receivers given atmospheric constraints, and 2) what is the optimal number of particles needed to generate precise and cost-effective 3D maps. The document presents an algorithm to optimally match particles to receivers in O(n*m) time by framing it as a maximal bipartite graph matching problem. It also develops mathematics to prove a conjecture that the optimal number of particles is approximately 1/ε, where ε is the drift error.
On the-joint-optimization-of-performance-and-power-consumption-in-data-centersCemal Ardil
The document summarizes research on jointly optimizing performance and power consumption in data centers. It models the process of mapping tasks in a data center onto machines as a multi-objective problem to minimize both energy consumption and response time (makespan), subject to deadline and architectural constraints. It proposes using a simple goal programming technique that guarantees Pareto optimal solutions with good convergence. Simulation results show the technique achieves superior performance compared to other approaches and is competitive with optimal solutions for small-scale problems.
On the-approximate-solution-of-a-nonlinear-singular-integral-equationCemal Ardil
This document summarizes a study on finding approximate solutions to nonlinear singular integral equations. The study proves the existence and uniqueness of solutions to such equations defined on bounded regions of the complex plane. It then presents a method for finding approximate solutions using an iterative fixed-point principle approach. Nonlinear singular integral equations have many applications in fields like elasticity, fluid mechanics, and mathematical physics. The study contributes to improving methods for solving these important types of equations.
On problem-of-parameters-identification-of-dynamic-objectCemal Ardil
This document discusses methods for identifying parameters of dynamic objects described by systems of ordinary differential equations. Specifically, it addresses problems with multiple initial boundary conditions that are not shared across points.
The paper proposes a new "conditions shift" method to transfer the initial boundary conditions in a way that eliminates differential links and multipoint conditions. This reduces the parameter identification problem to solving either an algebraic system or a quadratic programming problem.
Two cases are considered: case A where the number of conditions equals the number of conditionally free parameters, resulting in a single parameter vector solution. Case B where additional conditions on the parameters are needed in the form of equalities or inequalities, resulting in an optimization problem to select optimal parameter values.
This document summarizes a research article about numerical modeling of gas turbine engines. The researchers developed mathematical models and numerical methods to calculate the stationary and quasi-stationary temperature fields of gas turbine blades with convective cooling. They combined the boundary integral equation method and finite difference method to solve this problem. The researchers proved the validity of these methods through theorems and estimates. They were able to visualize the temperature profiles using methods like least squares fitting with automatic interpolation, spline smoothing, and neural networks. The reliability of the numerical methods was confirmed through calculations and experimental tests of heat transfer characteristics on gas turbine nozzle blades.
New technologies-for-modeling-of-gas-turbine-cooled-bladesCemal Ardil
The document describes new technologies for modeling gas turbine cooled blades, including:
1) Developing mathematical models and numerical methods using the boundary integral equation method (BIEM) and finite difference method (FDM) to calculate the stationary and quasi-stationary temperature field of a blade profile with convective cooling.
2) Using splines, smooth interpolation, and neural networks for visualization of blade profiles.
3) Validating the designed methods through computational and experimental investigations of heat and hydraulic characteristics of a gas turbine nozzle blade.
This document discusses using neuro-fuzzy networks to identify parameters for mathematical models of geofields. It proposes a new technique using fuzzy neural networks that can be applied even when data is limited and uncertain in the early stages of modeling. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the identification of parameters for a regression equation model of a geofield using a fuzzy neural network structure. The network is trained on experimental fuzzy statistical data to determine values for the regression coefficients that satisfy the data. The technique is concluded to have advantages over traditional statistical methods as it can be applied regardless of the parameter distribution and is well-suited for cases with insufficient data in early modeling stages.
