The proportional- integral-derivative (PID) control is the most used algorithm to regulate the armature current and speed of cascade Control system in motor drives. The controller uses two PID controllers. One PI controller is for speed control and second PID controller for current control in cascade structure. Inner loop is for the current control which is faster than the outer loop. Outer loop is for speed control. The output of the encoder is compared with a preset reference speed. The output of the PI controller is summed and is given as the input to the current controller.
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
Analysis of Induction Motor Speed Control Using SCADA Based Drive Operated Sy...IJSRD
This Paper represents the analysis of induction motor speed control using VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) system operated by PLC-SCADA system. The main aim of the paper is to dealt with the concept of speed control of a three-phase induction motor with energy saving. To do so, a VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) is used for controlling the speed of a three-phase induction motor with variable load attached to the motor. It certainly leads to the best performance and high efficiency of the induction motor. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) are two new systems to control a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) whose output is given to a three-phase induction motor and driving a conveyor belt. The conveyor belt has three sensors are inputs which senses a passing object and carries out the necessary instructions programmed in ladder logic programming of the PLC through the computer (PC). The SCADA software installed in the PC in turn enables the human operator to control the entire operation away from the plant and just by using the virtual inputs designated on his computer screen.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
Analysis of Induction Motor Speed Control Using SCADA Based Drive Operated Sy...IJSRD
This Paper represents the analysis of induction motor speed control using VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) system operated by PLC-SCADA system. The main aim of the paper is to dealt with the concept of speed control of a three-phase induction motor with energy saving. To do so, a VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) is used for controlling the speed of a three-phase induction motor with variable load attached to the motor. It certainly leads to the best performance and high efficiency of the induction motor. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) are two new systems to control a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) whose output is given to a three-phase induction motor and driving a conveyor belt. The conveyor belt has three sensors are inputs which senses a passing object and carries out the necessary instructions programmed in ladder logic programming of the PLC through the computer (PC). The SCADA software installed in the PC in turn enables the human operator to control the entire operation away from the plant and just by using the virtual inputs designated on his computer screen.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Development of an automatic subsea blowout preventer stack control system usi...ISA Interchange
An extremely reliable remote control system for subsea blowout preventer stack is developed based on the off-the-shelf triple modular redundancy system. To meet a high reliability requirement, various redundancy techniques such as controller redundancy, bus redundancy and network redundancy are used to design the system hardware architecture. The control logic, human–machine interface graphical design and redundant databases are developed by using the off-the-shelf software. A series of experiments were performed in laboratory to test the subsea blowout preventer stack control system. The results showed that the tested subsea blowout preventer functions could be executed successfully. For the faults of programmable logic controllers, discrete input groups and analog input groups, the control system could give correct alarms in the human–machine interface.
An opto isolator based linearization technique of a typical thyristor driven ...ISA Interchange
A thyristor driven pump is operated by varying the DC input signal in the firing circuit of thyristor drive. This operation suffers from difficulties due to the nonlinear relation between thyristor output and DC input. In the present paper, an opto-isolator based linearization technique of a typical thyristor driven pump has been proposed. The design, fabrication and the necessary circuit diagram along with theoretical explanations of the resultant output has been described. The operation of the linearized thyristor driven pump has been studied experimentally and the experimental data before and after linearization are reported. The characteristic graphs are found to have very good linearity.
Design of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Speed Regulation of BLDC motor using MATLABijsrd.com
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors drives are one of the electrical drives that are rapidly gaining popularity, due to their high efficiency, good dynamic response and low maintenance. The design and development of a BLDC motor drive for commercial applications is presented. The aim of paper is to design a simulation model of inverter fed PMBLDC motor with Fuzzy logic controller. Fuzzy logic controller is developed using fuzzy logic tool box which is available in Matlab. FIS editor used to create .FIS file which contains the Fuzzy Logic Membership function and Rule base. And membership functions of desired output. After creating .FIS file it is implemented in the Matlab Simulink. And the BLDC motor is run satisfactorily using the Fuzzy logic controller.
DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING ON-OFF CONTROLLER BY PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLERTridib Bose
This presentation consists the speed control of a dc motor using hardware (microcontroller) by changing the reference voltages logically and minimising errors.
Speed Control of Induction Motor Using PLC and SCADA SystemIJERA Editor
Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as
machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat-treating ovens, switching in telephone networks, steering and
stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some
processes have been completely automated. The motor speed is controlled via the driver as an open loop control.
To make a more precise closed loop control of motor speed we will use a tachometer to measure the speed and
feed it back to the PLC, which compares to the desired value and take a control action, then the signal is
transferred to the motor – via driver – to increase / decrease the speed. We will measure the speed of the motor
using an incremental rotary encoder by adjusting parameters (PLC, driver) and also we need to reduce the
overall cost of the system. Our control system will be held using the available Siemens PLC. In addition, we will
monitor motor parameters via SCADA system.
