FMO has adopted the definition of ‘forced migration’ promoted by the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration (IASFM) which describes it as ‘a general term that refers to the movements of refugees and internally displaced people (those displaced by conflicts) as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects.’ FMO views forced migration as a complex, wide-ranging and pervasive set of phenomena. The study of forced migration is multidisciplinary, international, and multisectoral, incorporating academic, practitioner, agency and local perspectives. FMO focuses on three separate, although sometimes simultaneous and inter-related, types of forced migration. These three types are categorized according to their causal factors: conflict, development policies and projects, and disasters.
Forced migration has accompanied persecution, as well as war, throughout human history but has only become a topic of serious study and discussion relatively recently. This increased attention is the result of greater ease of travel, allowing displaced persons to flee to nations far removed from their homes, the creation of an international legal structure of human rights, and the realizations that the destabilizing effects of forced migration, especially in parts of Africa, the Middle East, south and central Asia, ripple out well beyond the immediate region.
Migration – the temporary or permanent movement of people from one place to another.
Migration impacts on population change. It is difficult to account for this population change as much migration is illegal and not accounted for. The government often underestimate the number of migrants to help boost support, while the press often overestimate the number of migrants to sell sensational news articles.
Migration is a common phenomenon.The world is shrinking. The world is becoming a global village.Country boundaries and barriers no longer restrict people movement.
Forced migration has accompanied persecution, as well as war, throughout human history but has only become a topic of serious study and discussion relatively recently. This increased attention is the result of greater ease of travel, allowing displaced persons to flee to nations far removed from their homes, the creation of an international legal structure of human rights, and the realizations that the destabilizing effects of forced migration, especially in parts of Africa, the Middle East, south and central Asia, ripple out well beyond the immediate region.
Migration – the temporary or permanent movement of people from one place to another.
Migration impacts on population change. It is difficult to account for this population change as much migration is illegal and not accounted for. The government often underestimate the number of migrants to help boost support, while the press often overestimate the number of migrants to sell sensational news articles.
Migration is a common phenomenon.The world is shrinking. The world is becoming a global village.Country boundaries and barriers no longer restrict people movement.
rohingya crisis is major national issue nowadays. For that ,to understand the different dimensions of the Rohingya Crisis
such as humanitarian, geo-political, security, economic, social
and environment.To make a set of recommendations for addressing the Rohingya crisis.
A presentation given to the Conference of INGOs committee for Democracy, Social Cohesion and Global Challenges on the significance of climate change as one of the complex factors affecting migration.
The conclusion suggests that climat change is a critical factor in all aspects of the work that the Council of Europe is involved in and that environmental issues - especially sustainable development - should be a top priority for its future work
rohingya crisis is major national issue nowadays. For that ,to understand the different dimensions of the Rohingya Crisis
such as humanitarian, geo-political, security, economic, social
and environment.To make a set of recommendations for addressing the Rohingya crisis.
A presentation given to the Conference of INGOs committee for Democracy, Social Cohesion and Global Challenges on the significance of climate change as one of the complex factors affecting migration.
The conclusion suggests that climat change is a critical factor in all aspects of the work that the Council of Europe is involved in and that environmental issues - especially sustainable development - should be a top priority for its future work
Armed groups, the 'Sudan Liberation Army' (SLA) and 'Justice and Equality Movement' (JEM), began the war. Reasons are cited as lack of economic development which demands a greater share of country’s resources and exclusion from the political administration of Khartoum.
Attacks on towns, government establishments and civilians in Darfur resulted in the deaths of hundreds of policemen and civilians and the breakdown of law and order in Darfur. An area where inhabitants depend on natural resources the severe impact of the continuing climatic changes and droughts on accessibility to land and water has a detrimental effect on the livelihood in Darfur as well as the rest of Sudan.
The Indian diaspora has been the most effective window to promote India and its rich heritage to the world. Whether India will know how to transform the skilled component of the Indian diaspora's geographically-spread skills into a “Great Off-White Hope” for the new century; is a big question.
