Iaetsd vlsi implementation of spatial modulation receiver

VLSI Implementation of Spatial Modulation Receiver
Irshad begum Mohammad
M.Tech.,(VLSID) Student
Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women
Bhimavaram, AndhraPradesh, India
e-mail ID: md.irshadbegum@gmail.com
Abstract—In this paper, a new transmission
approach, called Spatial Modulation(SM) is
presented. The use of multiple antennas at the
transmitter and receiver sides (MIMO) can
significantly enhance the capacity and reliability
of wireless links. Spatial modulation (SM) is a
relatively new modulation technique for
multiple antenna systems which addresses these
issues.In SM, the stream of bits to be
transmitted in one channel is divided into two
groups. One group i.e., m-bit sequence chooses
one antenna from a total of Nt =2m
antennas. A
known signal is transmitted on this chosen
antenna. The remaining Nt-1 antennas remain
silent. The second group determines the symbol
to be transmitted from the chosen antenna. By
doing so, the problem of detection at the
receiver becomes one of merely finding out
which antenna is transmitting. This leads to a
significantly reduced complexity at the Receiver.
We have implemented the design of SM-
MIMO receiver in VLSI with low complexity
and achieved high performance.
Keywords- Spatial Modulation, MIMO systems,
IEEE-754 single precision floating point
numbers, Complex number multiplication,
Floating point adder/subtractor.
. I.INTRODUCTION
MIMO is an acronym that stands for Multiple
Input Multiple Output. MIMO technology utilizes
multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver
terminals.The need to improve the spectral
efficiency and reliability of radio communication is
driven by the ever increasing requirement for
higher data rates and improved Quality of service
(QOS) across wireless links. MIMO technology is
one solution to attain this by transmitting multiple
data streams from multiple antennas [1]. MIMO
transmission strongly depends on transmit and
receive antenna spacing, transmit antenna
synchronization and the reduction of interchannel
interference (ICI) at the receiver input. An
alternative transmission approach that entirely
avoids ICI at the receiver input is used for BPSK
and QPSK transmission respectively.
The basic idea is to compress a block of Nt
symbols into a single symbol prior to transmission,
where Nt indicates the number of transmit
antennas. Information is retained by this symbol
Pushpa Kotipalli
Professor: ECE Department, Head of ATL
Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women
Bhimavaram, AndhraPradesh, India
e-mail ID: pushpak@svecw.edu.in
and is mapped to one and only one of the Nt
antennas. The task of the receiver is twofold: First,
to estimate the single symbol and second to detect
the respective antenna number from which the
symbol is transmitted. However this scheme suffers
from a loss of Spectral efficiency. Traditional
modulation techniques such as BPSK (binary phase
shift keying), QPSK (Quadrature phase shift
keying) etc. map a fixed number of information bits
into one symbol. Each symbol represents a
constellation point in the complex two dimensional
signal planes. This is referred to as signal
modulation. In this paper an alternative
transmission approach is proposed in which this
two dimensional plane is extended to a third
dimension i.e., spatial dimension. This is referred
as Spatial modulation. This new transmission
technique will result in a very flexible mechanism
which is able to achieve high spectral efficiency
and very low receiver complexity.
Spatial modulation (SM) is introduced by
Mesleh in an effort to remove ICI, and the need for
precise time synchronization amongst antennas.
SM is a pragmatic approach for transmitting
information, where the modulator uses well known
modulation techniques (e.g., QPSK, BPSK), but
also employs the antenna Index to convey
information. Ideally, only one antenna remains
active during transmission so that ICI is avoided.
Spatial Modulation (SM) is a recently proposed
spatial multiplexing scheme for Multiple-Input-
Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems without
requiring extra bandwidth or extra transmission
power. SM does not place any restriction on the
minimum number of receive-antennas. This is
particularly beneficial for mobile handsets because
of the limited available space and the cost
constraints for these mass market devices. All these
properties and requirements make SM a very
attractive MIMO scheme for many potential
applications. The idea of using the transmit
antenna number as an additional source of
information is utilized in spatial modulation. The
number of information bits that can be transmitted
using spatial modulation depends on the used
constellation diagram and the given number of
transmit antennas.
In view of the fact that information is not only
included in the transmitted symbol but also in the
actual physical location of the antenna. Estimation
of transmit antenna number is of key importance.
The antenna number may change at the subsequent
Proceedings of International Conference On Current Innovations In Engineering And Technology
International Association Of Engineering & Technology For Skill Development
ISBN : 978 - 1502851550
www.iaetsd.in
93