Design and development of programmable controller for air sampling machineeSAT Journals
Abstract A programmable Controller is designed and developed for time pedestal controlling of Air Sampling Machine. The major purpose of the designed system is to reduce filter damage of Air Sampling Machine. The main function of the controller is to automatically switching the Air Sampling Machine with predefined On-Off time interval for 24 hours operation. This is a low cost system which is designed using locally available components and user friendly. The controlling operation is maintained by ATMEL AT89C52 microcontroller. A programmable real time clock PCF8583 is used to produce timing control signal for automatic switching of the Air Sampling Machine. Control signals generated by real time clock operate opto-isolator and an electromechanical relay for switching the Air Sampling Machine. EEPROM (M24C64) is used to store necessary data. The instruction firmware for the designed controller has been developed in BASIC platform using BASCOM-8051 software. The designed system is functioning properly and serving the purpose of the design. Keywords: Programmable Controller, AT89C52 microcontroller, RTC, EEPROM, I2C Protocol, BASCOM-8051 IDE
Three-phase ac motors have been the workhorse of industry since the earliest days of electrical engineering. They are reliable, efficient, cost-effective and need little or no maintenance. In addition, ac motors such as induction and reluctance motors need no electrical connection to the rotor, so can easily be made flameproof for use in hazardous environments such as in mines.
In order to provide proper speed control of an ac motor, it is necessary to supply the motor with a three phase supply of which both the voltage and the frequency can be varied. Such a supply will create a variable speed rotating field in the stator that will allow the rotor to rotate at the required speed with low slip. This ac motor drive can efficiently provide full torque from zero speed to full speed, can overspeed if necessary, and can, by changing phase rotation, easily provide bi-directional operation of the motor. A drive with these characteristics is known as a PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) motor drive.
Drives and motors are an integral part of industrial equipment from packaging,robotics, computer numerical control (CNC), machine tools, industrial pumps,and fans. Designing next-generation drive systems to lower operating costs requires complex control algorithms at very low latencies as well as a flexibleplatform to support changing needs and the ability to design multiple-axis systems.
Traditional drive systems based on ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), and microcontroller units lack the performance and flexibility to address these needs. Altera’s family of FPGAs provides a scalable platform that can be used to offload control algorithm elements in hardware. You may also integrate the whole drive system with industry-proven processor architectures while supporting multipletypes of encoders and industrial Ethernet protocols. This “drive on a chip” system reduces cost and simplifies development.
The main objective of this project is controlling speed of BLDC motors with the help of microcontroller. To make the industry automation the equipment and machineries should be controlled automatically. So control of the machineries which involving this motor can be done accurately. It displays its speed using an IR method of speed sensor mechanism.
Introduction of Programmable Logic Controller to Electric Overhead Travelling...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, we are using PLC programmes to control the crane movement. The application of PLC could simplify circuits and make the design easier, safer and more reliable. Earlier in Industry, relays and contactors are adopted to control the crane motion in desired directions. Starting of the cranes and speed control of the crane is realized through convectional starters and resistance series. This kind of design has low reliability, complex operation, high electrical failure rate, power waste and low efficiency .These problems can be rectified by using programmable logic controller.
Joint control of a robotic arm using particle swarm optimization based H2/H∞ ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes a small structure of robust controller to control robotic arm’s joints where exist some uncertainties and unmodelled dynamics. Robotic arm is widely used now in the era of Industry 4.0. Nevertheless, the cost for an industry to migrate from a conventional automatic machine to industrial robot still very high. This become a significant challenge to middle or small size industry. Development of a low cost industrial robotic arm can be one of good solutions for them. However, a low-cost manipulator can bring more uncertainties. There might be exist more unmodelled dynamic in a low-cost system. A good controller to overcome such uncertainties and unmodelled dynamics is robust controller. A low-cost robotic arm might use small or medium size embedded controller such as Arduino. Therefore, the control algorithm should be a small order of controller. The synthesized controller was tested using MATLAB and then implemented on the real hardware to control a robotic manipulator. Both the simulation and the experiment showed that the proposed controller performed satisfactory results. It can control the joint position to the desired position even in the presence of uncertainties such as unmodelled dynamics and variation of loads or manipulator poses.
AC Induction motor (IM) are used as actuators in many industrial processes. Although IMs are reliable, they are subjected to some undesirable stresses, causing faults resulting in failure. Monitoring of an IM is a fast emerging technology for the detection of initial faults. It avoids unexpected failure of an industrial process. Monitoring techniques can be classified as the conventional and the digital techniques.