This document presents a new multivariate fuzzy time series forecasting method to predict car road accidents. The method uses four secondary factors (number killed, mortally wounded, died 30 days after accident, severely wounded, and lightly casualties) along with the main factor of total annual car accidents in Belgium from 1974 to 2004. The new method establishes fuzzy logical relationships between the factors to generate forecasts. Experimental results show the proposed method performs better than existing fuzzy time series forecasting approaches at predicting car accidents. Actuaries can use this kind of multivariate fuzzy time series analysis to help define insurance premiums and underwriting.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
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1. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:4, 2009
Frame and Burst Acquisition in TDMA Satellite
Communication Networks with Transponder
Hopping
Vitalice K. Oduol and Cemal Ardil
International Science Index 28, 2009 waset.org/publications/6074
Abstract—The paper presents frame and burst acquisition in a
satellite communication network based on time division multiple
access (TDMA) in which the transmissions may be carried on
different transponders. A unique word pattern is used for the
acquisition process. The search for the frame is aided by
soft-decision of QPSK modulated signals in an additive white
Gaussian channel. Results show that when the false alarm rate is low
the probability of detection is also low, and the acquisition time is
long. Conversely when the false alarm rate is high, the probability of
detection is also high and the acquisition time is short. Thus the
system operators can trade high false alarm rates for high detection
probabilities and shorter acquisition times.
Keywords—burst acquisition, burst time plan, frame acquisition,
satellite access, satellite TDMA, unique word detection
I. INTRODUCTION
T
HE paper presents the frame and burst acquisition in a
satellite communication network consisting of a set of
traffic stations (also referred to as terminals) and a master
reference station as shown in Fig.1 The access to the satellite
resources can be achieved in many ways. Satellite
communications multiple access is discussed extensively in
several texts [1-6]. In the method of time division multiple
access (TDMA) a frame is divided into time slots, which are
shared among the terminals. A master station with visibility of
the whole network maintains access discipline and scheduling
of the transmissions as well as the position and duration of
each burst in the frame; additionally the name or identification
of the originating station is indicated. For some networks,
such as the INTELSAT system, the BTP also shows the
destination station as well as whether as order wires [7]. In
the example satellite communication network of Fig.1 there
are four traffic terminals that share the satellite resources via
TDMA. The terminals transmit their bursts in sequence as
shown, with the master reference station maintaining the
timing sequence.
For its proper operation TDMA requires synchronization so
that the bursts arrive at the satellite in the allotted time slots.
The success of synchronization depends on the co-operating
stations, reference station, motion of the satellite and
estimation methods. In some systems a secondary reference
station is used to send timing corrections to communicating
station pairs whose mutual bursts are visible from the
reference.
Fig.2 shows the frame and burst structure for the TDMA
satellite network. Each traffic terminal receives a reference
burst from the master station.
Frame
R
From
A
Satellite
Frame
From
B
R
From
A
From
B
Terminal A
Burst
A
B
C
Reference
Burst
D
TDMA Frame at the Satellite
G
CBR
G
CBTR UW SIC Q
-
Tr
A
a ff
ic
Te
rm
UW SIC G CBTR UW SIC OW
Data
To
B
To
C
To
Z
Q
guard time
carrier and bit timing recovery
unique word
station identification code
postamble
ina
B
Preamble
ls
C
D
Fig.2 Frame and burst structure for a TDMA satellite network
Master Reference
Terminal
Fig.1 Example TDMA satellite network consisting of traffic
terminals and a master reference terminal
during the frame each terminal is allowed to transmit a burst
according to a burst transmission plan (BTP). For every
transponder the BTP specifies the frequency and polarization
V. K. Oduol is with the Department of Electrical and Information
Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (+254-02-318262
ext.28327, vkoduol@uonbi.ac.ke, http://www.uonbi.ac.ke )
Cemal Ardil is with the National Academy of Aviation, Baku, Azerbaijan .
The reference burst consists of bit patterns for carrier and
bit timing recovery (CBTR), the unique word, used to resolve
phase ambiguity associated with coherent demodulation, and
finally the station identification code (SIC). Timing phase
ambiguity may arise due to the carrier and clock recovery
method used [2].
The analysis presented in this paper concentrates on the
unique word detection at a traffic terminal; it is assumed that
carrier recovery and bit timing have been partially
54
2. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:4, 2009
accomplished using the CBTR pattern. Fundamental to the
synchronization of any TDMA satellite communication
system is the acquisition of the frame.
Transponder Hopping
A single TDMA terminal can extend its capacity by having
access to several down link beams by transponder hopping. In
one frame the bursts can be sent on different frequencies or
different polarizations. That is a terminal is able in one frame
to send a burst on one transponder and another burst on
another transponder. In such a network each terminal trying
to gain acquisition must use the received signals and employ a
search strategy that accommodates the may transponders that
may be in use.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II
presents the system model in which the acquisition procedure
is outlined. It is in this section that the frame acquisition time
is derived in terms of the parameters to be obtained later from
the modulation and demodulation. Section III presents the
QPSK modulation and demodulation and prepares the for the
derivation of the detection variable of Section IV. Section V
discusses the probability of false alarm. Section VI presents
the probability of detection and finally Section VII presents
the results and conclusion.
