This document presents an optimal supplementary damping controller design for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA). TCSC is capable of improving power system stability by modulating reactance during disturbances. The document proposes using a multi-objective fitness function consisting of damping factors and real parts of eigenvalues to optimize the parameters of a TCSC-based supplementary damping controller using RCGA. Simulation results presented show the effectiveness of the proposed controller over a wide range of operating conditions and disturbances.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Enhancement of Power System Dynamics Using a Novel Series Compensation SchemeIJMER
Phase imbalanced capacitive compensation is a “hybrid” series compensation scheme, where the
series capacitive compensation in one phase is created using a single-phase TCSC in series with a fixed capacitor
(Cc), and the other two phases are compensated by fixed series capacitors (C). The TCSC control is initially set
such that its equivalent compensations at the power frequency combined with the fixed capacitor yield a
resultant compensation equal to the other two phases. Thus, the phase balance is maintained at the power
frequency while at any other frequency, a phase imbalance is created. The effectiveness of the scheme in damping
power system oscillations for various network conditions, namely different system faults and tie-line power flows is
evaluated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK Software
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Inter-Area Oscillation Damping using an STATCOM Based Hybrid Shunt Compensati...IJPEDS-IAES
FACTS devices are one of the latest technologies which have been used to
improve power system dynamic and stability during recent years. However,
widespread adoption of this technology has been hampered by high cost
and reliability concerns. In this paper an economical phase imbalanced shunt
reactive compensation concept has been introduced and its ability for power
system dynamic enhancement and inter-area oscillation damping are
investigated. A hybrid phase imbalanced scheme is a shunt capacitive
compensation scheme, where two phases are compensated by fixed shunt
capacitor (C) and the third phase is compensated by a Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM) in shunt with a fixed capacitor (CC). The power
system dynamic stability enhancement would be achieved by adding
a conventional Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) to the main control
loop of the single phase STATCOM. Two different control methodologies
are proposed: a non-optimized conventional damping controller
and a conventional damping controller with optomised parameters that are
added to the main control loop of the unbalanced compensator in order to
damp the inter area oscillations. The proposed arrangement would, certainly,
be economically attractive when compared with a full three-phase
STATCOM. The proposed scheme is prosperously applied in a 13-bus
six-machine test system and various case studies are conducted to
demonstrate its ability in damping inter-area oscillations and power system
dynamic enhancement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Enhancement of Power System Dynamics Using a Novel Series Compensation SchemeIJMER
Phase imbalanced capacitive compensation is a “hybrid” series compensation scheme, where the
series capacitive compensation in one phase is created using a single-phase TCSC in series with a fixed capacitor
(Cc), and the other two phases are compensated by fixed series capacitors (C). The TCSC control is initially set
such that its equivalent compensations at the power frequency combined with the fixed capacitor yield a
resultant compensation equal to the other two phases. Thus, the phase balance is maintained at the power
frequency while at any other frequency, a phase imbalance is created. The effectiveness of the scheme in damping
power system oscillations for various network conditions, namely different system faults and tie-line power flows is
evaluated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK Software
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Inter-Area Oscillation Damping using an STATCOM Based Hybrid Shunt Compensati...IJPEDS-IAES
FACTS devices are one of the latest technologies which have been used to
improve power system dynamic and stability during recent years. However,
widespread adoption of this technology has been hampered by high cost
and reliability concerns. In this paper an economical phase imbalanced shunt
reactive compensation concept has been introduced and its ability for power
system dynamic enhancement and inter-area oscillation damping are
investigated. A hybrid phase imbalanced scheme is a shunt capacitive
compensation scheme, where two phases are compensated by fixed shunt
capacitor (C) and the third phase is compensated by a Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM) in shunt with a fixed capacitor (CC). The power
system dynamic stability enhancement would be achieved by adding
a conventional Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) to the main control
loop of the single phase STATCOM. Two different control methodologies
are proposed: a non-optimized conventional damping controller
and a conventional damping controller with optomised parameters that are
added to the main control loop of the unbalanced compensator in order to
damp the inter area oscillations. The proposed arrangement would, certainly,
be economically attractive when compared with a full three-phase
STATCOM. The proposed scheme is prosperously applied in a 13-bus
six-machine test system and various case studies are conducted to
demonstrate its ability in damping inter-area oscillations and power system
dynamic enhancement.
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This paper discusses about the approach towards effective power oscillation damping, root causes for the genesis of power oscillation and various methodologies adopted to eradicate it.This paper presents an unified approach of FACTS controller installation in order to ensure effective power oscillation damping. The power oscillations, if not controlled within time, may aggravate the entire power system’s functioning and ultimate outcome as blackout. The network congestion has been a matter of serious concern to utility operations due to classical transmission corridors and inadequate controllers’ deployment. The necessity of system regulations demands an adequate controller for matching the power requirement variability and this has been demonstrated with STATCOM control feature. This controller enhances the Available Transfer Capability along with security and reliability. IEEE 14 Bus system is simulated and studied with various scenarios with the help of MATLAB and PSAT to identify various complexities and to resolve these issues so as to enhance the ATC, reliability and security
FLC based on static var compensator for power system transient stability enha...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Transient Stability is the capability of a system to be able to return to its normal state after experiencing large disturbances. The static var compensator (SVC) is a shunt device of the flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) family using power electronics to improve transient stability in power system. For the SVC control, it is usually used a PI controller, although PI controller is simpler and cheaper but not suitable when power system is subjected to transient stability since power system become non-linear system. In order to overcome this problem, the PI controller combined with Fuzzy controller is designed. Two types of faults were considered for this study to examine the effect of the fuzzy-SVC controller on system transient stability, the proposed fault types are single line to ground fault and three lines to ground fault. The performance and behavior of the designed fuzzy controller compared with that of the conventional PI controller in term of terminal voltage, rotor angle, and transmission line active power.
DC Bus Voltage Switched Control Method for Three Phase Voltage Source PWM Rec...ijsrd.com
More electric aircraft referred to as the general move in the aerospace industry to increase the amount of electrically powered equipment on future aircraft. One of the most important kind of electric loads of the future more electric aircraft is the aircraft electric actuator but its power characteristics possesses rapidly varying nature in the wider range and constant power nature in the small signal sense. Due to the problem of varying nature of power characteristics the problem of flexible voltage regulation under dynamic loads arises. For solving this problem dc-bus voltage switched control method of three phase voltage source pwm rectifier is presented in this paper. Several linear controllers are designed on different operating points of the voltage source rectifier, and one controller is implemented according to certain switching law. The stability is checked by the common lyapunov function method. Simulation results showed the desired control performance is obtained. In comparison of classical PI controller the results of switched controller achieves considerable reduction in the dip and overshoot of the dc bus voltage under an aircraft’s electric actuator load.
