Relations among states take place in the absence of a world government. For realists, this means that the international system is anarchical. International relations are best understood by focusing on the distribution of power among states. Despite their formal legal equality, the uneven distribution of power means that the arena of international relations is a form of ‘power politics’. Power is hard to measure; its distribution among states changes over time and there is no consensus among states about how it should be distributed. International relations is therefore a realm of necessity (states must seek power to survive in a competitive environment) and continuity over time. When realists contemplate change in the international system, they focus on changes in the balance of power among states, and tend to discount the possibility of fundamental change in the dynamics of the system itself.
The following key thinkers all subscribe to these basic assumptions in their explorations of the following questions:
(1) What are the main sources of stability and instability in the international system?
(2) What is the actual and preferred balance of power among states?
(3) How should the great powers behave toward one another and toward weaker states?
(4) What are the sources and dynamics of contemporary changes in the balance of power?
Despite some shared assumptions about the nature of international relations, realists are not all of one voice in answering these questions, and it would be wrong to believe that shared assumptions lead to similar conclusions among them. In fact, there is sharp disagreement over the relative merits of particular balances of power (unipolarity, bipolarity and multipolarity). There is also much debate over the causal relationship between states and the international pressures upon them, and the relative importance of different kinds of power in contemporary international relations.
Relations among states take place in the absence of a world government. For realists, this means that the international system is anarchical. International relations are best understood by focusing on the distribution of power among states. Despite their formal legal equality, the uneven distribution of power means that the arena of international relations is a form of ‘power politics’. Power is hard to measure; its distribution among states changes over time and there is no consensus among states about how it should be distributed. International relations is therefore a realm of necessity (states must seek power to survive in a competitive environment) and continuity over time. When realists contemplate change in the international system, they focus on changes in the balance of power among states, and tend to discount the possibility of fundamental change in the dynamics of the system itself.
The following key thinkers all subscribe to these basic assumptions in their explorations of the following questions:
(1) What are the main sources of stability and instability in the international system?
(2) What is the actual and preferred balance of power among states?
(3) How should the great powers behave toward one another and toward weaker states?
(4) What are the sources and dynamics of contemporary changes in the balance of power?
Despite some shared assumptions about the nature of international relations, realists are not all of one voice in answering these questions, and it would be wrong to believe that shared assumptions lead to similar conclusions among them. In fact, there is sharp disagreement over the relative merits of particular balances of power (unipolarity, bipolarity and multipolarity). There is also much debate over the causal relationship between states and the international pressures upon them, and the relative importance of different kinds of power in contemporary international relations.
62 slides on causes of World War 2: the treaty of Versailles, the 29 Crash and Nazism. The presentation ended with the invasion of Poland. By Alex Liese and me.
Coercive diplomacy is the diplomacy of threats. Rather than relying on negotiation, diplomats will sometimes threaten adverse consequences if a demand is not met. Sometimes this works; at other times, it does not.
Factors that influence the success of coercive diplomacy are similar to the factors that influence the success of other types of threats: the threat must be credible, the adverse consequence must be severe enough that the potential recipient really wants to avoid that outcome, and the demand must be clear and possible to meet. Even when these factors are present however, coercive diplomacy is risky. As with other threats, it tends further damage relationships and lead to a potential backlash against the threat and/or the threatening country later on. Backlash can, at times, be limited if the threat is combined with more integrative or exchange-based approaches. If rewards for compliance are offered in addition to the threat for non-compliance, the chances of success may be greater; also if the threat is seen to be legitimate, the chances of success may also rise.
This was one of my most recent powerpoint presentation. I worked in a small group with 2 other partners. The presentation lasted 1 hour followed by a group discussion.
62 slides on causes of World War 2: the treaty of Versailles, the 29 Crash and Nazism. The presentation ended with the invasion of Poland. By Alex Liese and me.
Coercive diplomacy is the diplomacy of threats. Rather than relying on negotiation, diplomats will sometimes threaten adverse consequences if a demand is not met. Sometimes this works; at other times, it does not.