1.1 PROTECTION SCHEME OF INDUCTION MOTOR
Classical monitoring techniques for three-phase IMs are generally provided by some combination of mechanical and electrical monitoring equipment. Mechanical forms of motor sensing are also limited in ability to detect electrical faults, such as stator insulation failures. In addition, the mechanical parts of the equipment can cause problems in the course of operation and can reduce the life and efficiency of a system.
It is well known that IM monitoring has been studied by many researchers and reviewed in a number of works. Reviews about various stator faults and their causes, and detection techniques, latest trends, and diagnosis methods supported by the artificial intelligence, the microprocessor, the computer and other techniques in monitoring unbalanced voltage inter turn faults, stator winding temperature and microcontroller based digital protectors have been recently studied subjects. In these, while one or two variables were considered together to protect the IMs, the variables of the motor were not considered altogether. Measurements of the voltages, currents, temperatures, and speed were achieved and transferred to the computer for final protection decision.
A programmable integrated circuit (PIC) based protection system has been introduced using Microprocessors and the solutions of various faults of the phase currents, the phase voltages, the speed, and the winding temperatures of an IM occurring in operation have been achieved with the help of the microcontroller, but these electrical parameters have not been displayed on a screen.
Nowadays, the most widely used area of programmable logic controller (PLC) is the control circuits of industrial automation systems. The PLC systems are equipped with special I/O units appropriate for direct usage in industrial automation systems. The input components, such as the pressure, the level, and the temperature sensors, can be directly connected to the input. The driver components of the control circuit such as contactors and solenoid valves can directly be connected to the output.
Simulation DC Motor Speed Control System by using PID Controllerijtsrd
Speed control system is the most common control algorithm used in industry and has been universally accepted in industrial control. One of the applications used here is to control the speed of the DC motor. Controlling the speed of a DC motor is very important as any small change can lead to instability of the closed loop system. The aim of this thesis is to show how DC motor can be controlled by using PID controller in MATLAB. The development of the PID controller with the mathematical model of DC motor is done using automatic tuning method. The PID parameter is to be test with an actual motor also with the PID controller in MATLAB Simulink. In this paper describe the results to demonstrate the effectiveness and the proposed of this PID controller produce significant improvement control performance and advantages of the control system DC motor. Mrs Khin Ei Ei Khine | Mrs Win Mote Mote Htwe | Mrs Yin Yin Mon ""Simulation DC Motor Speed Control System by using PID Controller"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25114.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/25114/simulation-dc-motor-speed-control-system-by-using-pid-controller/mrs-khin-ei-ei-khine
Self-Tuning Fuzzy PID Design for BLDC Speed ControlGRD Journals
Brushless DC motor is an electrical motor has high efficiency and torque, long life, cheap maintenance, but it is a nonlinear so complicated in controlling its speed. The popular control system used is PID control. Many ways of determining PID parameters, but because of BLDC motors have non-linear properties so need the intelligent control techniques in setting up PID parameters. In this paper, a self-tuning fuzzy PID control system embedded in ATMega 16 microcontroller to control the speed of BLDC motor adaptively. The results of self-tuning controller PID with fuzzy logic for fixed speed reference at variation speed 1000-2500 RPM has a good transient response parameter value. On the reference up and down the controller is able to adjust the speed change adaptively. The test of momentary disturbance shows the speed is decreasing about 1 second and can back to set point quickly.
Citation: Sumardi, Diponegoro University; Wahyudi ,Diponegoro University; Ajub Ajulian ,Diponegoro University; Bambang Winardi ,Diponegoro University; Mega Rosaliana ,Diponegoro University. "Self-Tuning Fuzzy PID Design for BLDC Speed Control." Global Research and Development Journal For Engineering 34 2018: 4 - 11.
Development of an automatic subsea blowout preventer stack control system usi...ISA Interchange
An extremely reliable remote control system for subsea blowout preventer stack is developed based on the off-the-shelf triple modular redundancy system. To meet a high reliability requirement, various redundancy techniques such as controller redundancy, bus redundancy and network redundancy are used to design the system hardware architecture. The control logic, human–machine interface graphical design and redundant databases are developed by using the off-the-shelf software. A series of experiments were performed in laboratory to test the subsea blowout preventer stack control system. The results showed that the tested subsea blowout preventer functions could be executed successfully. For the faults of programmable logic controllers, discrete input groups and analog input groups, the control system could give correct alarms in the human–machine interface.
An opto isolator based linearization technique of a typical thyristor driven ...ISA Interchange
A thyristor driven pump is operated by varying the DC input signal in the firing circuit of thyristor drive. This operation suffers from difficulties due to the nonlinear relation between thyristor output and DC input. In the present paper, an opto-isolator based linearization technique of a typical thyristor driven pump has been proposed. The design, fabrication and the necessary circuit diagram along with theoretical explanations of the resultant output has been described. The operation of the linearized thyristor driven pump has been studied experimentally and the experimental data before and after linearization are reported. The characteristic graphs are found to have very good linearity.
Design of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Speed Regulation of BLDC motor using MATLABijsrd.com
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors drives are one of the electrical drives that are rapidly gaining popularity, due to their high efficiency, good dynamic response and low maintenance. The design and development of a BLDC motor drive for commercial applications is presented. The aim of paper is to design a simulation model of inverter fed PMBLDC motor with Fuzzy logic controller. Fuzzy logic controller is developed using fuzzy logic tool box which is available in Matlab. FIS editor used to create .FIS file which contains the Fuzzy Logic Membership function and Rule base. And membership functions of desired output. After creating .FIS file it is implemented in the Matlab Simulink. And the BLDC motor is run satisfactorily using the Fuzzy logic controller.
DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING ON-OFF CONTROLLER BY PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLERTridib Bose
This presentation consists the speed control of a dc motor using hardware (microcontroller) by changing the reference voltages logically and minimising errors.
Speed Control of Induction Motor Using PLC and SCADA SystemIJERA Editor
Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as
machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat-treating ovens, switching in telephone networks, steering and
stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some
processes have been completely automated. The motor speed is controlled via the driver as an open loop control.
To make a more precise closed loop control of motor speed we will use a tachometer to measure the speed and
feed it back to the PLC, which compares to the desired value and take a control action, then the signal is
transferred to the motor – via driver – to increase / decrease the speed. We will measure the speed of the motor
using an incremental rotary encoder by adjusting parameters (PLC, driver) and also we need to reduce the
overall cost of the system. Our control system will be held using the available Siemens PLC. In addition, we will
monitor motor parameters via SCADA system.
Design and development of programmable controller for air sampling machineeSAT Journals
Abstract A programmable Controller is designed and developed for time pedestal controlling of Air Sampling Machine. The major purpose of the designed system is to reduce filter damage of Air Sampling Machine. The main function of the controller is to automatically switching the Air Sampling Machine with predefined On-Off time interval for 24 hours operation. This is a low cost system which is designed using locally available components and user friendly. The controlling operation is maintained by ATMEL AT89C52 microcontroller. A programmable real time clock PCF8583 is used to produce timing control signal for automatic switching of the Air Sampling Machine. Control signals generated by real time clock operate opto-isolator and an electromechanical relay for switching the Air Sampling Machine. EEPROM (M24C64) is used to store necessary data. The instruction firmware for the designed controller has been developed in BASIC platform using BASCOM-8051 software. The designed system is functioning properly and serving the purpose of the design. Keywords: Programmable Controller, AT89C52 microcontroller, RTC, EEPROM, I2C Protocol, BASCOM-8051 IDE
Three-phase ac motors have been the workhorse of industry since the earliest days of electrical engineering. They are reliable, efficient, cost-effective and need little or no maintenance. In addition, ac motors such as induction and reluctance motors need no electrical connection to the rotor, so can easily be made flameproof for use in hazardous environments such as in mines.
In order to provide proper speed control of an ac motor, it is necessary to supply the motor with a three phase supply of which both the voltage and the frequency can be varied. Such a supply will create a variable speed rotating field in the stator that will allow the rotor to rotate at the required speed with low slip. This ac motor drive can efficiently provide full torque from zero speed to full speed, can overspeed if necessary, and can, by changing phase rotation, easily provide bi-directional operation of the motor. A drive with these characteristics is known as a PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) motor drive.
Drives and motors are an integral part of industrial equipment from packaging,robotics, computer numerical control (CNC), machine tools, industrial pumps,and fans. Designing next-generation drive systems to lower operating costs requires complex control algorithms at very low latencies as well as a flexibleplatform to support changing needs and the ability to design multiple-axis systems.
Traditional drive systems based on ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), and microcontroller units lack the performance and flexibility to address these needs. Altera’s family of FPGAs provides a scalable platform that can be used to offload control algorithm elements in hardware. You may also integrate the whole drive system with industry-proven processor architectures while supporting multipletypes of encoders and industrial Ethernet protocols. This “drive on a chip” system reduces cost and simplifies development.
The main objective of this project is controlling speed of BLDC motors with the help of microcontroller. To make the industry automation the equipment and machineries should be controlled automatically. So control of the machineries which involving this motor can be done accurately. It displays its speed using an IR method of speed sensor mechanism.
Introduction of Programmable Logic Controller to Electric Overhead Travelling...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, we are using PLC programmes to control the crane movement. The application of PLC could simplify circuits and make the design easier, safer and more reliable. Earlier in Industry, relays and contactors are adopted to control the crane motion in desired directions. Starting of the cranes and speed control of the crane is realized through convectional starters and resistance series. This kind of design has low reliability, complex operation, high electrical failure rate, power waste and low efficiency .These problems can be rectified by using programmable logic controller.