A Shunt Active Power Filter for 12 Pulse Converter Using Source Current Detec...IAES-IJPEDS
A shunt Active Power Filter (APF) with current detection at the source side
is considered as a closed-loop system from the view of the whole power
distribution system, which is expected with better harmonics filtering
performance compared with conventional current detection methods such as
load current detection and open loop control. This paper introduces an
efficient source current detection method (direct) control scheme to mitigate
the grid current harmonics generated by the twelve pulse converter. The
proposed system uses Control Rectifier (12 –pulse converter) which
efficiently regulates the DC voltage by varying the angle of each 6 pulse
converter. Moreover, the proposed system uses three winding transformer
which eliminates the harmonics during equal angles switching at each six
pulse converter which in turn simplifies the operation of the SAPF. The
proposed system is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK to evaluate the
performance of the proposed system.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
FIRING ANGLE SVC MODEL FOR ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION NETWORK ...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with Power flow, which is necessary for any power system solution and carry
out a comprehensive study of the Newton- Raphson method of power flow analysis with and without
SVC. Voltage stability analysis is the major concern in order to operate any power system as
secured. This paper presents the investigation on N-R power flow enhancement of voltage stability
and power loss minimization with & without FACTS controllers such as Static Var Compensator
(SVC) device. The Static Var Compensator (SVC) provides a promising means to control power
flow in modern power systems. In this paper the Newton-Raphson is used to investigate its effect on
voltage profile and power system lossess with and without SVC in power system.. Simulations
investigate the effect of voltage magnitude and angle with and without SVC on the power flow of
the system. This survey article will be very much useful to the researchers for finding out the
relevant references in the field of Newton-Raphson power flow control with SVC in power systems.
In order to reach the above goals, these devices must be located optimally. In this paper the
Optimal placement of SVC is carried out by Voltage collapse Prediction Index (VCPI).The size of
the SVC is determined by suitable firing angle which reduces the losses in the system. Simulations
have been implemented in MATLAB Software and the IEEE 14 and IEEE 57-bus systems have been
used as case studies.
Enhancement of Power Quality by an Application FACTS DevicesIAES-IJPEDS
The paper narrates widespread use of electrical energy by modern civilization has necessitated producing bulk electrical energy economically and efficiently. The Flexible AC Transmission system (FACTS) is a new technology based on power electronics, which offers an opportunity to enhance controllability, stability, and power transfer capability of AC transmission systems. Here SVC has been developed with the combination of TCSC and TCR. The paper contains simulation models of Thyristor controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Thyristor controlled Reactor (TCR)- based Static VAR Compensator (SVC) which are the series and shunt Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices. The fact devices are designed by considering the line losses and their stability. The design and simulations of TCSC and TCR-based SVC shows the effectiveness of result using the MATLAB/Simulink. The designed system will try to reduce the voltage drops and electrical losses in the network without the possibility of transient especially in case of long transmission system. Student feedback indicates that this package is user-friendly and considerably effective for students and researchers to study theory of controlled reactor compensators, series capacitor compensator, and the reactive power control and voltage regulation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimum Location of TCSC by Sensitivity Factor Analysis for Congestion Manage...rahulmonikasharma
Due to deregulation of electric market transmission congestion occurs due insufficient transmission capacity to accommodate all constraints for transmission of a line. FACTS devices such as Gate Controlled Series Capacitor and Thyristor Control Series Compensator can help to reduce the flow in heavily loaded lines by controlling the power flow in the network. It increases the load ability of the network and reduces the cost of production. Congestion management using series connected FACTS devices can be done in two steps. First, find the optimal location of FACTS device and second, optimize the setting of the control parameter of FACTS device. Three methods to determine the optimal location of series connected FACTS device are discussed in this paper. The approach is based on sensitivity of line loss, total system loss and real power flow performance index. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus system in MATLAB programming as well as SIMULINK.
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor with Automatic Controlijiert bestjournal
An increasingly competitive market where economic a nd environmental pressures limit their scope to expand transmission facilities.The optimiz ation of transmission corridors for power transfer has become a great importance. In this sce nario,the FACTS technology is an attractive option for increasing system operation flexibility [1],New developments in high-current,high- power electronics are making it possible to control electronically the power flows on the high voltage side of the network during both steady stat e and transient operation. In this paper a series controller from the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) family called as �Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor� (TCSC) is designed using PIC microcontroller. Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC),is the first generation of FACTS controller,can govern line impedance through introduction of a thy ristor controlled capacitor in series with the transmission line. A grid of transmission lines ope rating at high voltages is required to transmit power from generating stations to load. In addition to transmission lines that carry power from source to load,modern power systems are highly int erconnected for economic reasons.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Implementation Of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) In Transmissio...IJERA Editor
A grid of transmission lines operating at high or extra high voltages is required to transmit power from
generating stations to load. In addition to transmission lines that carry power from source to load, modern power
systems are highly interconnected for economic reasons. The large interconnected transmission networks are
prone to faults due to the lightning discharges and reduce insulation strength. Changing of loads and atmosphere
conditions are unpredictable factors. This may cause overloading of lines due to which voltage collapse takes
place. These problems can be eased by providing sufficient margin of working parameters and power transfer,
but it is not possible due to expansion of transmission network. Still the required margin is reduced by
introduction of fast dynamic control over reactive and active power by high power electronic controllers. This
paper describes about implementation of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line
model in order to enhance power flow at the receiving end. The triggering pulses to the thyristor are given using
Arduino.
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This paper discusses about the approach towards effective power oscillation damping, root causes for the genesis of power oscillation and various methodologies adopted to eradicate it.This paper presents an unified approach of FACTS controller installation in order to ensure effective power oscillation damping. The power oscillations, if not controlled within time, may aggravate the entire power system’s functioning and ultimate outcome as blackout. The network congestion has been a matter of serious concern to utility operations due to classical transmission corridors and inadequate controllers’ deployment. The necessity of system regulations demands an adequate controller for matching the power requirement variability and this has been demonstrated with STATCOM control feature. This controller enhances the Available Transfer Capability along with security and reliability. IEEE 14 Bus system is simulated and studied with various scenarios with the help of MATLAB and PSAT to identify various complexities and to resolve these issues so as to enhance the ATC, reliability and security
FLC based on static var compensator for power system transient stability enha...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Transient Stability is the capability of a system to be able to return to its normal state after experiencing large disturbances. The static var compensator (SVC) is a shunt device of the flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) family using power electronics to improve transient stability in power system. For the SVC control, it is usually used a PI controller, although PI controller is simpler and cheaper but not suitable when power system is subjected to transient stability since power system become non-linear system. In order to overcome this problem, the PI controller combined with Fuzzy controller is designed. Two types of faults were considered for this study to examine the effect of the fuzzy-SVC controller on system transient stability, the proposed fault types are single line to ground fault and three lines to ground fault. The performance and behavior of the designed fuzzy controller compared with that of the conventional PI controller in term of terminal voltage, rotor angle, and transmission line active power.