The presentation is concerned with the increasing humanitarian turmoil of present world, refugee crisis. It contains the following contents definition of refugee, causes, issues of refugee emergency, state of international assistance and present scenario of human rights violation happened for refugee crisis
Saifee Durbar is proud to have the ability to help others in a charitable manner. While he is a London-based investor and real estate developer, Saifee Durbar has been working for more than twenty years in order to give back to the people of Africa in various ways. Through the Kutamani Foundation, Saifee Durbar helps to bring free, sustainable, and durable educational tools to rural African areas. Saifee Durbar also uses Bridge Africa Counselage to help businesses in Africa.
What is Really Happening - North Shore - 8th Grade Service Learning ProjectVinnie Vrotny
Over the course of the year, the 8th graders at the North Shore Country Day School have been studying the genocide in Darfur. Their goal of their project was to raise awareness to this crisis. Led by Natalie Sept, a group of students presented the following to the Middle School students, Upper School students, faculty, and staff of the North Shore Country Day School during an all school assembly (Morning Ex) on Monday, May 14, 2007
A presentation about war and it's damages , humans need to know what they have done to each other every once in a while .
-By the change you want to see in the world
Mahtma Ghandi
done by : Shahd Hamouri - Jordan
WPA/CAREIF Position Statement EUROPE Migrant Crisis.Albert Persaud
Position Statement: Europe Migrant & Refugee Crisis. Migrant, Refugees and Asylum Seekers’ Needs in Europe.
World Psychiatric Association along with Careif and the Centre for Psychiatry -a WPA Collaborating Centre - in Queen Mary, University of London, calls for action.
WPA/CAREIF Position Statement EUROPE Migrant Crisis.MrBiswas
Position Statement: Europe Migrant & Refugee Crisis: Migrant, Refugees and Asylum Seekers’ Needs in Europe: World Psychiatric Association along with Careif and the Centre for Psychiatry -a WPA Collaborating Centre - in Queen Mary, University of London, calls for action.
Research Handbook on Climate Change, Migration and the Law - IntroductionGraciela Mariani
Synopsis
This comprehensive Research Handbook provides an overview of the debates on how the law does, and could, relate to migration exacerbated by climate change. It contains conceptual chapters on the relationship between climate change, migration and the law, as well as doctrinal and prospective discussions regarding legal developments in different domestic contexts and in international governance.
Drawing on both classic and modern work, I propose to find out the major humanitarian food crisis that has occurred due to man made causes such as civil wars, ethinic conflicts in different part of the regions in the world. Major sufferers are children and infants. Due to failure in experiment in social changes and development mass hysteria has developed among masses which are heavily burdened by state but does not profit from countries boom give rise to conflicts in which major proportion of the population generally end up as refugees in the countries with almost little or no excess to food and drinking water.
■ IntroductionRefugees are migrants who leave their countrie.docxoswald1horne84988
■ Introduction
Refugees are migrants who leave their countries of ori-
gin for asylum, or a safe place to live, because of ongo-
ing armed conflict or fear of persecution based on their
religion, race, nationality, political affiliation, or mem-
bership in a persecuted social group, or a combination
of these items, within their home countries. Refugees
are either unwilling or unable to return to their coun-
tries of origin. The types of persecution that refugees
fear include cruel and inhumane treatment, unjust pun-
ishments, and threats of torture or death.
Unlike immigrants, who leave their home countries
seeking economic, educational, or social opportunities,
refugees seek to escape persecution and harm. Like inter-
nally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees are displaced from
their home because of safety and other humanitarian
concerns. IDPs remain in their country, however, under
the protection of their own government, while refugees
leave theirs. Refugees displaced outside of their home coun-
tries usually cannot return home, in contrast to immigrants,
who typically have the ability to return home without fear
of intimidation and oppression.
Causes of Displacement
One major reason why refugees are displaced is because
they live in a war zone caused by conflicts between their
home country and other countries. Other refugees leave
their homes because they face internal conflicts such as
civil wars or terrorism, and still others leave because of
turmoil caused by armed conflicts between neighboring
states. Refugees also flee due to agricultural problems
and food scarcity caused by water shortages and deserti-
fication, as well as by natural disasters such as floods,
earthquakes, hurricanes, and tornadoes. (Desertification
is the process of productive agricultural land being
turned into desert through deforestation, industrial ag-
riculture, or drought, or a combination of such items.)