Factors that influence the success of coercive diplomacy are similar to the factors that influence the success of other types of threats: the threat must be credible, the adverse consequence must be severe enough that the potential recipient really wants to avoid that outcome, and the demand must be clear and possible to meet. Even when these factors are present however, coercive diplomacy is risky. As with other threats, it tends further damage relationships and lead to a potential backlash against the threat and/or the threatening country later on. Backlash can, at times, be limited if the threat is combined with more integrative or exchange-based approaches. If rewards for compliance are offered in addition to the threat for non-compliance, the chances of success may be greater; also if the threat is seen to be legitimate, the chances of success may also rise.
This was one of my most recent powerpoint presentation. I worked in a small group with 2 other partners. The presentation lasted 1 hour followed by a group discussion.
U.S Foreign Policy in Latin America and the CaribbeanEdice Pachikerl
This powerpoint will give you an idea of how the U.S negotiate diplomatically with the Caribbean countries. Also, it will be talking about how the U.S affected many countries in Central America to the point beyond its recovery. It unveils many terrible regimes and atrocities Caribbean countries had to go through at that time.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1. CHAPTER 17
Foreign Affairs and National Security
• What is foreign policy?
• What is the difference between isolationism and
internationalism?
• How does the Department of State function?
• How do the Department of Defense and the military
departments function?
2. CHAPTER 17
Isolationism to Internationalism
• For more than 150 years, the American people were
chiefly interested in domestic affairs, or what was
happening at home.
• Foreign affairs, or the nation’s relationships with
other countries, were of little or no concern.
• Isolationism, the purposeful refusal to become
generally involved in the affairs of the rest of the
world, was American policy during this time.
• Since World War II, however, U.S. policy has
featured a broadening of American involvement in
global affairs.
3. CHAPTER 17
Foreign Policy Defined
• A nation’s foreign policy is made up of all the stands
and actions that a nation takes in every aspect of its
relationships with other countries.
• The President, the nation’s chief diplomat and
commander in chief of its armed forces, has
traditionally carried the major responsibility for both
the making and conduct of foreign policy.
4. CHAPTER 17
The State Department
• The State Department is headed by the secretary of state, who ranks
first among the members of the President’s Cabinet.
• An ambassador is a personal representative appointed by the
President to represent the nation in a foreign country in matters of
diplomacy.
• The State Department issues passports, certificates issued to citizens
who travel or live abroad.
• Diplomatic immunity is usually applied to ambassadors and means that
they are not subject to the laws of state to which they are accredited.
5. CHAPTER 17
The Defense Department
This chart shows the chain of command of the American military services.
6. CHAPTER 17
The Military Departments
The Department of the Army
• The army is the largest and the oldest of the armed services.
• The army consists of standing troops, or the Regular Army, and its
reserve units—the Army National Guard and Army Reserve.
The Department of the Navy
• The navy’s major responsibilities are for sea warfare and defense.
• The U.S. Marine Corps, a combat-ready land force, are under the
auspices of navy command.
The Department of the Air Forces
• The air force is the youngest branch of the armed services.
• The air force’s main responsibility is to serve as the nation’s first line of
defense.
7. CHAPTER 17
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Section 1 Assessment
1. United States foreign policy might consist of any of the following EXCEPT
(a) intrastate energy disputes.
(b) protection of overseas interests.
(c) international trade policy.
(d) sending diplomats to global conferences.
2. Under the principle of civilian control of the military,
(a) the military acts as an independent and autonomous body.
(b) military generals have unrestricted control of the armed forces.
(c) mandatory service is used as a means of recruitment.
(d) an officer of the people has ultimate control of the armed forces.
8. CHAPTER 17
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Section 1 Assessment
1. United States foreign policy might consist of any of the following EXCEPT
(a) intrastate energy disputes.
(b) protection of overseas interests.
(c) international trade policy.
(d) sending diplomats to global conferences.
2. Under the principle of civilian control of the military,
(a) the military acts as an independent and autonomous body.
(b) military generals have unrestricted control of the armed forces.
(c) mandatory service is used as a means of recruitment.
(d) an officer of the people has ultimate control of the armed forces.
9. CHAPTER 17
Other Foreign and Defense Agencies
• What agencies are involved in foreign and defense
policy?
• How do the CIA, NASA, the Selective Service
System, and the Office of Homeland Security
contribute to the nation’s security?
10. CHAPTER 17
The CIA and the Office of Homeland Security
The CIA
• The Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) is a key part of the
foreign policy establishment.
• The CIA is responsible for
collecting, analyzing, and
reporting information for the
President and the NSC.
• A full range of espionage, or
spying, activities are
undertaken by the CIA.
The Office of Homeland Security
• The Office of Homeland Security is
part of the Executive Office of the
President. Its director has cabinet
rank.
• The office oversees the anti-
terrorist efforts of federal, State,
and local agencies, including the
FBI, the CIA, the Coast Guard, and
local police forces.
11. CHAPTER 17
NASA and the Selective Service
NASA
• The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) is the independent agency that deals with
the nation’s space policy.
The Selective Service
• The Selective Service System handles, when
necessary, the conscription—or draft—of citizens for
service in the armed forces.
12. CHAPTER 17
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Section 2 Assessment
1. Information gathering in foreign nations, or espionage, falls under the auspices
of
(a) the Selective Service System.
(b) the CIA.
(c) NASA.
(d) the Executive Office of the President.
2. The Selective Service System handles matters involved with
(a) conscription.
(b) customer relations.
(c) staffing federal agencies.
(d) none of the above.
13. CHAPTER 17
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Section 2 Assessment
1. Information gathering in foreign nations, or espionage, falls under the auspices
of
(a) the Selective Service System.
(b) the CIA.
(c) NASA.
(d) the Executive Office of the President.
2. The Selective Service System handles matters involved with
(a) conscription.
(b) customer relations.
(c) staffing federal agencies.
(d) none of the above.
14. CHAPTER 17
American Foreign Policy Overview
• What were the themes in American foreign policy
through World War I?
• How did the two World Wars affect America’s
traditional policy of isolationism?
• What are the principles of collective security and
deterrence?
• How did the United States resist Soviet aggression
during the cold war?
• How can we describe American foreign policy since
the end of the cold war?
15. CHAPTER 17
Foreign Policy From Independence Through World War I
• For 150 years, the United States had a policy of isolationism, as stated
in George Washington’s Farewell Address.
• The Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned Europe to stay out of the affairs of
North and South America and established the United States as the
hegemonic power of the Western Hemisphere.
• Throughout the nineteenth century, the United States expanded across
the North American continent through both land purchases and military
conquests.
• As the United States expanded commercially in the late nineteenth
century, so did the reach of its foreign policy, as seen in the Good
Neighbor policy in effect in Latin America during the early 1900s, and
the Open Door Policy for China during the same time.
16. CHAPTER 17
World War I and World War II
World War I
• The United States entered World War I after continued disruptions of
American commerce by German submarine warfare.
• After the defeat of Germany and the Central Powers, the nation
retreated to a policy of isolationism.
World War II
• The bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, drew the United
States into World War II, joining the Allies (the Soviet Union, Britain,
and China) fighting against the Axis Powers (Italy, Japan, and
Germany).
• World War II led to a historic shift away from isolationism to an
increased role in global affairs by the United States.
17. CHAPTER 17
Two New Principles
Collective Security
• Collective security, favored by the United States
following World War II, involves a world community in
which most nations would agree to act together
against any nation that threatened the peace.
Deterrence
• Deterrence is the policy of making America and its
allies so militarily strong that their very strength will
deter—discourage, or even prevent—any attack.
18. CHAPTER 17
Resisting Soviet Aggression
The Truman Doctrine
• The Truman Doctrine established the policy of containment, an effort to “contain” the
spread of communism throughout the nations of the world.
The Berlin Blockade
• In 1948, the Soviet Union cut off all land transit to West Berlin. The United States
responded with an airlift of goods to the city.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• In 1962, it was discovered that the Soviet Union was building missiles on the island of
Cuba. A heated stand-off between the Soviet Union and America ensued.
The Korean War
• The Korean War was fought under the auspices of the United Nations after the forces of
communist North Korea invaded South Korea.
The War in Vietnam
• The United States dedicated thousands of troops in an effort to resist aggression by
communist forces in Vietnam.
The cold war was a period of more than 40 years during which relations between the
United States and the Soviet Union were tense, but did not result in direct military
action between the two.
