This chapter discusses the structure of the federal bureaucracy in the United States. It describes how the bureaucracy is divided into executive departments, independent agencies, the civil service, and offices within the Executive Office of the President that support the President. Some key aspects covered include that the Cabinet is an advisory body to the President composed of department heads, independent agencies were created for tasks that don't fit into departments or to be free from political influence, and the civil service system established merit-based hiring following the Pendleton Act of 1883.
One page to understand who's governing in China in 2016: political bodies and people.
Specific focus on the financial industry (Central bank, regulators...)
One page to understand who's governing in China in 2016: political bodies and people.
Specific focus on the financial industry (Central bank, regulators...)
Chapter NineExecutive AgenciesBarry D. FriedmanLearnin.docxmccormicknadine86
Chapter Nine
Executive Agencies
Barry D. Friedman
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter students will be able to:
1. Explain why the assortment of executive institutions is necessary
to administer the laws that Congress enacts.
2. Describe the various structural forms of executive institutions.
3. nderstand the various ways in which executive of cials obtain
their jobs.
4. Evaluate the relationships that the executive institutions conduct
with the president, Congress, the judiciary, and the institutions’
respective clientele groups.
Abstract
Article II, Section 3, of the Constitution empowers the president to
“take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.” Executing the thousands
of laws that Congress has enacted requires the work of more than one
of cial, so an enormous administrative apparatus commonly referred to
as the “bureaucracy”) is in place to execute the laws under the president’s
supervision. During the almost 225 years since the Constitution went
into effect, the administrative establishment has grown piecemeal, with
a wide variety of institutional forms (such as departments, multi-member
commissions, government corporations, and other types) that have been
installed for sound or arbitrary reasons. he of cials who are appointed
to serve in the Executive ranch obtain their obs in a variety of ways,
sometimes based on rewarding loyalty to the president and sometimes
based on installing the most quali ed individual. hile the president
struggles to cause his subordinates to take direction from him, he discovers
to his chagrin that bureaucrats—to serve their own interests or to hold
on to their obs—routinely act, instead, to indulge members of Congress,
clientele groups, and others who are ust as adamant as the president
about their own interests that, they are convinced, ought to be served by
the administration.
Introduction
In Article II, the U. S. Constitution presents a pithy description of what
the president’s job will be. Perhaps the principal duty assigned to the
president is the one that is inherent in the job of being the chief executive.
The executive power is the power to execute the laws (or, synonymously, to
administer the laws). Thus, Article II, Section 3, states, “. . . [H]e shall take
Care that the Laws be faithfully executed. . .” And while the Constitution
is laconic in its discussion of the presidency, it is virtually silent about the
organizational structure that will help the president execute (administer)
the laws. Article II refers off handedly to “the principal of cer in each of
the executive departments” and “the heads of departments.” Otherwise,
the Constitution left the rst Congress to gure out how to structure the
Executive Branch and the rst president to gure out how to manage it.
In 1 , the year in which the Constitution went into effect, the rst
Congress enacted laws establishing the Department of Foreign Affairs
(renamed, within months, as the D ...
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
1. CHAPTER 15
The Federal Bureaucracy
• What is a bureaucracy?
• What are the major elements of the federal
bureaucracy?
• How are groups within the federal bureaucracy
named?
• What is the difference between a staff agency and a
line agency?
2. CHAPTER 15
Three features distinguish bureaucracies:
What Is a Bureaucracy?
• Hierarchical authority: Bureaucracies are based on a
pyramid structure with a chain of command running
from top to bottom.
• Job specialization: Each bureaucrat, or person who
works for the organization, has certain defined duties
and responsibilities.
• Formalized rules: The bureaucracy does its work
according to a set of established regulations and
procedures.
3. CHAPTER 15
Major Elements of the Federal Bureaucracy
• The federal bureaucracy is all of the agencies, people,
and procedures through which the Federal
Government operates.
• The President is the chief administrator of the Federal
Government.
• In order to enact and enforce policy, Congress and the
President have created an administration—the
government’s many administrators and agencies.
• The chief organizational feature of the federal
bureaucracy is its division into areas of specialization.
4. CHAPTER 15
The Name Game
• The name department is reserved for agencies of the
Cabinet rank.
• Outside of department, there is little standardization
of names throughout the agencies.
• Common titles include agency, administration,
commission, corporation, and authority.
5. CHAPTER 15
Staff and Line Agencies
Staff Agencies
• Staff agencies serve in
a support capacity.
• They aid the chief
executive and other
administrators by
offering advice and
other assistance in the
management of the
organization.
Line Agencies
• Line agencies perform
tasks for which the
organization exists.
• Congress and the
President give the line
agencies goals to
accomplish, and staff
agencies help the line
agencies accomplish
them.
6. CHAPTER 15
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Section 1 Assessment
1. All of the following are characteristics of bureaucracies EXCEPT
(a) hierarchical authority.
(b) formalized rules.
(c) lack of formal organization.
(d) job specialization.
2. Staff agencies are created to
(a) act as congressional watchdogs on executive agencies.
(b) aid other agencies in completing their goals.