When the search parameters are for any transponder other
than the one in use (k in this case) there can be one of two
subsequent events. Either a false detection occurs or the
systems proceeds to adjust the search parameters for the next
transponder. Any detection (false or otherwise) is followed
by a verification during the next frame, and therefore
consumes two frame times, as is indicated in Fig.2 by the
factor z2.
When there is no detection the system proceeds to the next
frame in one step. This is signified by the factor z. When there
is a false detection it is assumed that the verification stage will
indicate that there no unique word, and the system will
proceed to look over next transponder. Thus in both cases, the
receiver proceeds to the next transponder, one case occurring
in two frames, while the other takes only one frame.
When the receiver searches over transponder k, it is possible
to have detection of the unique word. It is also possible to
miss the unique word altogether; in which case the receiver
proceeds to the next transponder after one frame. This requires
two frames.
Unique Word Acquisition Time
Fig.3 shows the signal flow diagram for the generating
function TD(z) of the time to the acquisition of the unique
word pattern. The function H0(z) in the figure is given by
H 0 ( z)
II.
SYSTEM MODEL
The unique word search procedure is depicted in Fig.2,
which illustrates the case where the traffic terminal expects
one of N transponders. For purposes of definiteness the figure
is illustrated with N = 8. The labels, k, k+1, …, k+7, in the
circles are given modulo-8. Search procedures are commonly
employed in the acquisition of spread spectrum signals are
discussed in [8] and more recently in [9] and [10].
z 2 PF
PF
and represents the fact that there are two event paths for
proceeding to the next transponder when there is unique
word. The first block in the figure signifies the fact the system
may start the search q steps from the transponder containing
the unique word. Once the transponder with the unique word
is reached, the system proceeds in a sequence with a positive
feedback.
PD
PF
UW
Detected
z 2 PF
False
Detection
k+4
z 2 PF
z 2 PF
z1
z 2 PD
z 2 PF
k+1
F
z1
P
k
z 2 PF
1
z
z PF
k+2
k+3
z 1
Fig.3 Signal flow for the unique word acquisition time
PF
z 2 PF
z 1
k+7
N
z(1 PD )H0 1( z)
k+5
2
PF
z 2PD
H 0 ( z)
PF
k+6
z 1
1
(1)
z 1 PF
q
z 1
z
International Science Index 28, 2009 waset.org/publications/6074
A typical earth station attempts to gain synchronization
from one transponder, and if that fails it tries another one until
it succeeds. One advantage of this multi-frequency system is
that the transmissions can be achieved at lower peak
power [1]. Of course in the frequency domain the TDMA
carriers are separated by guard bands.
polarizations may be used to account for the transponders
used. The search can begin in any one of the circles, and it is
assumed that the unique word is present at location k (i.e.
transponder k).
PF
Fig.2 Search procedure for the unique word pattern
If the unique word is missed then all the intervening N-1
transponders must be searched before returning to the right
one. This explains the role of the block in the feedback path.
The block at the right of the figure represents detection ,
which requires two fames.
Depending on the starting transponder (q steps away), the
conditional moment generating function TD(z | q) is
The search method used in this paper resembles the serial
search method of [11] except that here several frequencies and
TD ( z | q )
55
q
z 2 PD H 0 ( z )
N
1 z 1 PD H 0 1 ( z )
(2)
3. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:4, 2009
(
anI )
When the transponder q is used with probability q, then the
moment generating function TD(z) for the acquisition time can
be obtained by averaging (2) over q to give
N 1
TD ( z )
q 0
q
q H 0 ( z)
2
International Science Index 28, 2009 waset.org/publications/6074
q 0
dz
1
z 1
1
P
D
1
P
D
P
F
1)
(5)
(
2 E b h (t ) q n I ) cos 2
r (t )
TAcq
1
1
1
2
(
2 Eb h(t ) a nI ) cos 2
q q
(
anQ ) sin 2
f 0t
q 0
P (N
F
1)
X
At the receiver the demodulator uses the structure shown in
Fig.5. As in Fig.4, two carriers in phase quadrature are used.