Joint control of a robotic arm using particle swarm optimization based H2/H∞ ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes a small structure of robust controller to control robotic arm’s joints where exist some uncertainties and unmodelled dynamics. Robotic arm is widely used now in the era of Industry 4.0. Nevertheless, the cost for an industry to migrate from a conventional automatic machine to industrial robot still very high. This become a significant challenge to middle or small size industry. Development of a low cost industrial robotic arm can be one of good solutions for them. However, a low-cost manipulator can bring more uncertainties. There might be exist more unmodelled dynamic in a low-cost system. A good controller to overcome such uncertainties and unmodelled dynamics is robust controller. A low-cost robotic arm might use small or medium size embedded controller such as Arduino. Therefore, the control algorithm should be a small order of controller. The synthesized controller was tested using MATLAB and then implemented on the real hardware to control a robotic manipulator. Both the simulation and the experiment showed that the proposed controller performed satisfactory results. It can control the joint position to the desired position even in the presence of uncertainties such as unmodelled dynamics and variation of loads or manipulator poses.
AC Induction motor (IM) are used as actuators in many industrial processes. Although IMs are reliable, they are subjected to some undesirable stresses, causing faults resulting in failure. Monitoring of an IM is a fast emerging technology for the detection of initial faults. It avoids unexpected failure of an industrial process. Monitoring techniques can be classified as the conventional and the digital techniques.
1.1 PROTECTION SCHEME OF INDUCTION MOTOR
Classical monitoring techniques for three-phase IMs are generally provided by some combination of mechanical and electrical monitoring equipment. Mechanical forms of motor sensing are also limited in ability to detect electrical faults, such as stator insulation failures. In addition, the mechanical parts of the equipment can cause problems in the course of operation and can reduce the life and efficiency of a system.
It is well known that IM monitoring has been studied by many researchers and reviewed in a number of works. Reviews about various stator faults and their causes, and detection techniques, latest trends, and diagnosis methods supported by the artificial intelligence, the microprocessor, the computer and other techniques in monitoring unbalanced voltage inter turn faults, stator winding temperature and microcontroller based digital protectors have been recently studied subjects. In these, while one or two variables were considered together to protect the IMs, the variables of the motor were not considered altogether. Measurements of the voltages, currents, temperatures, and speed were achieved and transferred to the computer for final protection decision.
A programmable integrated circuit (PIC) based protection system has been introduced using Microprocessors and the solutions of various faults of the phase currents, the phase voltages, the speed, and the winding temperatures of an IM occurring in operation have been achieved with the help of the microcontroller, but these electrical parameters have not been displayed on a screen.
Nowadays, the most widely used area of programmable logic controller (PLC) is the control circuits of industrial automation systems. The PLC systems are equipped with special I/O units appropriate for direct usage in industrial automation systems. The input components, such as the pressure, the level, and the temperature sensors, can be directly connected to the input. The driver components of the control circuit such as contactors and solenoid valves can directly be connected to the output.
Simulation DC Motor Speed Control System by using PID Controllerijtsrd
Speed control system is the most common control algorithm used in industry and has been universally accepted in industrial control. One of the applications used here is to control the speed of the DC motor. Controlling the speed of a DC motor is very important as any small change can lead to instability of the closed loop system. The aim of this thesis is to show how DC motor can be controlled by using PID controller in MATLAB. The development of the PID controller with the mathematical model of DC motor is done using automatic tuning method. The PID parameter is to be test with an actual motor also with the PID controller in MATLAB Simulink. In this paper describe the results to demonstrate the effectiveness and the proposed of this PID controller produce significant improvement control performance and advantages of the control system DC motor. Mrs Khin Ei Ei Khine | Mrs Win Mote Mote Htwe | Mrs Yin Yin Mon ""Simulation DC Motor Speed Control System by using PID Controller"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25114.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/25114/simulation-dc-motor-speed-control-system-by-using-pid-controller/mrs-khin-ei-ei-khine
Self-Tuning Fuzzy PID Design for BLDC Speed ControlGRD Journals
Brushless DC motor is an electrical motor has high efficiency and torque, long life, cheap maintenance, but it is a nonlinear so complicated in controlling its speed. The popular control system used is PID control. Many ways of determining PID parameters, but because of BLDC motors have non-linear properties so need the intelligent control techniques in setting up PID parameters. In this paper, a self-tuning fuzzy PID control system embedded in ATMega 16 microcontroller to control the speed of BLDC motor adaptively. The results of self-tuning controller PID with fuzzy logic for fixed speed reference at variation speed 1000-2500 RPM has a good transient response parameter value. On the reference up and down the controller is able to adjust the speed change adaptively. The test of momentary disturbance shows the speed is decreasing about 1 second and can back to set point quickly.