transmission instants, but at any given time only a
single transmit antenna is transmitting. The channel
vectors between each transmit antenna and the
number of receive antennas are considered
separately at the receiver. Assuming full
knowledge of the channel at the receiver, the
receiver chooses the transmit antenna number
which gives highest correlation. In addition to
eliminating ICI at the receiver [5], spatial
modulation produces no correlation between the
transmit antennas and it requires no
synchronization between them. On the other hand,
lack of synchronization is shown to have a major
effect on system performance. Furthermore, in
spatial modulation, the symbol duration is
unchanged while the transmitted symbol carries a
higher number of information bits due to the novel
extension of modulation to the spatial domain. As a
result, an improvement in spectrum efficiency is
obtained.
II.SYSTEM MODEL
This paper is organized as follows: In section II
System model is discussed, in section III hardware
implementation is discussed, section IV is
simulation results and section V is conclusion.
We consider a generic Nt × Nr Multiple-Input-
Multiple-output (MIMO) system with Nt and Nr
being the number of transmit and receive antennas
respectively[2]. Moreover, we assume that the
transmitter can send digital information via M
distinct signal waveforms (i.e., the so-called signal-
constellation diagram).
Fig1: MIMO System with Nt Transmit Antennas and Nr
receive antennas
The basic idea of SM is to map block of
information bits into two information carrying
units.
1. A symbol is chosen from a complex signal
constellation diagram.
2. A unique transmit antenna index is chosen
from the set of transmit antennas in the
antenna-array.
The principal working mechanism of SM is
depicted in fig 2:
Fig 2: Three dimensional constellation diagram of SM
Each Spatial constellation point defines an
independent complex plane of signal constellation
points. For illustrative purpose only two of such
planes are shown in Fig2. For i) Nt =4 and ii) M =4
Legend: i) Re = real axis of the signal constellation
diagram and
ii) Im = imaginary axis of the signal
constellation diagram.
The spatial modulation system model is shown in
Fig 3. q (k) is a vector of n bits to be transmitted.
The binary vector is mapped into another vector
x(k). Symbol number l in the resulting vector x(k)
is xl , where l is the mapped transmit antenna
number l € [1:Nt]. The symbol xl is transmitted
from the antenna number l over the MIMO
channel, H(k). H(k) can be written as a set of
vectors where each vector corresponds to the
channel path gains between transmit antenna v and
the receive antennas as follows:
H = [h1 h2 h3 ….. h Nt] (1)
Where:
hv = [h1,v h2,v … hNr,v]T
(2)
The received vector is then given by y(k)=hxl +
w(k); Where w(k) is the additive white Gaussian
noise vector.
The number of transmitted information bits n, can
be adjusted in two different ways, either by
changing the signal modulation and/or changing
the spatial modulation. Different modulation
techniques can be used for SM-MIMO such as
BPSK, QPSK or 4QAM, 8QAM, 16QAM etc.
These modulation techniques will be used to map
the information bits to the symbols by using
constellation diagrams. These symbols have to be
transmitted from the chosen transmitting antennas.
For example we consider only BPSK and QPSK
modulation techniques for mapping of information
bits to the symbols of BPSK and QPSK
constellation diagrams.BPSK (Binary Phase Shift
Keying) has two symbols +1 and -1 represented by
0 or 1 and QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
has four quadtatures with 90 degrees phase shift
each. It requires two bits to represent four symbols
such as [-1-1i, -1+1i, +1-1i, +1+1i]
ISBN : 978 - 1502851550
www.iaetsd.in
94

Fig 3: Spatial modulation system model
III. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF
SM-MIMO SYSTEM
A. .Transmitter Design of the SM-MIMO System
using BPSK/QPSK modulation
The transmitter of the SM-MIMO system has to
transmit the symbol and also have to select the
antenna for the transmission of the symbol from
among the group of antennas. A block of
information bits is mapped into the constellation
point in the signal and the spatial domain (antenna
Fig 4: Spatial Modulation Transmitter
From the binary source the serially generated
binary data will be converted into parallel data.
This binary data will be segmented into two groups
containing log2 (Nt) +log2(M) bits each, with
log2(Nt ) and log2 (M) being the number of bits
needed to identify a transmit-antenna in the
antenna-array and a symbol in the signal-
constellation diagram, respectively. The bits in the
first sub-block are used to select the antenna that is
switched on for data transmission, while all other
transmit-antennas are kept silent in the current
signaling time interval. The bits in the second sub-
block are used to choose a symbol in the signal-
constellation diagram using SM Mapper [3] as
shown in Fig.4. Then symbol will be transmitted
from antenna which is chosen among Nt
transmitting antennas as shown in Fig.4. In general,
the number of bits that can be transmitted using
Spatial modulation is given as follows:
n = log2 (Nt) + m (3)
m = log2 (M) where ‘ M’ is the used constellation
size.
Fig 5: Block diagram of MIMO Transmitter
The SM-MIMO transmitter is implemented in the
hardware using multiplexers. The multiplexers are
designed in such away to select the antenna and
choose the symbol from the input bit sequence
based on the modulation technique used. Flip flops
and ROM are used to store the binary input bits. If
BPSK modulation is considered for symbol
mapping, it requires two bits to represent antenna
index and four transmit antennas are required. If
the modulation is changed to QPSK, it requires
only one bit to represent antenna index and hence
only two transmit antennas will be sufficient. The
Random Binary data which is to be transmitted is
stored in an N-bit register. The random binary
sequence can be of any length and it is given to the
serial to parallel converter. From there we send
3bits parallely to the antenna. This 3-bit vector has
the transmitted symbol and also the antenna index.
The symbol is modulated using modulation
techniques such as BPSK or QPSK. Here we are
considering the noise free transmission over the
Rayleigh Fading Channel. The number of bits that
can be transmitted using spatial modulation is
given in equ 3 and it depends on the used
modulation technique. Here we consider only
BPSK and QPSK modulation techniques. 3bits
transmission using 4x4 antenna configuration and
2x4 antenna configuration is shown in Fig.6 & 7.
ISBN : 978 - 1502851550
www.iaetsd.in
95

Fig 6: 3bits transmission using BPSK Fig 7: 3bits transmission using QPSK
B. SM Wireless Channel
The transmission of binary data using spatial
modulation is carried out over a Wireless Flat
Fading Channel. The channel is a complex matrix
of channel path gains. It varies according to the
number of antennas and used signal constellation.
Fig 8. SM Wireless Channel
C. Receiver design of SM-MIMO systems for BPSK
and QPSK modulated transmission
The receiver of the SM-MIMO system is having
the full knowledge of the channel. The task of the
receiver is twofold:
i) To estimate the transmitted symbol
and
ii) To detect the respective antenna
number from which the symbol is
transmitted.
Fig 9. Block diagram of Receiver Task
The receiver iteratively computes the maximum
ratio combining results between the channel paths
from each transmit antenna to the corresponding
receive antenna. Assuming to have full knowledge
of the channel at the receiver, the receiver chooses
the transmit antenna number which gives highest
correlation.
Fig 10: Spatial modulation Receiver
Assume the following sequence of bits to be
transmitted, q(k) = [0 1 1]. Mapping this to BPSK
symbol and four transmit antennas results in x(k) =
[0,-1,0,0]T
. The vector x(k) is transmitted over the
MIMO channel H(k). We have to note that only
antenna number 2 will be transmitting the symbol
xl and the remaining three antennas will be
ISBN : 978 - 1502851550
www.iaetsd.in
96

transmitting zero energy. The channel matrix for
the noise free transmission using BPSK modulation
is given as follows.
According to the given sequence the symbol ‘-1’ is
detected at antenna 2 and maximum correlation is
obtained at that antenna position. The received
vector at the receiver input is obtained as follows:
y(k) = H(k)xl (4)
Where
0.5377+0.1229i
y(k) = 0.5450+0.0964i
-0.4624+0.2680i
-0.2854+0.1493i
The resultant is obtained by applying maximum
ratio combining to the received vector y(k) and
results in g and is given as follows:
gj =hj
H
y, For j = 1 : Nt (5)
where
g = [ g1 g2 …gNt]T
(6)
The obtained resultant g for the received vector
y(k) is given as follows:
g = -0.3124-0.0146
-1.0000
-0.1951+0.0719
-0.1811
Hence we can observe from the above resultant
vector that maximum correlation is obtained at
antenna 2 and it is transmitting the BPSK symbol.
Similarly, for QPSK modulated transmission of
3bits in the Spatial modulation the receiver of the
SM-MIMO system functions as follows:
Consider another 3bit sequence for transmission,
q(k) = [0 1 0].Mapping this to QPSK symbol and
two transmit antennas, results in x(k) = [1-i , 0]T.
The vector x(k) is transmitted over the MIMO
channel H(k). We have to note that only antenna
number 1 will be transmitting the symbol xl and the
antenna 2 will be transmitting zero energy.The
channel matrix H(k) and the noise free transmission
for QPSK modulation is given as follows:
The received vector at the receiver input is
obtained as follows:
y(k) = -0.6606+0.4149i
-0.6415+0.4486i
0.1944-0.7304i
0.1361-0.4348i
The resultant is obtained by applying maximum
ratio combining to the received vector y(k) and
results in g.The obtained resultant g for the
received vector y(k) is given as follows:
g = 1.0000-1.0000i
0.2978-0.3271i
Hence we can observe from the above
resultant vector that maximum correlation is
obtained at antenna 1 and it is transmitting the
QPSK symbol.
The Receiver in the SM-MIMO System has to
perform the matrix multiplications and additions of
complex numbers between the channel matrix H(k)
and the received vector y(k) at the receiver inputs.
The number of complex multiplications performed
by the receiver is given as Nt Nr and Nt (Nr -1)
complex additions. So, the total number of complex
operations required is given as:
[2Nt Nr – Nt] (7)
Each complex number of the channel matrix H(k)
and the received signal matrix y(k) is first
separated to its real part and imaginary part. It is
then converted to 32-bit floating point number
using the IEEE-754 format. The term floating-point
refers to the fact that the decimal point can float,
that it is placed anywhere relative to the many
digits of the amount. The single precision format is
shown in Fig 7.
1 8 23
Fig 11: Representation of single precision Floating point
number.
This format consists of 3fields- a sign bit(s), a
biased exponent (E) and a mantissa (F).
 1-bit sign, S: A value of ‘1’ indicates that
the number is negative, and a ‘0’ indicates
a positive number.
 Bias- 127 exponent, e = E + bias: This
gives us an exponent range from Emin = -
126 to Emax = 127
 Fraction/mantissa: The fractional part of
the number significand, which is 1 plus
SIGN EXPONENT
(E)
MANTISSA (F)
ISBN : 978 - 1502851550
www.iaetsd.in
97

the fractional part. The leading 1 in the
significand is implicit.
Single precision floating point numbers have 1 bit
sign bit, 8bit exponent and 23 bit mantissa as
shown in Fig 7. Single precision can represent 32
bits. The floating point numbers are represented by
the equation which is given as follows:
X = (-1)^ s*1.F*2^ (E-127) (7)
Fig.12:Flow chart for floating point multiplication
Floating point multiplication process can be given
in the algorithmic form as follows:
 Multiply the significands i.e.(M1*M2)
 Placing the decimal point in the result.
 Adding the exponent i.e, (E1+E2-bias).
 Obtaining the sign, s1 xor s2
 Normalizing the result
 Rounding of the result to fit in an
available bit.
D. Floating point Adder/Subtractor
Floating –point addition has mainly 3 parts:
1. Adding hidden ‘1’ and Alignment of the
mantissas to make exponents equal.
2. Addition of aligned mantissas.
3. Normalization and rounding the result.
The initial mantissa is of 23-bit wide. After adding
the hidden ‘1’, it is 24 bit wide. First the exponents
are compared by subtracting one from the other and
looking at the sign (MSB which is carry) of the
result. To equalize the exponents, the mantissa part
of the number with lesser exponent is shifted
right‘d’ times. Where‘d’ is the absolute value
difference between the exponents. The sign of the
larger number is anchored. In Normalization, the
leading zeroes are detected and shifted so that a
leading one comes. Exponent also changes
accordingly forming the exponent for the final
packed floating point result. The whole process is
explained clearly in Fig13.
Fig 13: Architecture for Detection of Symbol by SM-
MIMO Receiver
The Receiver of the SM-MIMO system has to
iteratively perform multiplication operations of the
complex numbers between channel matrix H(k)
and received signal matrix y(k) for different
antennas. The received signal y(k) is different for
different symbols of BPSK and QPSK modulation
techniques for different transmit antenna numbers.
The complex number matrix multiplication is
highly optimized in terms of area, speed and
power. It is functionally verified in VHDL
language and synthesized.
IV. RESULTS
a) MATLAB Simulation Results
For the purpose of simulation, a flat Rayleigh
fading channel is assumed with additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN). The receiver is assumed
to have full channel knowledge. Random binary
data of length 10,00,000 bits was generated. Let us
consider first thirty information bits of transmission
data.
ISBN : 978 - 1502851550
www.iaetsd.in
98