Additionally, an economic collapse within a country or
fluctuations in local or international financial markets can
cause people to leave a country for safety and jobs
elsewhere. Some people live in fragile nations governed by
unpredictable dictators or weak or illegitimate political
systems, and these refugees choose to leave because of fear
of persecution or systemic instability. Finally, dangerous
cultural conflicts involving persecution over religion, lan-
guage, education, sexual orientation, and other factors also
cause people to flee their homes and seek asylum elsewhere.
International Understanding
of Refugee Status
Whatever the causes of refugees’ flight, their status is
defined and protected by international laws endorsed by
the members of the United Nations (UN), a body of
diplomatic representatives from countries around the
world. One such law, Article 1 of the Universal Declara-
tion of Human Rights (1948), states that “all human
beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”
and “should act towards one another in a spirit of
brotherhood.
Transference is often manifested as an erotic attraction towards a therapist, but can be seen in many other forms such as rage, hatred, mistrust, parentification, extreme dependence, or even placing the therapist in a god-like or guru status.
A learning disability is described as:-
A state of arrested or incomplete development of mind
Significant impairment of intellectual functioning
Significant impairment of adaptive/social functioning
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. 1
Forced Migration
Thasleem MP, 3rd
Sem. MSW
Central University of Kerala
What is forced migration?
FMO has adopted the definition of ‘forced migration’ promoted by the International Association for the Study of
Forced Migration (IASFM) which describes it as ‘a general term that refers to the movements of refugees and
internally displaced people (those displaced by conflicts) as well as people displaced by natural or environmental
disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects.’ FMO views forced migration as a
complex, wide-ranging and pervasive set of phenomena. The study of forced migration is multidisciplinary,
international, and multisectoral, incorporating academic, practitioner, agency and local perspectives. FMO focuses
on three separate, although sometimes simultaneous and inter-related, types of forced migration. These three
types are categorized according to their causal factors: conflict, development policies and projects, and disasters.
These three categories of forced migration are often studied by different academic communities; the causes are
addressed by different groups of policy-makers, donors and agencies; and the consequences addressed by
different governmental, inter-governmental and non-governmental agencies, donors and organizations. FMO
attempts to bring together in one place these various groups, approaches and experiences of all forms of forced
migration.
Overview
Forced migration has accompanied persecution, as well as war, throughout human history but has only become a
topic of serious study and discussion relatively recently. This increased attention is the result of greater ease of
travel, allowing displaced persons to flee to nations far removed from their homes, the creation of an international
legal structure of human rights, and the realizations that the destabilizing effects of forced migration, especially in
parts of Africa, the Middle East, south and central Asia, ripple out well beyond the immediate region.
Development-induced displacement is a subset of forced migration. Such displacement is the forcing of
communities and individuals out of their homes, often also their homelands, for the purposes of economic
development. It has been historically associated with the construction of dams for hydroelectric power and
irrigation purposes but also appears due to many other activities, such as mining. The best-known recent example
of such development-induced displacement is that resulting from the construction of the Three Gorges
Dam in China
2. 2
Types of Forced Migration
1. Conflict-Induced Displacement
People who are forced to flee their homes for one or more of the following reasons and where the state authorities
are unable or unwilling to protect them: armed conflict including civil war; generalized violence; and persecution
on the grounds of nationality, race, religion, political opinion or social group.
A large proportion of these displaced people will flee across international borders in search of refuge. Some of
them may seek asylum under international law, whereas others may prefer to remain anonymous, perhaps fearing
that they may not be granted asylum and will be returned to the country from whence they fled. Since the end of
the Cold War, there has been an escalation in the number of armed conflicts around the world. Many of these
more recent conflicts have been internal conflicts based on national, ethnic or religious separatist struggles. There
has been a large increase in the number of refugees during this period as displacement has increasingly become
a strategic tactic often used by all sides in the conflict. Since the end of the Cold War there has also been an even
more dramatic increase in the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs), who currently far outnumber the
world‘s refugee population. In 2010, there were some 11 million refugees and asylum seekers and a further 27.5
million IDPs worldwide.