Y (I )
2
n 1
X
+
90O
X
Z
X
f 0t
(Q
an )
X
hM (t )
N
+
Y (Q )
2
n 1
Fig.5 QPSK Demodulator
The resulting signals have double frequency terms, which are
removed by the filter, leaving
The QPSK modulator and demodulator used in the TDMA
satellite system are shown Fig.4 and Fig.5, respectively. The
(I
(Q
in-phase and quadrature data streams a n ) and an ) are used as
These are then carried on two carriers of the same frequency
but in phase quadrature, and summed to produce the
transmitted signal, as shown at the bottom of the diagram of
Fig.4. On passing through the channel the signal incurs
additive white Gaussian noise.
N
+
(Q
an )
f 0t
2 sin 2
impulse inputs to pulse shaping linear systems of impulse
response h(t) and transfer function H(f).
(7)
f 0t
f 0t
X
hM (t )
(6)
QPSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
(
q nQ ) sin 2
f 0t
(
an I )
Since the probability PD of detection depends on the
probability PF of false alarm and the signal to noise ratio, the
dependence of the acquisition time on the system parameters
will be given after the contribution of the modulation and
demodulation. These are addressed in the next section.
III.
(
anQ ) sin 2 f 0t
(I
(I
(Q
(Q
The variables qn ) and qn ) are used in place of a n ) and an ) to
signify the fact that the latter pair could have been altered in
transit. In both the I and the Q channels, the received signal is
first multiplied by the corresponding carrier signal (cos2 fot
or sin2 fot) and then filtered by a matched filter with impulse
response hM(t) and transfer function is HM(f) = H*(f).
2 cos 2
1
P
D
X
The figure incorporates an unknown phase to account for
phase differences between the transmitting and receiving
carriers. The received signal (excluding the noise term) is
given by
If the transponders are deployed with equal probability the
sum in (5) equals (N-1)/2. In that case the mean acquisition
time (5) becomes
1
P
D
h(t)
(
2 Eb h(t ) anI ) cos 2 f 0t
N 1
1
sin( 2 f 0 t )
(Q
an )
Fig. 4. QPSK Modulator
P (N
F
1 1
+
90 o
(4)
The probabilities PD and PF of detection and false alarm,
respectively, appearing explicitly or otherwise in (2) and (3)
and also in Fig.2 and Fig.3, depend on the modulation and
channel type and conditions. The next section discusses how
these quantities are determined for a QPSK modulation
system that uses a soft-decision approach to the demodulation
in an additive Gaussian noise channel. Although the
discussion covers expressions that would incorporate timing
error, the results given assume perfect timing. Including the
effects of timing errors would make the paper too long. The
mean acquisition time is then obtained from TD(z) and taking
the derivative of TD(z) at z = 1.
dTD ( z )
cos( 2 f 0 t )
q = 1/N)
N
1 1 H 0 ( z)
N 1 H 0 ( z)
q
q H 0 ( z)
X
(3)
z PD
N
1 z 1 PD H 0 1 ( z )
If the transponders are used with equal probability (
then the sum in (3) becomes
N 1
h(t)
r (t )
r (t )
2 cos 2 f 0 t
2 sin 2 f 0 t
(
E b h ( t ) q n I ) cos
E b h (t )
q
(I )
n
sin
(
q n Q ) sin
q
(Q )
n
cos
(8)
(9)
The matched filter outputs are sampled at t = nT + . This
assumes a clock timing offset of seconds from the desired
instant. Letting R( ) be the relative matched filter output, it is
assumed in what follows that the sampling is done at t = .
That is,
2
(10)
R( ) 2
H ( f ) cos 2 f df
0
The two options of band-limited and time-limited forms are
given in [1] for the pulse-shaping function H(f), resulting in
56
4. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:4, 2009
R( )
R( )
/T
1
T
time-limited
(11)
T
0
band-limited
/T
/T
sin
(12)
In addition to (11) and (12), one pulse shape that has gained
popularity is the root raised cosine (RRC) pulse which in the
frequency domain has the following squared magnitude
representation
1
2
2
H f
1
f
1
1
cos
2
T
1
f
2T
1
f
2T
2T
If there is no timing error then the matched filter response is
at its peak, i.e R( ) 1 .