19. CHAPTER 17
From Détente Through the Present
• Following the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam, the Nixon administration
embarked on a policy of détente.
• Détente is a French term meaning “relaxation of tensions.”
• Nixon would become the first U.S. President to visit mainland China in
1972. He also visited Moscow during his administration.
• The cold war came to an end with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in
1991.
• January 1991 brought the Persian Gulf War, with American forces
spear-heading a multinational force to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait.
• The United States declared a war on terrorism in response to the
attacks of September 11, 2001.
20. CHAPTER 17
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Section 3 Assessment
1. For much of the United States first 150 years, its foreign policy was one of
(a) internationalism.
(b) isolationism.
(c) imperialism.
(d) commercialism.
2. Collective security refers to
(a) the goal of most of the nations of the world to act together to maintain the
peace.
(b) a free market ideal aimed at creating new markets for American goods.
(c) a policy of tariffs and duties to protect American industries.
(d) the goal of the United States to expand its borders.
21. CHAPTER 17
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Section 3 Assessment
1. For much of the United States first 150 years, its foreign policy was one of
(a) internationalism.
(b) isolationism.
(c) imperialism.
(d) commercialism.
2. Collective security refers to
(a) the goal of most of the nations of the world to act together to maintain the
peace.
(b) a free market ideal aimed at creating new markets for American goods.
(c) a policy of tariffs and duties to protect American industries.
(d) the goal of the United States to expand its borders.
22. CHAPTER 17
Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances
• What are the two types of foreign aid?
• How can we describe United States foreign aid
policy?
• What are the major security alliances to which the
United States belongs?
• What is United States policy in the Middle East?
• What role does the United Nations play, and what
problems does it face?
23. CHAPTER 17
Foreign Aid
• Foreign aid—economic and military aid to other
countries—has been a basic feature of American
foreign policy for more than 50 years.
• Most aid has been sent to those nations regarded as
the most critical to the realization of this country’s
foreign policy objectives.
• Most foreign aid money must be used to buy
American goods and products.
24. CHAPTER 17
Security Alliances
NATO
• The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) was
formed to promote the
collective defense of Western
Europe.
• Today, NATO’s purpose has
changed. With the collapse of
the Soviet Union, NATO’s goals
have broadened to include
peacekeeping roles, such as in
the Balkans, and establishing a
continued relationship with
Russia.
Other Alliances
• The United States is also part of
the Rio Pact with Canada and
Latin America, the ANZUS pact
with Australia and New Zealand,
as well as other pacts in the
Pacific region.
• The United States has also taken
an active interest in the actions
that unfold in the Middle East,
although America is not part of
any formal alliance in the region.
25. CHAPTER 17
The United Nations
• The United Nations was formed following World War
II to promote peace and security across the globe.
• The General Assembly acts as “the town meeting of
the world.”
• Oversight and maintenance of international peace is
delegated to the UN Security Council, of which the
United States is a permanent member.
• Peacekeeping missions, international aid to children
and women, and investigations and aid for world
health services are all examples of current United
Nations functions.
26. CHAPTER 17
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Section 4 Assessment
1. All of the following are examples of foreign aid EXCEPT
(a) the United States sending supplies to a region struck by an earthquake.
(b) the use of the military in overseas peacekeeping missions.
(c) block grants to State governments to assist immigrants.
(d) monetary aid to rebuild the economies of Europe.
2. The United Nations has all of the following functions EXCEPT
(a) providing aid to children in emergency situations.
(b) intervention in the activities of sovereign nations.
(c) raising concerns over the global environment.
(d) attempting to guarantee basic human rights worldwide.
27. CHAPTER 17
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Section 4 Assessment
1. All of the following are examples of foreign aid EXCEPT
(a) the United States sending supplies to a region struck by an earthquake.
(b) the use of the military in overseas peacekeeping missions.
(c) block grants to State governments to assist immigrants.
(d) monetary aid to rebuild the economies of Europe.
2. The United Nations has all of the following functions EXCEPT
(a) providing aid to children in emergency situations.
(b) intervention in the activities of sovereign nations.
(c) raising concerns over the global environment.
(d) attempting to guarantee basic human rights worldwide.