Fig14: Sampling index vs magnitude plot of first
30 bits of transmitting data
For 3bits transmission using QPSK modulation, the
2nd and 3rd
bits used for selection of symbol. Those
bits will be mapped to QPSK symbol and 1st bit
used for choosing the transmitting antenna. So
twenty bits are mapped as ten QPSK symbols
having magnitude and phase. These symbols have
transmitted from the chosen transmitting antenna.
The indices of chosen antennas will be transmitted
implicitly.
Fig15: Magnitude and phase plots of QPSK symbols
These QPSK symbols are multiplied by respective
path gains while transmitting through wireless
channel.
Fig16: Magnitude and Phase plots of channel effected
QPSK symbols
AWGN noise was added to BPSK symbols and
received bits are detected and number of errors is
detected. This procedure is repeated by changing
SNR in steps of 1dB from 0dB to 10dB. It is
having maximum BER equal to 0.08 and falling as
SNR increases.
Fig17: SNR VS BER Plot BPSK System
Additive white Gaussian Noise is added to QPSK
symbols. Now by changing the SNR insteps of 1dB
from 0dB to 10dB. Corresponding BER values are
calculated. It is having maximum BER equal to
0.15 and falling as SNR increases.
Fig18: SNR Vs BER Plot of QPSK system
BER for SM-MIMO was calculated at different
SNRs. SNR is changed in steps of 2dB from 0dB to
20dB. MATLAB simulations are repeated for
QPSK and BPSK modulation techniques with SM-
MIMO and its BER values are plotted.
Fig19: SNR Vs BER Plots for SM-BPSK and SM-QPSK
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
SNR in dB
BER
BPSK Modulation
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR in dB
BER
QPSK Modulation
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR in dB
BER
Spatial Modulation
BPSK
QPSK
ISBN : 978 - 1502851550
www.iaetsd.in
99

In SM detection errors occur more because
information bits are to be recovered from both
transmitted symbol and antenna number. The BER
for BPSK is less than that of QPSK modulation.
b) VLSI SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig20: Detection of BPSK symbol +1 at Antenna-1 by
Receiver
Fig21: Detection of BPSK symbol -1 at Antenna-1 by
Receiver
Receiver
Fig23: Detection of BPSK symbol -1 at Antenna-2
by Receiver
Receiver
Receiver
ISBN : 978 - 1502851550
www.iaetsd.in
100

Receiver
ReceiveR
Fig28: Detection of QPSK symbol +1+i at Antenna-1
by Receiver
Fig29: Detection of QPSK symbol -1+i at Antenna-1 by
Receiver
Fig30: Detection of QPSK symbol +1-i at Antenna-1 by
Receiver
Fig31: Detection of QPSK symbol -1-i at Antenna-1 by
Receiver
ISBN : 978 - 1502851550
www.iaetsd.in
101

Fig32: Detection of QPSK symbol 1+i at Antenna-2 by
Receiver
Fig33: Detection of QPSK symbol -1+i at Antenna-2 by
Receiver
Fig34: Detection of QPSK symbol 1-i at Antenna-2 by
Receiver
Fig35: Detection of QPSK symbol -1-i at Antenna-2 by
Receiver
C) RTL Schematics of BPSK/QPSK Transmitter
Fig36: Top module of BPSK Transmitter
Fig37: Internal module of BPSK Transmitter
ISBN : 978 - 1502851550
www.iaetsd.in
102

Fig38: Technology Schematic of BPSK Transmitter
Fig39: Top module of QPSK Transmitter
Fig40: Internal module of QPSK Transmitter
Fig41: Technology Schematic of QPSK Transmitter
D) RTL Schematics of BPSK/QPSK Receiver
Fig42: Top module of QPSK Receiver
Fig43: Total Architecture of QPSK Receiver
ISBN : 978 - 1502851550
www.iaetsd.in
103