DC Bus Voltage Switched Control Method for Three Phase Voltage Source PWM Rec...ijsrd.com
More electric aircraft referred to as the general move in the aerospace industry to increase the amount of electrically powered equipment on future aircraft. One of the most important kind of electric loads of the future more electric aircraft is the aircraft electric actuator but its power characteristics possesses rapidly varying nature in the wider range and constant power nature in the small signal sense. Due to the problem of varying nature of power characteristics the problem of flexible voltage regulation under dynamic loads arises. For solving this problem dc-bus voltage switched control method of three phase voltage source pwm rectifier is presented in this paper. Several linear controllers are designed on different operating points of the voltage source rectifier, and one controller is implemented according to certain switching law. The stability is checked by the common lyapunov function method. Simulation results showed the desired control performance is obtained. In comparison of classical PI controller the results of switched controller achieves considerable reduction in the dip and overshoot of the dc bus voltage under an aircraft’s electric actuator load.
A Shunt Active Power Filter for 12 Pulse Converter Using Source Current Detec...IAES-IJPEDS
A shunt Active Power Filter (APF) with current detection at the source side
is considered as a closed-loop system from the view of the whole power
distribution system, which is expected with better harmonics filtering
performance compared with conventional current detection methods such as
load current detection and open loop control. This paper introduces an
efficient source current detection method (direct) control scheme to mitigate
the grid current harmonics generated by the twelve pulse converter. The
proposed system uses Control Rectifier (12 –pulse converter) which
efficiently regulates the DC voltage by varying the angle of each 6 pulse
converter. Moreover, the proposed system uses three winding transformer
which eliminates the harmonics during equal angles switching at each six
pulse converter which in turn simplifies the operation of the SAPF. The
proposed system is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK to evaluate the
performance of the proposed system.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
FIRING ANGLE SVC MODEL FOR ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION NETWORK ...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with Power flow, which is necessary for any power system solution and carry
out a comprehensive study of the Newton- Raphson method of power flow analysis with and without
SVC. Voltage stability analysis is the major concern in order to operate any power system as
secured. This paper presents the investigation on N-R power flow enhancement of voltage stability
and power loss minimization with & without FACTS controllers such as Static Var Compensator
(SVC) device. The Static Var Compensator (SVC) provides a promising means to control power
flow in modern power systems. In this paper the Newton-Raphson is used to investigate its effect on
voltage profile and power system lossess with and without SVC in power system.. Simulations
investigate the effect of voltage magnitude and angle with and without SVC on the power flow of
the system. This survey article will be very much useful to the researchers for finding out the
relevant references in the field of Newton-Raphson power flow control with SVC in power systems.
In order to reach the above goals, these devices must be located optimally. In this paper the
Optimal placement of SVC is carried out by Voltage collapse Prediction Index (VCPI).The size of
the SVC is determined by suitable firing angle which reduces the losses in the system. Simulations
have been implemented in MATLAB Software and the IEEE 14 and IEEE 57-bus systems have been
used as case studies.
Enhancement of Power Quality by an Application FACTS DevicesIAES-IJPEDS
The paper narrates widespread use of electrical energy by modern civilization has necessitated producing bulk electrical energy economically and efficiently. The Flexible AC Transmission system (FACTS) is a new technology based on power electronics, which offers an opportunity to enhance controllability, stability, and power transfer capability of AC transmission systems. Here SVC has been developed with the combination of TCSC and TCR. The paper contains simulation models of Thyristor controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Thyristor controlled Reactor (TCR)- based Static VAR Compensator (SVC) which are the series and shunt Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices. The fact devices are designed by considering the line losses and their stability. The design and simulations of TCSC and TCR-based SVC shows the effectiveness of result using the MATLAB/Simulink. The designed system will try to reduce the voltage drops and electrical losses in the network without the possibility of transient especially in case of long transmission system. Student feedback indicates that this package is user-friendly and considerably effective for students and researchers to study theory of controlled reactor compensators, series capacitor compensator, and the reactive power control and voltage regulation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimum Location of TCSC by Sensitivity Factor Analysis for Congestion Manage...rahulmonikasharma
Due to deregulation of electric market transmission congestion occurs due insufficient transmission capacity to accommodate all constraints for transmission of a line. FACTS devices such as Gate Controlled Series Capacitor and Thyristor Control Series Compensator can help to reduce the flow in heavily loaded lines by controlling the power flow in the network. It increases the load ability of the network and reduces the cost of production. Congestion management using series connected FACTS devices can be done in two steps. First, find the optimal location of FACTS device and second, optimize the setting of the control parameter of FACTS device. Three methods to determine the optimal location of series connected FACTS device are discussed in this paper. The approach is based on sensitivity of line loss, total system loss and real power flow performance index. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus system in MATLAB programming as well as SIMULINK.
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor with Automatic Controlijiert bestjournal
An increasingly competitive market where economic a nd environmental pressures limit their scope to expand transmission facilities.The optimiz ation of transmission corridors for power transfer has become a great importance. In this sce nario,the FACTS technology is an attractive option for increasing system operation flexibility [1],New developments in high-current,high- power electronics are making it possible to control electronically the power flows on the high voltage side of the network during both steady stat e and transient operation. In this paper a series controller from the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) family called as �Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor� (TCSC) is designed using PIC microcontroller. Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC),is the first generation of FACTS controller,can govern line impedance through introduction of a thy ristor controlled capacitor in series with the transmission line. A grid of transmission lines ope rating at high voltages is required to transmit power from generating stations to load. In addition to transmission lines that carry power from source to load,modern power systems are highly int erconnected for economic reasons.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Implementation Of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) In Transmissio...IJERA Editor
A grid of transmission lines operating at high or extra high voltages is required to transmit power from
generating stations to load. In addition to transmission lines that carry power from source to load, modern power
systems are highly interconnected for economic reasons. The large interconnected transmission networks are
prone to faults due to the lightning discharges and reduce insulation strength. Changing of loads and atmosphere
conditions are unpredictable factors. This may cause overloading of lines due to which voltage collapse takes
place. These problems can be eased by providing sufficient margin of working parameters and power transfer,
but it is not possible due to expansion of transmission network. Still the required margin is reduced by
introduction of fast dynamic control over reactive and active power by high power electronic controllers. This
paper describes about implementation of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line
model in order to enhance power flow at the receiving end. The triggering pulses to the thyristor are given using
Arduino.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Transmission Congestion and Voltage Profile Management Using TCSC and TCPAR i...IJERA Editor
In present days all our basic needs are relates with electricity. As the population increases, the demand for electricity is also tremendously increases. In the past, the entire electricity industry is under the control of government and also monopolized. But now, the power industry in many countries is moving rapidly from regulated conventional setup to deregulated environment. The transmission congestion is one of the technical problems that particularly appear in the deregulated power system. If congestion is not managed we face the problems of electricity price improvement and security and stability problems. Congestion relief can be handled using FACTS device such as TCSC, TCPAR where transmission capability will be improved. These FACTS devices are optimally placed on transmission system using Sensitivity approach method. The proposed method is carried out on Modified IEEE-14 bus system and IEEE-24 bus system Using Power World Simulator17 software.
Performance Analysis and Comparison of Transmission Line Varying the Capacito...ijtsrd
In this paper, performance analysis of transmission line 11 KV with thyristor controlled series capacitor providing stability and power enhancement under the application of PI and PID controllers is compared after varying the capacitance of transmission line capacitor. Simulation results of uncompensated and also for compensated transmission line of 11 KV are compared with PI and PID controllers working with the transmission line system for improving the real power as well as reactive power in the supportive MATLAB environment self tuning is applied through MATLAB PID TUNER for both PID and PI controllers. Sameer Khan | Dr. Aziz Ahmad "Performance Analysis and Comparison of Transmission Line (Varying the Capacitor Value) with (PI and PID) Controllers using TCSC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38401.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/38401/performance-analysis-and-comparison-of-transmission-line-varying-the-capacitor-value-with-pi-and-pid-controllers-using-tcsc/sameer-khan
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
In any power system, unexpected outages of lines or transformers occur due to faults or other disturbances. These events, referred to as contingencies, may cause significant overloading of transmission lines or transformers. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers provide a new facilities, both in steady state power flow control and dynamic stability control. Thyrister Controlled Series Capacitor (TSCS) based FACTS device for minimize the losses and power flow in long distance transmission line. The problem of determining the optimal TCSC parameters is formulated as an optimization problem and a N-R method based approach is applied to solve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. Programme is done on 3 bus system by N-R method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
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1. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:3, 2009
Optimal Supplementary Damping Controller
Design for TCSC Employing RCGA
S. Panda, S. C. Swain, A. K. Baliarsingh, C. Ardil
Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) is one of the
important members of FACTS family that is increasingly
applied with long transmission lines by the utilities in modern
power systems. It can have various roles in the operation and
control of power systems, such as scheduling power flow;
decreasing unsymmetrical components; reducing net loss;
providing voltage support; limiting short-circuit currents;
mitigating subsynchronous resonance; damping the power
oscillation; and enhancing transient stability [5-7]. Even
though the primary purpose of TCSC is to control the power
flow and increase the loading capacity of transmission lines, it
is also capable of improving the power system stability. When
a TCSC is present in a power system to control the power
flow, a supplementary damping controller could be designed
to modulate the TCSC reactance during small disturbances in
order to improve damping of system oscillations [8, 9].
A conventional lead-lag controller structure is preferred by
the power system utilities because of the ease of on-line tuning
and also lack of assurance of the stability by some adaptive or
variable structure techniques. Traditionally, for the small
signal stability studies of a power system, the linear model of
Phillips-Heffron has been used for years, providing reliable
results. Although the model is a linear model, it is quite
accurate for studying low frequency oscillations and stability
of power systems. The problem of TCSC supplementary
damping controller parameter tuning is a complex exercise. A
number of conventional techniques have been reported in the
literature pertaining to design problems of conventional power
system stabilizers namely the pole placement technique [10],
phase compensation/root locus technique [11], residue
compensation [12], and also the modern control theory.
Unfortunately, the conventional techniques are time
consuming as they are iterative and require heavy computation
burden and slow convergence. In addition, the search process
is susceptible to be trapped in local minima and the solution
obtained may not be optimal. Also, the designed controller
should provide some degree of robustness to the variations
loading conditions, and configurations as the machine
parameters change with operating conditions. A set of
controller parameters which stabilise the system under a
certain operating condition may no longer yield satisfactory
results when there is a drastic change in power system
operating conditions and configurations [8, 9].
In recent years, one of the most promising research fields
has been “Evolutionary Techniques”, an area utilizing
International Science Index 27, 2009 waset.org/publications/15157
Abstract—Optimal supplementary damping controller design for
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) is presented in this
paper. For the proposed controller design, a multi-objective fitness
function consisting of both damping factors and real part of system
electromachanical eigenvalue is used and Real- Coded Genetic
Algorithm (RCGA) is employed for the optimal supplementary
controller parameters. The performance of the designed
supplementary TCSC-based damping controller is tested on a weakly
connected power system with different disturbances and loading
conditions with parameter variations. Simulation results are presented
and compared with a conventional power system stabilizer and also
with the TCSC-based supplementary controller when the controller
parameters are not optimized to show the effectiveness and
robustness of the proposed approach over a wide range of loading
conditions and disturbances.
Keywords—Power System Oscillations, Real-Coded Genetic
Algorithm (RCGA), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator
(TCSC), Damping Controller, Power System Stabilizer.
I. INTRODUCTION
L
OW frequency oscillations are observed when large power
systems are interconnected by relatively weak tie lines.
These oscillations may sustain and grow to cause system
separation if no adequate damping is available [1]. With the
advent of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)
technology, shunt FACTS devices play an important role in
controlling the reactive power flow in the power network and
hence the system voltage fluctuations and stability [2-4].
Series capacitive compensation was introduced decades ago
to cancel a portion of the reactance line impedance and
thereby increase the transmittable power. Subsequently, with
the FACTS technology initiative, variable series compensation
is highly effective in both controlling power flow in the
transmission line and in improving stability. Thyristor
_____________________________________________
S. Panda is working as Professor in the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, NIST, Berhampur, Orissa, India, Pin: 761008.
(e-mail: panda_sidhartha@rediffmail.com ).
S. Swain is Assistant Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department,
School of Technology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
(e-mail:scs_132@rediffmail.com).
A.K.Baliarsingh is Research Scholar in the Electrical Engineering
Department, School of Technology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa,
India (e-mail:scs_132@rediffmail.com).
C. Ardil is with National Academy of Aviation, AZ1045, Baku,
Azerbaijan, Bina, 25th km, NAA (e-mail: cemalardil@gmail.com).
7
2. analogies with nature or social systems. These techniques
constitute an approach to search for the optimum solutions via
some form of directed random search process. Evolutionary
techniques are finding popularity within research community
as design tools and problem solvers because of their versatility
and ability to optimize in complex multimodal search spaces
applied to non-differentiable objective functions.
Recently, Genetic Algorithm (GA) appeared as a promising
evolutionary technique for handling the optimization problems
[13]. GA has been popular in academia and the industry
mainly because of its intuitiveness, ease of implementation,
and the ability to effectively solve highly nonlinear, mixed
integer optimisation problems that are typical of complex
engineering systems. It has been reported in the literature that
Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA) is more efficient in
terms of CPU time and offers higher precision with more
consistent results. In view of the above, this paper proposes to
use RCGA optimization technique for the optimal
supplementary damping controller design. For the proposed
controller design, a multi-objective objective function where
both damping factors and real part of system
electromachanical eigenvalue are considered. The optimal
supplementary TCSC controller parameters are obtained
employing RCGA. The proposed supplementary damping
controller is tested on a weakly connected power system with
different disturbances and loading conditions with parameter
variations. Simulation results are presented to show the
effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach over a
wide range of loading conditions and disturbances.
The reminder of the paper is organized in five major
sections. A brief review of TCSC is presented in Section II.
Power system modeling with the proposed TCSC-based
supplementary damping controller is presented in Section III.
The design problem and the objective function are presented
in section IV. In Section V, an overview of RCGA is
presented. The results are presented and discussed in Section
VI. Finally, in Section VII conclusions are given.
Fig. 2 shows typical variation of X TCSC ( ) vs. firing
angle . The degree of series compensation is controlled by
increasing or decreasing the thyristor conduction period and
thereby the current through the TCR. The firing angle
of
the TCR is defined as the angle in electrical degrees between
the positive going zero crossing of the voltage across the
inductor and the positive going zero crossing of the current
through it. Firing angles below 900 have no control over the
inductor current, while the firing angles above 1800 are not
allowed because the thyristor valves must be fired
symmetrically. With the usual TCSC arrangement in which
the impedance of the TCR reactor X L , is smaller than that of
capacitor, X C the TCSC has two operating ranges around its
internal resonance: one is the
X TCSC ( ) is
Line
other
is
inductive,
Resonance: X L ( r )
the
as
XC
Operation inihibited for
C lim
Inductive
L lim
L lim
/2
C lim
r
Inductive region
0
L lim
Capactive region
/2
C lim
Fig. 2 Variation of X TCSC ( ) with firing angle
of TCSC
III. MODELING THE POWER SYSTEM WITH TCSC
SUPPLEMENTARY DAMPING CONTROLLER
The single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) power system
installed with a TCSC as shown in Fig. 3 is considered in this
study. In the figure XT and XTL represent the reactance of the
transformer and the transmission line respectively, VT and VB
are the generator terminal and infinite bus voltage
respectively.
iS
VT
Generator
iL
the
X TCSC ( ) is
where
X TL
XC
XC
XL
and
X TCSC ( )
The basic circuit module of Thyristor Controlled Series
Compensator (TCSC) scheme is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of
the series compensating capacitor shunted by a Thyristor
Controlled Reactor (TCR). In practical TCSC implementation
several such basic modules may be connected in series to
obtain the desired voltage rating and operating characteristics.
iC
/ 2 range, where
C lim
capacitive,
0
L lim range,
illustrated in Fig. 2.
II. OVERVIEW OF TCSC
iS
the
Capacitive
International Science Index 27, 2009 waset.org/publications/15157
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:3, 2009
C
XT
T1
L
T1
TCR
Infinite bus
T2
XL
T2
X TCSC
X TCSC
Fig. 1. Basic circuit module of TCSC
Fig. 3 Single-machine infinite-bus power system with TCSC
8
VB
3. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:3, 2009
A. Non-Linear Equations
The simplified IEEE Type-ST1A excitation system is
considered in this work. The diagram of the IEEE Type-ST1A
excitation system is shown in Fig. 4. The inputs to the
excitation system are the terminal voltage VT and reference
voltage VR. The gain and time constants of the excitation
system are represented by KA and TA respectively.
The non-linear differential equations of the SMIB system
with TCSC are derived by neglecting the resistances of all
components of the system (generator, transformer and
transmission lines) and the transients of the transmission lines
and transformer. The non-linear differential equations are [9]:
B. Linearized Equations
In the design of electromechanical mode damping stabilizer,
a linearized incremental model around an operating point is
usually employed. The Phillips-Heffron model of the power
system with FACTS devices is obtained by linearizing the set
of equations (1) around an operating condition of the power
system. The linearized expressions are as follows:
b
1
[ Pm
M
Pe ]
1
E 'q
[ Eq
T ' do
E fd ]
b
KA
[V R
1 sT A
International Science Index 27, 2009 waset.org/publications/15157
E ' fd
VT ]
(1)
[ K1
where,
E
Pe
'
q
VB
Xd
2X d
(X q
d
)
Eq '
sin 2
'
d
)
VT
( VTd
X Eff
XT
'
K4
D
KQ
K 6 Eq '
[ K A (K 5
K1
VB X ' d
cos
Xd '
'
, K2
K3
'
Pe
Eq
E'q , K 4
K5
2
KP
]/ M
E fd ] / Td 0
KV
'
E fd ] / T A
)
where,
V B cos
'
Xd
[ K 3 Eq
E fd '
'
sin
X Eff E ' q
VTq
Xq
'
X
Xd
'
X q VB
Xq
X
'
'
(2)
E' q
Xd
VTd
VB ( X q
sin
'
Xd
Eq
2
K 2 Eq
Pe
VT
E'q , K P
Eq
, K6
VT
Pe
, KQ
E 'q , KV
Eq
VT
The modified Phillips-Heffron model of the single-machine
infinite-bus (SMIB) power system with TCSC-based damping
controller is obtained using linearized equation set (2). The
2
VTq )
corresponding block diagram model is shown in Fig. 5.
X 'd
'
Xd
_
X TCSC ( )
K1
X 'd
Xd
VR +
X TL
X Eff , X ' q
'
Xq
X Eff
_
Pm +
X Eff
_
KA
1 sTA
1
Ms D
0
s
GTCSC(s)
K4
E max
fd
VT
_
K2
Eq '
E fd
KP
1
KV
KQ
K5
_
_
'
K 3 sT do
+
E fd
KA
1 sTA
_
_
_
VS
+
K6
E min
fd
Fig. 5 Modified Phillips-Heffron model of SMIB with TCSC-based
supplementary damping controller
Fig. 4 Simplified IEEE type ST 1A excitation system
9
4. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:3, 2009
IV. THE PROPOSED APPROACH
different operating conditions is employed. The objective
function ‘ f ’ is expressed as:
A. Structure of Proposed TCSC-based Supplementary
Damping Controller
The commonly used lead–lag structure is chosen in this
study as TCSC-based supplementary damping controller as
shown in Fig. 6. The structure consists of a gain block; a
signal washout block and two-stage phase compensation
block. The phase compensation block provides the appropriate
phase-lead characteristics to compensate for the phase lag
between input and the output signals. The signal washout
block serves as a high-pass filter which allows signals
associated with oscillations in input signal to pass unchanged.
Without it steady changes in input would modify the output.
Input
KT
sT
WT
1 sT
WT
International Science Index 27, 2009 waset.org/publications/15157
Gain
Block
1 sT1
1 sT2
1 sT3
1 sT4
Output
Two stage
lead-lag Block
Washout
Block
GTCSC ( s )
Fig. 6. Structure of the proposed TCSC-based supplementary
damping controller
The input signal of the proposed TCSC-based controller is the
and the output is the change in
speed deviation
conduction angle
. During steady state conditions
=0
and so the effective reactance X Eff is given by:
X Eff
XT
X TL
X TCSC (
0)
f
f1
f2
Where,
f1
f2
OP
j 1
[
o
OP
j 1
o
i, j ]
and
In equation (3), the value of ‘ ’ is a weighting factor and
is chosen as 10 [1], OP is the total number of operating points
for which the optimization process is performed; i,j is the real
part of the ith eigenvalue of the jth operating point; i,j is the
damping factor of the ith eigenvalue of the jth operating point;
o and
0 are the desired stability and damping required.
If only ‘f1’ is taken as the objective function, the closed loop
eigenvalues are placed in the region to the left of dashed line
as shown in Fig. 7 (a). Similarly if only ‘f2’ is taken as the
objective function then it limits the maximum overshoot of the
eigenvalues as shown in Fig. 7 (b). When both damping
factors and real part of system electromachanical eigenvalue
are considered in the objective function as given in equation
(3), the eigenvalues are restricted within a D-shaped area as
shown in the Fig. 7 (c).
j
the series compensation is modulated for damping system
oscillations. The effective reactance in dynamic conditions is
given by: X Eff X T X TL X TCSC ( ) , where
0
i, j
0
j
j
0
(a)
i, j
i, j
0
(b)
0
i, j
2(
) , 0 and 0 being initial value of firing
and
and conduction angle respectively.
From the viewpoint of the washout function the value of
washout time constant is not critical in lead-lag structured
controllers and may be in the range 1 to 20 seconds [1]. In the
present study, washout time constant of TWT 10 s is used. The
controller gains KT ; and the time constants T1T, T2T, T3T and
T4T are to be determined.
Tuning a controller parameter can be viewed as an
optimization problem in multi-modal space as many settings
of the controller could be yielding good performance.
Traditional method of tuning doesn’t guarantee optimal
parameters and in most cases the tuned parameters need
improvement through trial and error. The aim of any
evolutionary optimization technique is basically to optimize
(minimize/maximize) an objective function or fitness function
satisfying the constraints of either state or control variable or
both depending upon the requirement. In the present paper, an
eigenvalue based fitness function reflecting damping factor of
each of the electromechanical eigenvalues at numbers of
i, j ]
o
i, j
o
[
i, j
. During dynamic conditions
B. Objective Function
(3)
0
(c)
Fig. 7. Eigenvalue location for different objective functions
V. OVERVIEW OF REAL-CODED GENETIC ALGORITHM
Genetic Algorithm (GA) can be viewed as a generalpurpose search method, an optimization method, or a learning
mechanism, based loosely on Darwinian principles of
biological evolution, reproduction and “the survival of the
fittest.” GA maintains a set of candidate solutions called
population and repeatedly modifies them. At each step, the
GA selects individuals at random from the current population
to be parents and uses them to produce the children for the
next generation. Candidate solutions are usually represented as
strings of fixed length, called chromosomes.
Given a random initial population GA operates in cycles
called generations, as follows [13]:
Each member of the population is evaluated using a
10
5. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:3, 2009
International Science Index 27, 2009 waset.org/publications/15157
objective function or fitness function.
The population undergoes reproduction in a number
of iterations. One or more parents are chosen
stochastically, but strings with higher fitness values
have higher probability of contributing an offspring.
Genetic operators, such as crossover and mutation,
are applied to parents to produce offspring.
The offspring are inserted into the population and the
process is repeated.
Over successive generations, the population “evolves”
toward an optimal solution. GA can be applied to solve a
variety of optimization problems that are not well suited for
standard optimization algorithms, including problems in which
the objective function is discontinuous, nondifferentiable,
stochastic, or highly nonlinear. GA has been used to solve
difficult engineering problems that are complex and difficult
to solve by conventional optimization methods.
Implementation of GA requires the determination of six
fundamental issues: chromosome representation, selection
function, the genetic operators, initialization, termination and
evaluation function. Brief descriptions about these issues are
provided in the following sections.
A. Chromosome representation
Chromosome representation scheme determines how the
problem is structured in the GA and also determines the
genetic operators that are used. Each individual or
chromosome is made up of a sequence of genes. Various types
of representations of an individual or chromosome are: binary
digits, floating point numbers, integers, real values, matrices,
etc. Generally natural representations are more efficient and
produce better solutions. Real-coded representation is more
efficient in terms of CPU time and offers higher precision with
more consistent results.
B. Selection function
To produce successive generations, selection of individuals
plays a very significant role in a genetic algorithm. The
selection function determines which of the individuals will
survive and move on to the next generation. A probabilistic
selection is performed based upon the individual’s fitness such
that the superior individuals have more chance of being
selected. There are several schemes for the selection process:
roulette wheel selection and its extensions, scaling techniques,
tournament, normal geometric, elitist models and ranking
methods.
The selection approach assigns a probability of selection Pj
to each individuals based on its fitness value. In the present
study, normalized geometric selection function has been used.
In normalized geometric ranking, the probability of selecting
an individual Pi is defined as:
Pi
q' 1 q
r 1
q'
q
(5)
1 (1 q ) P
where,
q = probability of selecting the best individual
r = rank of the individual (with best equals 1)
P = population size
C. Genetic operators
The basic search mechanism of the GA is provided by the
genetic operators. There are two basic types of operators:
crossover and mutation. These operators are used to produce
new solutions based on existing solutions in the population.
Crossover takes two individuals to be parents and produces
two new individuals while mutation alters one individual to
produce a single new solution. The following genetic
operators are usually employed: simple crossover, arithmetic
crossover and heuristic crossover as crossover operator and
uniform mutation, non-uniform mutation, multi-non-uniform
mutation, boundary mutation as mutation operator. Arithmetic
crossover and non-uniform mutation are employed in the
present study as genetic operators. Crossover generates a
random number r from a uniform distribution from 1 to m and
creates two new individuals by using equations:
x i'
y i'
x i , if i
r
(6)
y i otherwise
y i , if i
r
(7)
x i otherwise
Arithmetic crossover produces two complimentary linear
combinations of the parents, where r = U (0, 1):
X' rX
Y ' rY
(1 r ) Y
(8)
(1 r ) X
(9)
Non-uniform mutation randomly selects one variable j and
sets it equal to an non-uniform random number.
xi
xi '
(bi
x i ) f (G ) if r1
0.5,
xi
( xi
a i ) f (G ) if r1
0.5,
xi ,
(10)
otherwise
where,
(4)
f (G ) (r2 (1
11
G
)) b
G max
(11)
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International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:3, 2009
r1, r2 = uniform random nos. between 0 to 1.
G = current generation.
Gmax = maximum no. of generations.
b = shape parameter.
D. Initialization, termination and evaluation function
An initial population is needed to start the genetic algorithm
procedure. The initial population can be randomly generated
or can be taken from other methods.
GA moves from generation to generation until a stopping
criterion is met. The stopping criterion could be maximum
number of generations, population convergence criteria, lack
of improvement in the best solution over a specified number
of generations or target value for the objective function.
Evaluation functions or objective functions of many forms
can be used in a GA so that the function can map the
population into a partially ordered set.
at all the loading conditions because of negative damping of
electromechanical mode (i.e. the real part of eigenvaluss lie in
right-half of s-plane in all cases.
For the implementation of RCGA normal geometric
selection is employed which is a ranking selection function
based on the normalized geometric distribution. Arithmetic
crossover takes two parents and performs an interpolation
along the line formed by the two parents. Non uniform
mutation changes one of the parameters of the parent based on
a non-uniform probability distribution. This Gaussian
distribution starts wide, and narrows to a point distribution as
the current generation approaches the maximum generation.
The parameters employed for the implementations of RCGA
in the present study are given in Table II. The desired values
of real part of eigen value ( o) and damping factor ( 0) are
taken as -1.0 and 0.2 respectively.
The convergence of fitness function with the generations is
shown in Fig. 8. The optimal TCSC-based supplementary
damping controller parameters are:
KT = 62.9885, T1T = 0.1210, T2T = 0.1531,
A. Application of RCGA
T3T = 0.2931, T4T = 0.2728
The optimization of the proposed TCSC-based
supplementary damping controller parameters is carried out by
evaluating the fitness given in equation (3), considering
various operating conditions. The operating conditions
considered for the design are shown in Table I. The system
electromechanical eigenvalues without proposed TCSC-based
supplementary damping controller are shown in Table I. It is
clear from Table I that the open loop system is unstable
TABLE II PARAMETERS USED IN RCGA
Parameter
P
(pu)
Q
(pu)
(deg)
1
1.1
0.777
87.8
2
1.05
0.6766
82.2667
1.0
0.5949
77.3516
0.95
0.5255
72.8112
0.9
0.4652
68.5179
0.2655 ± 4.9846i
6
0.85
0.4121
64.3957
0.2251 ± 5.1124i
7
0.8
0.3649
60.3951
0.1891 ± 5.2152i
8
0.75
0.3227
56.4818
0.1573 ± 5.2979i
9
0.7
0.2849
52.6310
0.1292 ± 5.3643i
10
0.65
0.2510
48.8243
0.1048 ± 5.4170i
11
0.6
0.2205
45.0479
0.0836 ± 5.4585i
12
0.55
0.1933
41.2911
0.0656 ± 5.4904i
13
0.5
0.1690
37.5457
0.0505 ± 5.5145i
14
0.45
0.1475
33.8057
0.0380 ± 5.5321i
15
0.4
0.1286
30.0665
0.0278 ± 5.5445i
Nonuniform [2 100 3]
Termination method
0.3108 ± 4.8245i
5
Arithmetic [2]
Type of mutation
0.3618 ± 4.6208i
4
Normal geometric [0 0.08]
Type of crossover
0.4196 ± 4.3530i
3
50
Type of selection
System
eigenvalues
without control
0.4864 ± 3.9793i
0
100
Population size
TABLE I OPERATING CONDITIONS CONSIDERED DURING DESIGN
Sl.
No.
Value/Type
Maximum generations
Maximum generation
0.09
0.08
Fitness function
International Science Index 27, 2009 waset.org/publications/15157
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0
20
40
60
80
100
Generations
Fig. 8. Convergence of fitness function with the generations
Table III shows the system electromechanical eigenvalues
with proposed TCSC-based supplementary damping
controller. In Table III the system eigenvalues with a
conventionally designed [14] power system stabilizer (CPSS)
are also shown for all the loading conditions. It is clear from
table III that with CPSS the system stability is maintained as
the electromechanical mode eigenvalue shift to the left of the
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7. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:3, 2009
line in s-plane for all loading conditions. It is also clear from
Table III that the shift in electromechanical mode eigenvalue
to the left of the line in the s-plane is maximum with proposed
supplementary TCSC-based damping controller. Hence the
system stability and damping characteristics greatly improve
with proposed controller.
TABLE III EIGENVALUES WITH PROPOSED CONTROLLER
Sl.
No.
P
(pu)
1
1.1
System eigenvalues
With control
CPSS
TCSC-based
- 0.4069 ± 3.6597i - 4.2716 ± 6.5001i
2
1.05
- 0.5853 ± 4.0303i
are also shown in dashed lines (with legend WO).
Case I: Nominal loading no parameter variation
A 10% step increase in mechanical power input at t = 1.0 s
is assumed. The system speed, power angle and terminal
voltage deviation response for the above contingency are
shown in Figs. 9-11. It is clear from the Figs. that with a CPSS
stability of the system is maintained and power system
oscillations are effectively damped out. It can also be seen
from the Figs. that when the controller parameters are
optimized the damping characteristics greatly improve
compared to the case when the parameters are not optimized.
- 4.2358 ± 6.4096i
-3
- 0.7279 ± 4.3109i
- 4.2214 ± 6.3006i
0.95
- 0.8409 ± 4.5390i
- 4.2188 ± 6.1753i
1.5
5
0.9
- 0.9262 ± 4.7318i
- 4.2221 ± 6.0350i
1
6
0.85
- 0.9846 ± 4.8981i
- 4.2265 ± 5.8814i
7
0.8
- 1.0170 ± 5.0418i
- 4.2279 ± 5.7163i
0
8
0.75
- 1.0249 ± 5.1649i
- 4.2220 ± 5.5425i
-0.5
9
0.7
- 1.0110 ± 5.2682i
- 4.2050 ± 5.3645i
10
0.65
- 0.9787 ± 5.3530i
- 4.1742 ± 5.1887i
11
0.6
- 0.9316 ± 5.4207i
- 4.1290 ± 5.0236i
12
0.55
- 0.8730 ± 5.4732i
- 4.0725 ± 4.8784i
13
0.5
- 0.8056 ± 5.5129i
- 4.0120 ± 4.7610i
14
0.45
- 0.7319 ± 5.5417i
- 3.9568 ± 4.6748i
15
0.4
- 0.6537 ± 5.5616i
- 3.9151 ± 4.6195i
(pu)
1.0
4
WO
CP
TCSC
0.5
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time (sec)
Fig. 9. Speed deviation response for Case-I
0.25
WO
0.2
CP
(pu)
TCSC
0.15
0.1
B. Simulation Results
0.05
To assess the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed
controller, different loading conditions and parameters
variations as given in Table IV are considered.
0
0
Loading
Conditions
Nominal
P
(pu)
0.8
Q
(pu)
0.3694
Light
0.5
0.169
Heavy
1.1
0.6479
Parameter
variation
No parameter
variation
50% increase in
line reactance
10% decrease in
line reactance
and 5% increase
in terminal
voltage
2
4
6
8
Time (sec)
Fig. 10. Power angle deviation response for Case-I
TABLE IV LOADING CONDITIONS CONSIDERED
0
(deg.)
60. 39
0.03
37. 54
WO
CP
0.02
VT (pu)
International Science Index 27, 2009 waset.org/publications/15157
3
x 10
2
73.57
TCSC
0.01
0
-0.01
-0.02
The performance of the proposed controller is compared
with a CPSS. The response with CPSS is shown in dotted lines
(with legend CP). The responses with proposed TCSC-based
supplementary damping controller are shown in solid lines
(with legend ‘TCSC’). For comparison in all these figures the
response with TCSC-based supplementary damping controller
when the parameters are not optimized but randomly chosen
0
2
4
6
8
Time (sec)
Fig. 11. Terminal voltage deviation response for Case-I
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8. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:3, 2009
Case II: Light loading with parameter variation
Case III: Heavy loading with parameter variation
To test the robustness of the proposed controller, the second
operating condition corresponding to light loading condition
with parameter variation given in Table IV is considered. The
same disturbance i. e. a 10% step increase in mechanical
power input at t = 1.0 s is considered. The system responses
for the above contingency are shown in Figs. 12-14. It is clear
from the Figs. that proposed TCSC-based supplementary
damping controller is robust to operating condition and
parameter variation and outperform both controllers (CPSS
and TCSC with random parameters).
The effectiveness of the proposed controllers is also tested
under light loading condition with parameter variation (given
in Table IV). The mechanical power input to the generator is
increased by 10% at t=1.0 s and the system responses are
shown in Figs. 14-16. It can be seen from Figs. 15-17 that the
proposed controller is robust and works effectively under
various operating conditions.
-3
-3
WO
(pu)
CP
TCSC
1
(pu)
CP
TCSC
1.5
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5
0
2
4
6
0
8
4
6
8
WO
0.25
0.25
WO
CP
0.2
(pu)
2
Time (sec)
Fig. 15. Speed deviation response for Case-III
Time (sec)
Fig. 12. Speed deviation response for Case-II
CP
TCSC
0.2
(pu)
TCSC
0.15
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fig. 16. Power angle deviation response for Case-III
-3
4
1
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
Fig. 13. Power angle deviation response for Case-II
0.04
x 10
WO
WO
CP
0.03
TCSC
3
TCSC
VT (pu)
0.02
VT (pu)
International Science Index 27, 2009 waset.org/publications/15157
WO
2
x 10
2
x 10
2.5
2
1
0
0
-1
0.01
-0.01
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-0.02
8
0
2
4
6
8
Time (sec)
Fig. 17. Terminal voltage deviation response for Case-III
Time (sec)
Fig. 14. Terminal voltage deviation response for Case-II
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9. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:3 No:3, 2009
Case IV: Disturbance in reference voltage setting:
For completeness and verification, the effectiveness of the
proposed controller is also tested for a disturbance in reference
voltage setting. The reference voltage is increased by a step of
10% at t =1 s at nominal loading condition. Figs. 18-20 show
the system responses for the above contingency.
-3
1
x 10
WO
CP
(pu)
0.5
TCSC
0
-0.5
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
VI. CONCLUSION
In this study, real-coded genetic algorithm optimization
technique is employed for the design of a supplementary
TCSC-based damping controller. For the design problem, an
eigenvalue based objective function in which both damping
factors and real part of system electromachanical eigenvalue
are included. The proposed supplementary TCSC-based
damping controller is tested on a weakly connected power
system with different disturbances and loading conditions.
with parameter variations. Simulation results are presented
and compared with a conventionally designed power system
stabilizer and with the same TCSC-based supplementary
damping controller when the controller parameters are not
optimized. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed
controller is shown over a wide range of loading conditions
and disturbances and with parameter variations.
Time (sec)
APPENDIX
Fig. 18. Speed deviation response for Case-IV
0
Static System data: All data are in pu unless specified
otherwise.
Generator:
0.973 , X q 0.55 ,
M = 9.26 s., D = 0, X d
WO
CP
(pu)
-0.05
TCSC
X 'd
0.19 , T ' do 7.76 ,
f = 60, VT 1.05 , X TL X T = 0.997
-0.1
Excitor:
K A 50 , TA 0.05 s
TCSC Controller:
X TCSC 0 0.2169 , X C
-0.15
-0.2
-0.25
0.2 X , X P
0.25 X C
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
0
2
4
6
8
Time (sec)
Fig. 19. Power angle deviation response for Case-IV
0.1
REFERENCES
CP
TCSC
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02
The first author gratefully acknowledges the support and
encouragement received from National Institute of Science
and Technology (NIST), Berhampur, Orissa-761008, India.
WO
0.08
VT (pu)
International Science Index 27, 2009 waset.org/publications/15157
-1.5
It is clear from the Figs. that proposed TCSC-based
supplementary damping controller is robust to type of
disturbance and outperform both controllers (CPSS and TCSC
with random parameters) for all types of disturbances.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Time (sec)
Fig. 20. Terminal voltage deviation response for Case-IV
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Sidhartha Panda is a Professor at National
Institute of Science and Technology,
Berhampur, Orissa, India. He received the
Ph.D. degree from Indian Institute of
Technology, Roorkee, India in 2008, M.E.
degree in Power Systems Engineering in 2001
and B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering in
1991. Earlier he worked as Associate
Professor in KIIT University, Bhubaneswar,
India & VITAM College of Engineering,
Andhra Pradesh, India and Lecturer in the
Department of Electrical Engineering, SMIT, Orissa, India.His areas
of research include power system transient stability, power system
dynamic stability, FACTS, optimisation techniques, distributed
generation and wind energy.
S. C. Swain received his M.E. degree from UCE Burla in 2001.
Presently he is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of
Electrical Engineering, School of technology, KIIT,University,
Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India. He is working towards his PhD in KIIT
University in the area of Application of Computational Intelligent
Techniques to Power System.
A. K. Baliarsingh is working as an Assistant Professor in the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Orissa Engineering College,
Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India. He is working towards his PhD in KIIT
University in the area of Application of Computational Intelligent
Techniques to Power System Stability Problems and Flexible AC
Transmission Systems controller design.
C. Ardil is with National Academy of Aviation, AZ1045, Baku, Azerbaijan,
Bina, 25th km, NAA.
16