Citation: Sumardi, Diponegoro University; Wahyudi ,Diponegoro University; Ajub Ajulian ,Diponegoro University; Bambang Winardi ,Diponegoro University; Mega Rosaliana ,Diponegoro University. "Self-Tuning Fuzzy PID Design for BLDC Speed Control." Global Research and Development Journal For Engineering 34 2018: 4 - 11.
Camera Movement Control using PID Controller in LabVIEWijtsrd
The aim of this system is to show how position of the dc motor can be controlled by using PID algorithm in LabVIEW for camera movement. Arduino microcontroller board is used to control the DC motor. L298N dual H Bridge motor driver is used to drive the DC motor and to execute the pulse width modulation PWM signal. Proportional Integral Derivative PID is the most common control algorithm used in industrial applications and other control system. DC motor will be interfaced with LabVIEW using an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The position of the DC motor will be set by creating a Graphic User Interface GUI in LabVIEW. LabVIEW GUI sends serial command to the microcontroller for driving PWM pins of the DC motor . DC motor will move by the user in LabVIEW for position control. The output is sent back to the PID controller in Uno microcontroller. PID compares the actual position of the DC motor with the desired position. In this system, PID controller is used to reduce the error and rotate the motor to the set point value for the camera movement control. Than Myint Kyi | Kyaw Zin Latt "Camera Movement Control using PID Controller in LabVIEW" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26397.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26397/camera-movement-control-using-pid-controller-in-labview/than-myint-kyi
FOUR QUADRANT SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLERJournal For Research
Speed control of a machine is the most vital and important part in any industrial organization. This paper is designed to develop a four quadrant speed control system for a DC motor using microcontroller. The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake. It also has a feature of speed control. The four quadrant operation of the dc motor is best suited for industries where motors are used and as per requirement they can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise and also apply brakes immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific operation in industrial environment, the motor needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario, this proposed system is very apt as forward brake and reverse brake are its integral features. Instantaneous brake in both the directions happens as a result of applying a reverse voltage across the running motor for a brief period and the speed control of the motor can be achieved with the PWM pulses generated by the microcontroller. The microcontroller used in this project is from 8051 family. Push buttons are provided for the operation of the motor which are interfaced to the microcontroller that provides an input signal to it and controls the speed of the motor through a motor driver IC. The speed and direction of DC motor has been observed on digital CRO. Microcontroller programming has been written in assembly language by using notepad and it has been converted in hex file by using micro vision Kiel. The burning of programming in the 8051 microcontroller chip has been done by using positron boot loader software.
This paper presents an enhanced nonlinear PID (NPID) controller to follow a preselected speed profile of brushless DC motor drive system. This objective should be achieved regardless the parameter variations, and external disturbances. The performance of enhanced NPID controller will be investigated by comparing it with linear PID control and fractional order PID (FOPID) control. These controllers are tested for both speed regulation and speed tracking. The optimal parameters values of each control technique were obtained using Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on a certain cost function. Results shows that the proposed NPID controller has better performance among other techniques (PID and FOPID controller).
Embedded intelligent adaptive PI controller for an electromechanical systemISA Interchange
In this study, an intelligent adaptive controller approach using the interval type-2 fuzzy neural network (IT2FNN) is presented. The proposed controller consists of a lower level proportional - integral (PI) controller, which is the main controller and an upper level IT2FNN which tuning on-line the parameters of a PI controller. The proposed adaptive PI controller based on IT2FNN (API-IT2FNN) is implemented practically using the Arduino DUE kit for controlling the speed of a nonlinear DC motor-generator system. The parameters of the IT2FNN are tuned on-line using back-propagation algorithm. The Lyapunov theorem is used to derive the stability and convergence of the IT2FNN. The obtained experimental results, which are compared with other controllers, demonstrate that the proposed API-IT2FNN is able to improve the system response over a wide range of system uncertainties.
A Flexible Closed Loop PMDC Motor Speed Control System for Precise PositioningWaqas Tariq
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Reviews of Cascade Control of Dc Motor with Advance Controller
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 5, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1121
Abstract-- The proportional- integral-derivative (PID)
control is the most used algorithm to regulate the armature
current and speed of cascade Control system in motor
drives. The controller uses two PID controllers. One PI
controller is for speed control and second PID controller for
current control in cascade structure. Inner loop is for the
current control which is faster than the outer loop. Outer
loop is for speed control. The output of the encoder is
compared with a preset reference speed. The output of the PI
controller is summed and is given as the input to the current
controller.
Keywords: DC motor, encoder, cascade control, speed
control, current control, PI controller and PID controller,
PIC18F microcontroller.