The most important international organization with responsibility for refugees is the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Under the 1951 UN Refugee Convention, UNHCR is mandated to provide
protection and assistance to refugees. However, one group of refugees do not come under the mandate of
UNHCR. These are Palestinian refugees in the Middle East, who come under the mandate of the United Nations
Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA).
Example
2015 Rohingya refugee crisis
According to some statistics more than 140,000 of the estimated 800,000 to 1,100,000 Rohingya have been
forced to seek refuge in displacement camps after the 2012 rohinkye state riot by Buddhists
25,000 people have been taken to boats from January to March in 2015
As of 21 October 2015 , over 65,000 people have arrived in Djibouti, Somalia, Ethiopia and Sudan from Yemen
2. Development-Induced Displacement
These are people who are compelled to move as a result of policies and projects implemented to supposedly
enhance ‘development’. Examples of this include large-scale infrastructure projects such as dams, roads, ports,
airports; urban clearance initiatives; mining and deforestation; and the introduction of conservation parks/reserves
and biosphere projects.
Affected people usually remain within the borders of their home country. Although some are resettled, evidence
clearly shows that very few of them are adequately compensated. While there are guidelines on restoration for
affected populations produced by some major donors to these types of projects, such as the World Bank, there
continues to be inadequate access to compensation. This tends to be the responsibility of host governments, and
3. 3
interventions from outside are often deemed inappropriate.
This is undoubtedly a causal factor in displacement more often than armed conflict, although it often takes place
with little recognition, support or assistance from outside the affected population. It disproportionately affects
indigenous and ethnic minorities, and the urban or rural poor. It has been estimated that during the 1990s, some
90 to 100 million people around the world were displaced as a result of infrastructural development projects. It has
also been reported that, on average, 10 million people a year are displaced by dam projects alone.
Examples
Three Gorges Dam in China - about 1.13 million displaced (recently increased to 4 million, but many could return).
Tokuyama Dam in Japan - some 600 displaced.
Donji Milanovac for Đerdap hydroelectric power plant
Sardar Sarovar Dam in India - between 1 and 2 million displaced
3. Disaster-Induced Displacement
This category includes people displaced as a result of natural disasters (floods, volcanoes, landslides,
earthquakes), environmental change (deforestation, desertification, land degradation, global warming) and
human-made disasters (industrial accidents, radioactivity). Clearly, there is a good deal of overlap between these
different types of disaster-induced displacement. For example, the impact of floods and landslides can be greatly
exacerbated by deforestation and agricultural activities.
Estimating trends and global figures on people displaced by disaster is even more disputed and problematic than
for the other two categories. But there are certainly many millions of people displaced by disasters every year.
Several international organizations provide assistance to those affected by disasters, including the International
Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and the World Food Programme. Many NGOs
(international and local) also provide assistance to affected people.
Types of forced migrants
There are various terms which have been adopted to describe groups affected by forced migration. The meaning
of some of these terms is not always self-evident, they are sometimes misleading, and are not necessarily
mutually exclusive. Given below are brief descriptions of the main terms used by those researching and working
with forced migrants.
Refugees
The term ‘refugee’ has a long history of usage to describe ‘a person who has sought refuge’ in broad and non-
specific terms. However, there is also a legal definition of a refugee, which is enshrined in the 1951 United
Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Article 1 of the Convention defines a refugee as a person
residing outside his or her country of nationality, who is unable or unwilling to return because of a ‘well-founded
fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a political social group, or political
opinion’. Some 150 of the world‘s 200 or so states have undertaken to protect refugees and not return them to a
country where they may be persecuted, by signing the 1951 Refugee Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol.
Those recognized as refugees are better off than other forced migrants, in that they have a clear legal status and
are entitled to the protection of the UNHCR. The annual budget for the UNHCR has grown from US$300,000 in its
first year to more than US$3.59 billion in 2012 and the agency works in 126 countries (UNHCR, 2012). The vast
majority of refugees are in the world‘s poorest countries in Asia and Africa. The global refugee population grew
4. 4
from 2.4 million in 1975 to 14.9 million in 1990.A peak was reached following the end of the Cold War with 18.2
million in 1993. In 2010, there was estimated to be some 10.5 million refugees around the world (UNHCR, 2011) .