(c) serve as a check on the Supreme Court.
(d) fulfill a specific task or function.
7. CHAPTER 15
Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this chapter? Click Here!
Section 1 Assessment
1. All of the following are characteristics of bureaucracies EXCEPT
(a) hierarchical authority.
(b) formalized rules.
(c) lack of formal organization.
(d) job specialization.
2. Staff agencies are created to
(a) act as congressional watchdogs on executive agencies.
(b) aid other agencies in completing their goals.
(c) serve as a check on the Supreme Court.
(d) fulfill a specific task or function.
8. CHAPTER 15
The Executive Office of the President
• What is the Executive Office of the President?
• What are the duties of the White House Office and
the National Security Council?
• What are the additional agencies in the Executive
Office of the President that assist the President?
9. CHAPTER 15
The Executive Office of the President
• The Executive Office of the President (the EOP) is an
umbrella agency of separate agencies.
• The EOP serves as the President’s right arm, staffed
by most of the President’s closest advisors and
assistants.
• The EOP was established by Congress in 1939.
10. CHAPTER 15
The White House Office and National Security Council
The White House Office
• The White House Office is
comprised of the President’s
key personal and political staff.
• Staff positions in the White
House Office include chief of
staff, assistants to the
President, press secretary, the
counsel to the President, and
the President’s physician.
The National Security Council
• The National Security Council
(NSC) acts to advise the
President on all domestic,
foreign, and military matters that
relate to the nation’s security.
• Members include the Vice
President and the secretaries of
state and defense.
11. CHAPTER 15
The West Wing of the White House
The President’s closest advisors work in the West Wing
of the White House, near the oval office.
12. CHAPTER 15
Additional Agencies
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
• The OMB’s major task is the preparation of the federal budget, which
the President must submit to Congress.
Office of National Drug Control Policy
• Established in 1989, this agency’s existence dramatizes the nation’s
concern over drugs.
Council of Economic Advisers
• The Council of Economic Advisers consists of three of the country’s
leading economists, and acts as the President’s major source of
information and advice on the nation’s economy.
13. CHAPTER 15
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Section 2 Assessment
1. All of the following are correct about the Executive Office of the President (the
EOP) EXCEPT that the EOP
(a) is an umbrella agency consisting of several agencies.
(b) serves as the right arm to the President.
(c) acts as a body of equal power to the President.
(d) aids the President in his execution of federal power.
2. The National Security Council serves as
(a) the President’s advisory board on all matters of national security.
(b) a watchdog commission for the Central Intelligence Agency.
(c) the civilian command component of the military.
(d) none of the above.
Text
14. CHAPTER 15
Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this chapter? Click Here!
Section 2 Assessment
1. All of the following are correct about the Executive Office of the President (the
EOP) EXCEPT that the EOP
(a) is an umbrella agency consisting of several agencies.
(b) serves as the right arm to the President.
(c) acts as a body of equal power to the President.
(d) aids the President in his execution of federal power.
2. The National Security Council serves as
(a) the President’s advisory board on all matters of national security.
(b) a watchdog commission for the Central Intelligence Agency.
(c) the civilian command component of the military.
(d) none of the above.
15. CHAPTER 15
The Executive Departments
• What are the origins of the executive departments,
and how did they develop?
• How are members of the Cabinet chosen?
• What role does the Cabinet play in the President’s
decisions?
16. CHAPTER 15
Executive Departments
• The executive departments, often called the Cabinet
departments, are the traditional units of federal
administration.
• Each department is headed by a secretary, except
for the Department of Justice, whose work is directed
by the attorney general.
• Each department is made up of a number of
subunits, both staff and line.
• Today, the executive departments vary a great deal
in terms of visibility, size, and importance.
17. CHAPTER 15
The Cabinet
• The Cabinet is an informal advisory body brought
together by the President to serve his needs.
• By tradition, the heads of the executive departments
form the Cabinet.
• The President appoints the head of each of the
executive departments, which are then subject to
Senate approval.
• Cabinet members serve as both head of their
respective departments and as advisors to the
President.
Text
18. CHAPTER 15
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Section 3 Assessment
1. All heads of the executive departments are known as secretaries except for the
(a) head of the Department of Justice—the attorney general.
(b) head of the Department of Defense—the supreme general.
(c) head of the Department of the Treasury—the treasurer.
(d) chief of the Department of the Interior—the forest ranger.
2. Members of the Cabinet act as heads of their departments as well as
(a) advisors to the President.
(b) congressional liaisons.
(c) heads of the branches of the armed forces.
(d) none of the above.
19. CHAPTER 15
Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this chapter? Click Here!
Section 3 Assessment
1. All heads of the executive departments are known as secretaries except for the
(a) head of the Department of Justice—the attorney general.
(b) head of the Department of Defense—the supreme general.
(c) head of the Department of the Treasury—the treasurer.
(d) chief of the Department of the Interior—the forest ranger.
2. Members of the Cabinet act as heads of their departments as well as
(a) advisors to the President.
(b) congressional liaisons.
(c) heads of the branches of the armed forces.
(d) none of the above.
20. CHAPTER 15
Independent Agencies
• Why does the government create independent
agencies?
• What are the characteristics of independent
executive agencies and independent regulatory
commissions?
• How are government corporations structured?
21. CHAPTER 15
Why Independent Agencies?
• Independent agencies have been formed for
numerous reasons, including:
– being assigned a task or function that does not fit
well within the existing departmental structure;
– protecting the agency’s purposes from the
influence of both partisan and pressure politics;
– being created outside the departmental structure
by accident.
22. CHAPTER 15
The Independent Executive Agencies
• The independent executive agencies include most of
the independent agencies.
• The most important difference between the
independent executive agencies and the 14 executive
departments is that they simply do not have Cabinet
status.
• Examples of independent executive agencies include
NASA, the General Services Administration, and the
EPA.
• Some independent executive agencies are far from
well-known, such as the Citizens’ Stamp Advisory
Committee.
23. CHAPTER 15
Independent Regulatory Commissions
• The independent regulatory commissions stand out
among the independent agencies because they are
largely beyond the reach of presidential direction and
control.
• Term length of members and staggering of member
appointments keep these commissions from falling
under control of one party.
• The regulatory commissions are quasi-legislative and
quasi-judicial, meaning that Congress has given
them certain legislative-like and judicial-like powers.
24. CHAPTER 15
The Government Corporations
• Government corporations are also within the
executive branch and subject to the President’s
direction and control.
• Government corporations were established by
Congress to carry out certain business-like activities.
• There are now over 50 government corporations,
including the U.S. Postal Service, Amtrak, and the
Tennessee Valley Authority.
25. CHAPTER 15
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Section 4 Assessment
1. Independent agencies are formed for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
(a) to create an agency immune from the system of checks and balances.
(b) their function pertains to a peculiar or sensitive task.
(c) their function does not fit within the structure of the executive departments.
(d) keeping their function out of the influence of partisan or pressure politics.
2. The U.S. Postal Service is an example of
(a) an independent regulatory commission.
(b) a Cabinet department.
(c) and independent executive agency.
(d) a government corporation.
26. CHAPTER 15
Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this chapter? Click Here!
Section 4 Assessment
1. Independent agencies are formed for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
(a) to create an agency immune from the system of checks and balances.
(b) their function pertains to a peculiar or sensitive task.
(c) their function does not fit within the structure of the executive departments.
(d) keeping their function out of the influence of partisan or pressure politics.
2. The U.S. Postal Service is an example of
(a) an independent regulatory commission.
(b) a Cabinet department.
(c) and independent executive agency.
(d) a government corporation.
27. CHAPTER 15
The Civil Service
• How did the civil service develop?
• What are the characteristics of the current civil
service?
• What restrictions are placed on the political activity of
members of the civil service?
28. CHAPTER 15
Development of the Civil Service
• The civil service is that group of public employees
who perform the administrative work of government,
excluding the armed forces.
• The use of patronage—the practice of giving
government jobs to supporters and friends—was in
use throughout most of the nineteenth century.
• The Pendleton Act, also known as the Civil Service
Act of 1883, laid the foundation of the present federal
civil service system, and set merit as the basis for
hiring in most civil service positions.
29. CHAPTER 15
The Civil Service Today
• The Office of Personnel
Management is the central
clearinghouse in the federal
recruiting, examining, and hiring
process.
• The Merit Systems Protection
Board enforces the merit
principle in the federal
bureaucracy.
• Congress sets the pay and
other job conditions for
everyone who works for the
Federal Government, except for
postal employees.
Profile of Civil Service Employees
Text
30. CHAPTER 15
Political Activities
• The Federal Employees Political Activities Act of
1993 relaxes many of the restrictions of the Hatch
Act. It still forbids federal workers from:
1. running in partisan elections;
2. engaging in party work on government property or
while on the job;
3. collecting political contributions from subordinates
or the general public; or
4. using a government position to influence an
election.
31. CHAPTER 15
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Section 5 Assessment
1. The Pendleton Act established
(a) that the Supreme Court would regulate personnel decisions.
(b) that any U.S. citizen was guaranteed a civil service job.
(c) merit as the basis for hiring and other personnel actions in the civil service.
(d) the basis of the spoils system.
2. The function of the Office of Personnel Management is to
(a) aid in the staffing of civil service positions through civil service tests and
other means.
(b) establish workplace safety standards.
(c) regulate the hiring practices of private American companies.
(d) ensure that political patronage continues to be the standard for employment
in the civil service.
32. CHAPTER 15
Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this chapter? Click Here!
Section 5 Assessment
1. The Pendleton Act established
(a) that the Supreme Court would regulate personnel decisions.
(b) that any U.S. citizen was guaranteed a civil service job.
(c) merit as the basis for hiring and other personnel actions in the civil service.
(d) the basis of the spoils system.
2. The function of the Office of Personnel Management is to
(a) aid in the staffing of civil service positions through civil service tests and
other means.
(b) establish workplace safety standards.
(c) regulate the hiring practices of private American companies.
(d) ensure that political patronage continues to be the standard for employment
in the civil service.