I. INTRODUCTION
Brushed DC Motors have been widely used in many
industrial applications such as electric vehicles, steel rolling
mills, electric cranes, and robotic manipulators due to
precise, wide, simple, and continuous control characteristics.
Small DC motors (in fractional power rating) are used in
control devices such as encoder for speed sensing and
servomotors for positioning. [4]
In this type of control there are two control loops, inner one
for controlling current and outer one for speed control. In
cascade control, two proportional-integral-derivative (PID)
controllers are used, which removes the delay and provides
fast control.
Fig. 1: Permanent magnet brushed dc motor
In this paper, section-1 is the fundamentals of the DC motor.
In section-2, cascade PID structure is explained. In section-
3, papers reviews are shown. In section-4, future scope is
explained and given the conclusion.
II. FUNDAMENTALS OF DC MOTOR
DC motor transfer function can be obtained by the following
equations
The armature circuit equation is:
(t)= +e (1)
Where
(t) is the armature voltage, e is the back EMF, is the
armature current, and are the armature resistance and
armature inductance respectively.[4]
The back EMF can be written as
e= (2)
Where
is a constant for the machine and w is the angular speed
of rotation.
The equation of mechanical part is:
(3)
Where J is the moment of inertia, b is the viscous friction
coefficient.
Developed torque is:
(4)
Taking Laplace transform of all forgoing equations assume
zero initial conditions for all variables, the DC motor
transfer function can be obtained as[4]
G ( ) ( )
(5)
So, DC motor is second order system. When there are no
parameters specifications of the system, system
identification is used to build mathematical modeling of the
dynamic system based on measured data. Overall system is
represented in block diagram form as shown in Figure-2, In
which voltage signal Va is applied to electrical system and
then by multiplying with K1-back emf, torque-T will go to
mechanical system. W is the output speed which is
measured by K2- speed sensor and then go back to the
reference signal.
-
Fig. 2: DC motor block diagram
III. CASCADE CONTROL STRUCTURE
In a cascade control system there is one or more control
loops inside the primary loop, and the controllers are in
cascade The (first) loop inside the primary loop is called the
secondary loop, and the controller in this loop is called the
secondary controller (or slave controller). The outer loop is
called the primary loop, and the controller in this loop is
called the primary controller (or master-controller). The
control signal calculated by the primary controller is the set
point of the secondary controller. The purpose of the
Reviews of Cascade Control of Dc Motor with Advance Controller
Bhavina Rathod1
1
PG Student, Applied Instrumentation
1
L. D. College of Engineering, Gujarat, India
T(s)
1
Electrical
system
K
1
Mechanical
system
𝑘 𝑡
𝑘
K2
W(s)
+
Va(s) Ia(s)
2. Reviews of Cascade Control of Dc Motor with Advance Controller
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/021)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1122
secondary loop is to compensate quickly for the disturbance
so that its response in the primary output variable of the
process is small. For this the secondary loop must have
register the disturbance. Cascade control can give
substantial compensation improvement. Cascade control can
also give improved tracking of a varying set point, but only
if the secondary loop has faster dynamics than the second
process.
IV. LITERATURE REVIEWS
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control is the best-
known controller in industries. PID offers simple structure
as well as robust performance for the dc motor system. PI
controller is always been compared to PID and PD
controller. PI controller is suited for dominant dead time
where constant>dead time and PID controller is suited for
dominant time constant and no noise from the transmitter.
Derivative, D is used when the loop has low noise and to
increase the stability. If the loop contains high noise, D will
increase the noise in high frequency and make the output
jittery. D is not suitable for pure dead time process. It will
cause the loop to become unstable.
From reference paper-3, it concludes that cascade PID is
better than single PID speed control. In paper-1&2, there is
used Anti-windup PID with limiter for current peak control
application and elimination of integral error in PI speed
control application. In paper-4 the PI current controller is
replaced by IMC-tuned PID controller to eliminate the
overshoot in current loop and then the overshoot in speed
loop.
In most applications improved compensation — not
improved tracking — is the main purpose of cascade
control.
Cascade PID is tuned as follow:
1. First the secondary controller is tuned, with the
primary controller in manual mode.
2. Then the primary controller is tuned, the secondary
controller in automatic mode.
There are so many methods available to find the PID
parameters. The P, I & D parameters can be found by using
relay feedback technique connected with system. By using
this we can calculate the ultimate time (Pu) and Ultimate
gain (Ku) from oscillations of output waveforms, then using
Z-N technique Kp, Ki, & Kd is found. Thus controller is
tuned for that system.[3] Finding the value of relay
amplitude (d) and output amplitude (a), we will get the
ultimate gain by computing these values in the following
equation
= (8)
V. FUTURE SCOPE
Cascade PID control will be used by making two loops,
inner for current control which is as secondary loop with
secondary PID type controller and outer one is for speed
control as the primary loop with master PID type controller
as shown in the figure-3. First current loop will be
controlled and find the PID parameters and then speed loop
will be controlled by making automatic current control loop.