Iraq was the source of the largest number of new refugees in 2007: 561,000.
More people from Afghanistan are “warehoused” as refugees than from any other country:
2,790,900.
Source: World Refugee Survey 2008
Asylum seekers
Asylum seekers are people who have moved across an international border in search of protection under the
1951 Refugee Convention, but whose claim for refugee status has not yet been determined. Annual asylum
claims in Western Europe, Australia, Canada and the USA combined rose from some 90,400 in 1983 to 323,050
in 1988 and then peaked at 828,645 in 1992. Applications fell sharply by the mid-1990s but began to steadily rise
again towards the end of the decade. By the end of 2004, asylum applications made in these Western countries
had again dropped significantly and in 2010 the total number of asylum applications in 44 industrialized countries
was estimated at 358,800; the fourth lowest in the past 10 years (UNHCR, 2011).
As the numbers of asylum seekers rose during the 1990s and beyond, there was increasing scepticism from
some politicians and the media, particularly in Western states, about the credibility of the claims of many asylum
seekers. They have been labelled ‘economic refugees’ and ‘bogus asylum seekers’. Asylum migration is clearly a
result of mixed motivations. Most asylum seekers do not come from the world‘s poorest states, however many do
come from failed or failing states enduring civil war and with high degrees of human rights abuses and, not
surprisingly, significant levels of poverty. However, the number of people who are seeking asylum in Western
states comprises a small fraction of the total number displaced around the world.
According to the UNHCR report on 2007 Global Trends:
The total number of refugees and asylum seekers throughout the world: 16.0 million
Internally Displaced Persons
The most widely used definition of internally displaced persons (IDPs) is one presented in a 1992 report of the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, which identifies them as ‘persons who have been forced to flee their
homes suddenly or unexpectedly in large numbers, as a result of armed conflict, internal strife, systematic
violations of human rights or natural or man-made disasters, and who are within the territory of their own country.’
Sometimes referred to as ‘internal refugees’, these people are in similar need of protection and assistance as
refugees but do not have the same legal and institutional support as those who have managed to cross an
international border. There is no specifically-mandated body to provide assistance to IDPs, as there is with
refugees. Although they are guaranteed certain basic rights under international humanitarian law (the Geneva
Conventions), ensuring these rights are secured is often the responsibility of authorities which were responsible
for their displacement in the first place, or ones that are unable or unwilling to do so. The number of IDPs around
the world is estimated to have risen from 1.2 million in 1982 to 14 million in 1986. However, it is likely that earlier
estimates are woefully low, as little systematic counting was being conducted at the time. Estimates on numbers
of IDPs continue to be controversial, due to debate over definitions, and to methodological and practical problems
in counting. In 2010 there were an estimated 27.5 million IDPs worldwide (IDMC, 2011). However, statistics on
IDPs are a controversial issue and there is no universal agreement.
Development displacees
People who are compelled to move as a result of policies and projects implemented to supposedly enhance
‘development’. These include large-scale infrastructure projects such as dams, roads, ports, airports; urban
clearance initiatives; mining and deforestation; and the introduction of conservation parks/reserves and biosphere
projects. Affected people usually remain within the borders of their country. People displaced in this way are
sometimes also referred to as ‘oustees’, ‘involuntarily displaced’ or ‘involuntarily resettled’.
5. 5
This is undoubtedly the cause of huge-scale displacement, although it often takes place with little recognition,
support or assistance from outside the affected population. It disproportionately affects indigenous and ethnic
minorities and the urban or rural poor. It has been estimated that during the 1990s some 90 to 100 million people
around the world were displaced as a result of infrastructural development projects.
Environmental and disaster displacees
Sometimes referred to ‘environmental refugees’ or ‘disaster refugees’, in fact most of those displaced by
environmental factors or disasters do not leave the borders of their homeland. This category includes people
displaced as a result of natural disasters (floods, volcanoes, landslides, earthquakes), environmental change
(deforestation, desertification, land degradation, global warming) and human-made disasters (industrial accidents,
radioactivity).