Y
(Q )
N
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
(
(
anI ) qnI )
(
(
anI ) qnI )
(
(
a n I ) q nQ )
E b R ( ) cos
(
(
a nQ ) q n I )
(15)
n 1
0 , 1, 2 ,
(19)
,N
otherwise
2
N
N
m
m
N /2
0
0, 1, 2,
,
N
2
(20)
otherwise
Exploiting the obvious symmetry in (20a) and (20b), it is
clear that the mean is zero and the mean square is unity. That
is, when the unique word is absent, E R aq
0 and
1.
2
E R aq
We can therefore write
E Y (I )
x
EY
y
x
y
N Eb R( ) cos
(Q )
UW present
(21)
UW absent
(22)
N Eb R( ) sin
E Y(I )
E Y(Q)
0
In the absence of the unique word, the random sequences can
be considered as noise, and the analysis can proceed by
assuming that the introduced noise is also Gaussian (certainly
true if N is large enough). This assumption is necessary for
mathematical tractability of the analysis.
N
E b R ( ) sin
V (I )
n 1
N
(
(
a nQ ) q n I )
E b R ( ) cos
(
(
a n I ) q nQ )
(16)
n 1
N
(
(
a nI ) q nI )
E b R ( ) sin
(
(
a nQ ) q nQ )
V
Random Sequences as Noise
If the sequences are considered as noise, then total noise in the
channel is still Gaussian, with zero mean and variances given
by
(Q )
Var Y
n 1
where the noise terms V ( I ) and V (Q ) are independent and
normally distributed, each with zero mean and variance
NN0/2. At this point it convenient to define the correlations
via the matrix
(I )
aq
( QI )
aq
0
2m
N
Pr R aq
2
Y (I )
k
This can be written in the equivalent form as
Returning to the sampled filter outputs, it is observed that the
(
(
I-channels value is 1 E b R ( ) q n I ) cos
q nQ ) sin , while
2
(
(
the Q-channel one is 1 E b R ( ) q nQ ) cos
q n I ) sin .
These quantities are multiplied by local copies of the unique
word pattern and summed, resulting in a correlation values
for the I-and Q- channels. From Fig.5, prior to the squaring
elements, the I-channel and Q-channel variables are
N
k
N
2
1
2T
The parameter is the excess bandwidth, and is restricted to
the values 0
1. The relative matched filter response for
this pulse shape is the inverse Fourier transform of (13), and is
seen to be
sin
/ T cos
/T
(14)
R( )
/T 1 4 2 2 /T 2
International Science Index 28, 2009 waset.org/publications/6074
2k
N
Pr R aq
1
f
0
(13)
2T
1
In absence of the unique word, these four sums are random
variables that are identically distributed, since they are
obtained by correlating a random sequence by a known
sequence (the unique word). The result is obtained by
considering that to get k agreements and N - k disagreements
between the known unique word sequence and the random
sequence, producing an output of 2k–N, is equivalent to
having k successes in N trials of a Bernoulli process with
probability of success p = ½. Finally the resulting sum is
divided by N. Therefore
1
N
1
N
( IQ )
aq
(Q )
aq
R
R
R
R
N
(
(
a nI ) q nI )
n 1
N
(
(
a nQ ) q n I )
n 1
1
N
1
N
n 1
N
R
=R
(Q )
aq
=1
( IQ
(QI
R aq ) = R aq ) = - 1.
(Q )
2
0
(23)
NE b R ( ) E R
2
aq
gives
NN 0 / 2
NN 0 / 2
2
0
2
0
2
Substituting for E R aq
(17)
UW present
2
NEb R ( )
(24)
UW absent
(
(
a nQ ) q nQ )
n 1
and note that in the presence of the unique word, these
correlations are found to be
(I )
aq
Var Y
NN
2
N
(
(
a n I ) q nQ )
(I )
(18a)
(18b)
IV.
THE
DETECTION
VARIABLE
When the unique word is present the detection variable
2
2
Z
Y (I )
Y ( Q ) incorporate the fact that the in-phase and
quadrature means are now E Y ( I ) N Eb R( ) cos , and
57
5. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:4, 2009
N Eb R( ) sin . The joint probability density function
E Y (Q)
for the two variables
1
exp
2
0
2
2
2 0
2
x
2
y
x
(25)
y
contains a quadratic term in the exponent which can be
expressed in polar form as
2
x
r2
y
N 2 Eb R 2 ( )
(26)
2
0
exp
1
2
2
0
(27)
The random phase is uniformly distributed in 0
2 .
Therefore, we can obtain marginal density function by
averaging over
r
where
2
0
I0 ( x)
1 2
r
2
2 0
exp
1
2
NrR( ) Eb
N 2 E R2 ( ) I 0
b
(28)
PD
1
2
2
0
1
2
exp
2
0
The variance
2
0
1
2
2
0
z 4N 2 Eb R2 ( ) I0
2
0
N R( ) zEb
PD
(29)
2
0
is given by (24). The next section addresses
the case for the absence of the unique word.
V. THE PROBABILITY
OF
N
R2 ( )
(32)
ln PF
OF
DETECTION
exp
1
2
2
0
z N 2 Eb R2 ( ) I0
N R( ) zEb
2
0
dz
(33)
Using the series expression for the modified Bessel function
I0(x), we can express the expression for PD as
exp
2 R 2 ( ) PF
2
m 0
function of order zero. The detection variable has probability
density function fZ(z) given by
f Z ( z)
ln PF ,
In the presence of the unique word the detection variable
has probability density function given (29). The unique word
is missed if the detection variable falls below the threshold ,
otherwise detection occurs. The probability of detection PD is
given by
is the modified Bessel
exp(x cos )d
2
0
NE b /( N 0 / 2) is the signal to noise ratio.
where
R ( )
m!
m m
/ N R2 ( )
1
(34)
2
ln PF 1
/N R ( )
q
q!
q 0
VII. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
One set of results for the probability of detection assumes
that there are no timing errors, i.e. that R( ) = R(0) = 1. Fig.6
shows the variations of the probability of detection for N = 64
and different values of the channel signal to noise ratio.
1.0E+00
FA LSE ALARM
SNR= 15 dB
In the absence of the unique word the probability density
2
2
1.0E-02
(Q )
is
function for the detection variable Z Y ( I )
Y
obtained from (29) by setting to zero the terms containing Eb
since these are the terms that arise from the means of the
in-phase and quadrature components as given in (22).
Accordingly the probability density function is given by
fZ (z)
where from (24)
1
2
exp( z / 2 0 )
2
2 0
2
0
Probability of Detection
International Science Index 28, 2009 waset.org/publications/6074
1
1
exp
2N r R( ) Eb cos
2
2
2 0
f R (r)
1
VI. THE PROBABILITY
r 2 N 2 Eb R2 ( )
2
taking the appropriate value in (24). It is possible to
In polar form, the joint density function becomes
r
can re-written as
determine the probability of detection as a function of the
false alarm probability. In preparation for that the following is
pertinent.
2 N r R ( ) Eb cos
f R (r, )
2
/2 0
e
2 NN0 / 2
2
y
x
2
0
with
1
f XY ( x , y )
The result PF
1.0E-04
(30)
-10dB
1.0E-10
1.0E-16
1.0E-12
1.0E-08
1.0E-04
1.0E+00
Probability of False Alarm
1
e
0 dB
-5 dB
1.0E-08
NE b R 2 ( ) NN 0 / 2 . The probability of
2
5 dB
1.0E-06
false alarm is then the probability that the detection variable
exceeds a set threshold.
PF
10 dB
2
0
exp( z / 2
2
0
)dz
(31)
Fig. 6 Variation of the Probability of detection with the signal to
noise ratio and false probability
2
/2 0
58
6. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:4, 2009
From Fig.6 it is clear that probability of detection increases
with the signal to noise ratio, and also with false alarm
probability.
When the false alarm probability is low (e.g. PF = 10-8 in
Fig.7), the probability of detection is low but increases with
the signal to noise ratio. When the false alarm probability is
high (e.g. PF = 0.316 in Fig.7), the probability of detection is
higher and increases with the signal to noise ratio.
1.00
0.90
PFA = 0.316
Probability of Detection
0.80
PFA = 0.1
0.70
0.60
PFA = 10-2
0.50
0.40
PFA=10-4
0.30
0.20
PFA = 10-8
0.10
0.00
-12
-8
-4
0
4
8
12
16
20
Signal to Noise Ratio [dB]
Fig.7 Variation of the probability of detection with signal to noise
ratio along curves of constant false alarm rate
1.0E+07
Acquisition Time [seconds]
International Science Index 28, 2009 waset.org/publications/6074
Effect of Timing Errors
The presentation given so far allows for a non-zero timing
error, i.e. for R( ) < 1. When timing occur, their effect in the
probability of detection as is evident in (34) is to reduce the
effective signal to noise ratio. Every occurrence of the signal
to noise ratio is multiplied by R2( ). That is the curves in Fig.6
will shift down by an amount equivalent to R2( ) expressed
in dB. For example if R2( ) =0.64 the reduction is by about
2 dB. In order to have a clearer interpretation of this it is
better to present the detection times and probabilities against
the signal to noise ratio with the false alarm probability held
temporarily constant.
PFA = 10-8
1.0E+06
PFA = 10-4
1.0E+05
PFA = 10-2
1.0E+04
PFA = 0.1
1.0E+03
PFA = 0.316
1.0E+02
1.0E+01
1.0E+00
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Signal to Noise Ratio [dB]
Referring to Fig.8, it is seen that when the false alarm
probability is low (e.g. PF = 10-8 ), the acquisition time is long
but decreases with the signal to noise ratio, and when the false
alarm probability is high (e.g. PF = 0.316), the acquisition
time is long shorter and decreases with the signal to noise
ratio.
What has emerged here is that high false alarm rate can be
tolerated in order to have greater probability of detection and
shorter acquisition times. The effect of timing errorson these
results is to shift down the curves of Fig.7 (lowering detection
probabilities) and shift the curves of Fig.8 (increasing the
acquisition time). What was also observed was that as the
length N of the unique word was increased, the performance
get better.
REFERENCES
[1] E. Lutz, M. Werner, A. Jahn, Satellite Systems for Personal and
Broadband Communications, Springer, 2000D.
[2] Roddy, Satellite Communications, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill 1996
[3] G. Maral, M.Bousquet, Satellite Communications Systems: Systems,
Techniques And Technology, John Wiley & Sons 1999
[4] J. N. Pelton, The Basics of Satellite Communications, 2nd
EditionInternational Engineering Consortium 2006.
[5] S. Tirró, Satellite Communication System Design, Springer 1993
[6] M. Richharia, Satellites Communications Systems, McGraw-Hill 1999
[7] D. I. Dalgleish, An Introduction to Satellite Communications, Institution
of Engineers, IET 1989
[8] A. J. Viterbi, CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication,
Prentice-Hall, 1995
[9] S.H.Won, and L.Hanzo, “Analysis of Serial Search Based Code
Acquisition in Multiple Transmit Antenna Aided DS-CDMA Downlink”
In: IEEE VTC'05 (Fall), 25-28 September 2005, Intercontinental Hotel,
Dallas, Texas, USA.
[10] H.Puska, H.Saarnisaari, J.Iinatti, P.Lilja, “Serial search code acquisition
using smart antennas with single correlator or matched filter”, IEEE
Transactions on Communications, Vol.:56, No.2 pp. 299-308, Feb.2008
[11] S.Glisic, B. Vucetic, Spread Spectrum CDMA Systems For Wireless
Communications, Artech House 1997
Vitalice K. Oduol received his pre-university education at Alliance High
School in Kenya. In 1981 he was awarded a CIDA scholarship to study
electrical engineering at McGill University, Canada, where he received the
B.Eng. (Hons.) and M.Eng. degrees in 1985 and 1987, respectively, both in
electrical engineering. In June 1992, he received the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering at McGill University.
He was a research associate and teaching assistant while a graduate student
at McGill University. He joined MPB Technologies, Inc. in 1989, where he
participated in a variety of projects, including meteor burst communication
systems, satellite on-board processing, low probability of intercept radio,
among others. In 1994 he joined INTELSAT where he initiated research and
development work on the integration of terrestrial wireless and satellite
systems. After working at COMSAT Labs. (1996-1997) on VSAT networks,
and TranSwitch Corp.(1998-2002) on product definition and architecture, he
returned to Kenya, where since 2003 he has been with Department of
Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Nairobi.
Dr. Oduol was a two-time recipient of the Douglas tutorial scholarship at
McGill University. He is currently chairman, Department of Electrical and
Information Engineering, University of Nairobi. His research interests include
performance analysis, modeling and simulation of telecommunication
systems, adaptive error control, feedback communication.
25
Cemal Ardil is with the National Academy of Aviation, Baku, Azerbaijan
Fig.8 Variation of the acquisition time with signal to noise ratio
along curves of constant false alarm rate
59