E) Synthesis Report of QPSK/BPSK Receiver
Fig 44: Comparison Table for BPSK/QPSK
Receiver
V.CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have implemented the
hardware design of the Spatial Modulation
MIMO Receiver with low complexity using
VLSI technology. It employs the Complex
number multiplication and Addition operations
between channel matrix and received signal
matrix. A novel high rate, low complexity
MIMO transmission scheme called Spatial
Modulation (SM) that utilizes the spatial
information in an innovative fashion has been
presented. It maps multiple information bits
into a single information symbol and into the
physical location of the single transmitting
antenna. The task of the receiver is to detect
the transmitted symbol and to estimate the
respective transmitting antenna. Spatial
modulation avoids ICI at the receiver input. In
addition, only one RF (radio frequency) chain
is required at the transmitter because at any
given time only one antenna transmits. Hence
the energy efficiency is achieved and the cost
of the transmitter is significantly reduced. The
Receiver of the SM-MIMO system has been
deigned, which computes complex number
multiplications with less amount of resources
and with low complexity and thereby achieved
high performance.
REFERENCES
[1] Caijun Zhong “Capacity and Performance
Analysis of Advance Multiple Antenna
Communication Systems”, London, March 2010.
[2] R.Mesleh and H.Haas, “ Spatial Modulation-A
New Low Complexity Spectral Efficiency
Enhancing Technique”, Communication and
Networking in China 2006. ChinaCom 06. First
International Conference on 25-27, Oct 2006.
[3] M. Di Renzo, Member, IEEE, H.Haas,
Member, IEEE, Ali Ghrayeb, senior Member,
IEEE, and Shinya Sugiura, senior member, IEEE,
“Spatial Modulation for generalized MIMO:
Challenges, opportunities and implementation.
[4] Y.Chau and S-H. Yu, “ Space modulation on
Wireless fading Channels,” Proc.IEEE VTC’2001,
vol.3, pp. 1668-1671, October 2001.
[5] H. Haas, E. Costa, and E. Schulz, “Increasing
Spectral Efficiency by Data Multiplexing Using
Antenna Arrays”, Proceedings of the International
Symposium on personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio
Communications (PIMRC 2002), vol. 2, pp.610-
613, September 15 – September 18 2002.
[6] R.Mesleh, H.Haas, Y.Lee, and S.Yun,
“Interchannel Interference Avoidance in MIMO
Transmission by Exploitng Spatial Information,”
Proceedings of the International Symposium on
Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio
Communications PIMRC 2005,September 11-
September 14, 2005
[7] J. Jeganathan, A.Ghrayeb and L.Szczecinski,
“Spatial modulation:Optimal detection and
performance analysis,” IEEE Commun.Lett.Vol.12,
no.8,pp.545-547, July 2009
[8] M.D.Renzo and H.Haas, “Performance
analysis of Spatial Modulation,” In Proc. Int. ICST
Conf.CHINACOM,Aug.2010,pp.1-7.
[9] Pritam Som and A.Chokalingam “A Spatial
Modulation and Space shift Keying in Single
Carrier Communication”, 2012 IEEE 23rd
International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and
Mobile Radio Communications – (PIMRC).
[10] Y.Chau and S-H.Yu, “Space modulation on
Wireless fading Channels”, Proc.IEEE
VTC’2001,vol.3,pp. 1668-1671, October 2001.
[11] Apple Inc., http://www.apple.com/ (current
July 09, 2008.
[12]dspLog-Signal Processing for communication,
www.dspLog.com
[12] G.Even and P.M. Seidel, “A comparison of
three rounding algorithms for IEEE floating-point
multiplication”, Technical Report EES 1998-8,EES
Dep., Tel-Aviv Univ.,1998.
http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/Utils/reportlist/reports
/repfram.html
[13] IEEE standard for binary floating arithmetic.
ANSI/IEEE 754-1985, New York, 1985.
Logic
Utilization
QPSK
Receiver
BPSK
Receiver
Number of
Slices 4353 8826
Number of 4
input LUTs 8630 17492
Number of
bonded IOBs 897 897
Number of
MULT
18X18SIOs
4 4
Number of
GCLKs 1 1
Combinational
Path delay
143.524ns
93.547ns
ISBN : 978 - 1502851550
www.iaetsd.in
104

Iaetsd vlsi implementation of spatial modulation receiver

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (19)

Similar to Iaetsd vlsi implementation of spatial modulation receiver

Similar to Iaetsd vlsi implementation of spatial modulation receiver (20)

More from Iaetsd Iaetsd

More from Iaetsd Iaetsd (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Iaetsd vlsi implementation of spatial modulation receiver