Implementation of the cascade PID controller on the PIC18F
Fig. 3: Cascade control of the system
Microcontroller is as shown in figure-4. In that encoder
gives the PWM signals from the DC motor and send the
digital signals to microcontroller. Microcontroller gives the
low level digital signal (5V) which is converted by isolator
in high level digital signal (12V) sufficient for DC motor.
System implementation requires the basic equipments:
isolator, RS-232 USB driver, power supply.
Digital code low level code high level code
Figure 4: Implementation of the system
PID algorithm will be developed in PIC18F 2431
microcontroller.
PIC18F microcontroller has good features for dc motor
speed control. It includes:
1. 14-bit Power Control PWM Module
2. Motion Feedback Module
1.Three independent input capture channels:
2.Flexible operating modes for period and Pulse
3.Width measurement
4.Special Hall Sensor interface module
5.Special event trigger output to other modules
6.Quadrature Encoder Interface:
7.2 phase inputs and one index input from
encoder
8.High and low position tracking with direction
9.status and change of direction interrupt
10.Velocity measurement
3. High-Speed, 200 Ksps 10-bit A/D Converter
4. Flexible Oscillator Structure
5. Two Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) modules
6. Enhanced USART module
7. Flash/data EEPROM.[10]
For interfacing, L298 chip as dc motor isolator is used. It is
a high voltage, high current dual full-bridge driver designed
to accept standard TTL logic levels and drive inductive
loads such as relays, solenoids, DC and stepping motors.
Two enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the
device independently of the input signals. [11]
SPEED
CONTR
OLLER
CURR
ENT
CONT
ROLL
ER
INN
ER
SYS
TEM
EXT
ERN
AL
SYS
TEM
Y u
u
1
y
2
y
INNER
LOOP
ENCODE
R
INTERFACING
CIRCUIT
DC
MOTOR
MICRO
CONTROLLE
R
3. Reviews of Cascade Control of Dc Motor with Advance Controller
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/021)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1123
VI. CONCLUSION
PID control method is accurate for output control with
disturbance rejection but it will give rise to produce high
starting current which can be dangerous for control circuitry
or motor for high capacity motor operation, while cascade
control method will give best set point tracking (Servo
response) and disturbance rejection (regulation) with
reduced starting current, which can be used for low as well
as high capacity motors. In cascade structure, for better
improvement tune the PID controller in good manner such
that it will give robust response in speed and current loop.
Implementation of PID control algorithm will make on
PIC18F microcontroller.
REFERENCES
[1] M.Nizam.Kamarudin and Sahazati Md.Rozali,
―Simulink Implementation of Digital Cascade control
DC motor model – A didactic Approach,2008‖ 2nd
International conference power and energy(PECon08)
December 1-3.
[2] Anirban Ghoshal and Vinod John, ―Anti-windup
Schemes for Proportional Integral and Proportional
Resonant Controller,2010‖ NATIONAL POWER
ELECTRONIC CONFERENCE.
[3] Lalit S. Patel, K.C.Dave. ―Cascade control Technique
for D.C.Motor Speed Control, 2011‖ International
Conference on Science and Engineering.
[4] Ibrahim K., Rateb Issa. ―Overshoot Elimination in
Cascade Control of Separately Excited DC Motors,
2012‖ European Journal of Scientific Research,
pp.98-104
[5] Mehmet AKAR, Mahmut HEKIM, Ismail TEMIZ,
Zafer DOGAN. ―The Speed and Torque Control of
Direct Current Servo Motors by using Cascade Fuzzy
PI Controller, 2012‖
[6] C. Agees Kumar, N. Kesavan Nair. ―Multi Objective
Cascade Control System Design for Speed Control of
Permanent Magnet DC Motor Drives,2012‖ European
Journal of Scientific Research
[7] Mohd Azri Bin Abd Mutalib. ―Speed control of DC
motor using PI Controller‖,2008.
[8] A.Purna Chandra Rao,Y. P. Obulesu, CH. Sai babu
―Robust internal model control strategy based pid
controller for bldcm,2010‖ International Journal of
Engineering Science and Technology.
[9] W.L. Soong. ―DC Machines : Parameter
Measurement
and Performance Prediction,2008‖ Power
Engineering Briefing Note Series.
[10] Microchip, PIC18F2331/2431/4331/4431Data Sheet.
[11] WWW.ALLDATASHEET.COM, L298, DUAL
FULL-BRIDGE DRIVER.
[12] USB MAX-232 datasheet.