Smuggled people
Smuggled migrants are moved illegally for profit. They are partners, however unequal, in a commercial
transaction. This is not to say that the practice is not without substantial exploitation and danger. People who think
they are being smuggled may run the risk of actually being trafficked (see below). And even if they are not, their
personal safety and well-being on their journey and after arrival are not necessarily the smugglers’ top priority.
Smuggled migrants may include those who have been forcibly displaced as well as those who have left their
homeland in search of better economic and social opportunities. The motivations are often mixed. As the borders
to favoured destination countries have become increasingly strengthened to resist the entry of asylum seekers,
migrants of all kinds have increasingly drawn upon the services of smugglers.
Trafficked people
These are people who are moved by deception or coercion for the purposes of exploitation. The profit in trafficking
people comes not from their movement, but from the sale of their sexual services or labour in the country of
destination. The trafficked person may be physically prevented from leaving, or be bound by debt or threat of
violence to themselves or their family in their country of origin. Like smuggling, by its very clandestine nature,
figures on the number of people being trafficked are extremely difficult to obtain.
- See more at: http://www.forcedmigration.org/about/whatisfm#sthash.pCx2iUmq.dpuf
EUROPE / MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION RESPONSE
SITUATION OVERVIEW
An estimated total of 658,127 arrivals by sea have been reported as of 21 October, with Italy (139,299) and
Greece (514,878) receiving the majority of the numbers since the start of the year.
As of 19 October, a total of 155,739 migrants and refugees have entered the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia
According to the Ministry of the Interior, a total of 217,538 migrants and refugees have entered into Croatia from
16 September to 21 October, with approximately 6,500 arrivals per day
Source – International organization for migration (http://goo.gl/Trm8xE)
IOM provides multi-sector humanitarian assistance to vulnerable populations across South Sudan as conflict,
access constraints and food insecurity continue to drive increased needs and displacement. Since December
2013, the crisis has displaced more than 2.27 million people, including 632,000 who have fled to neighbouring
countries and approximately 1.64 million others who remain internally displaced. More than 199,000 people are
sheltering at UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) protection of civilian (PoC) sites across the country
6. 6
249,463 refugees in Iraq as of 29 August 2015
629,266 refugees in Jordan as of 6 September 2015
1.94 million refugees in Turkey as of 25 August 2015
Pros and cons of forced migration
When immigrants move to a new country, they are faced with many unknowns, including finding employment
and housing, as well as adjusting to new laws, cultural norms, and possibly a new language. It can be a challenge
for a host country to assimilate immigrants into society and provide the necessary support.
Immigration does cause an increase in the labor force.
Some believe that immigration brings many advantages to a country both for the economy and society as a
whole
Others believe that high immigration numbers threaten national identity and threaten national security
Another argument is that high immigration rates cheapens labor
Large amounts of immigration will weaken the home country by decreasing the population, the level of
production, and economic spending
If they receive an education and create a solid life, their individual success can also be beneficial to the home
country, if they use their acquired skills to make a difference
Consequences
Overpopulation
Lack of resources to support incoming refugees
Higher fertility rate, as refugees settle down.
Low literacy rates continue to Increase, not enough room in school.
Government not able to support added migrants in their country.
Intergovernmental Organizations related to migration
The United Nations is the largest IGO; some UN agencies relevant to forced migration are:
UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNOCHA - United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
UNHCHR - United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
7. 7
Unicef - United Nations Children's Fund
UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund
WHO - World Health Organization
Reference
Report of forced migration online (http://www.forcedmigration.org/about/whatisfm)
Annual report of UNHCR ( http://www.unhcr.org/47a316182.html, http://www.unhcr.org/51c071816.html)
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/modules/forcedMigration/definitions.html
Forced migration review (http://www.fmreview.org/)
Forced migration in the 21st century: urbanised and unending’the guardian
(http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/oct/16/forced-migration-21st-century-urbanised-
unending)
Jstore ‘From Refugees to Forced Migration: The UNHCR and Human
Security’(http://www.jstor.org/stable/2676049?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents)