Rohingya crisis in BD.......

1. PRESENTATION TOPICS
BANGLADESH: ROHINGYA CRISIS

2. Sohanur Rakib
Dept. of Geography and Environmental
Science. Begum Rokeya University,
Rangpur

3. At the end of the presentation we can know-
 Present condition of Rohingya Crisis.
 Historical Background of Rohingya and
causes of their present condition.
 Different strategies of the government.
 How government is coping the Crisis.
 Several problems related to the
Rohingya issue.
 Recommendation and remedies to the
emergency.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES

4. METHODOLOGY
Source of data
Newspaper
Internet
Representation
of data
By Picture
By Graph
By Map

5. PRESENTATION OUTLINE
 Introduction
 Who Are Rohingyas
 History of Rohingya
 Causes of Rohingya Crisis
 Expansion of Rohingya Camps
 Crisis in Bangladesh due to Rohingya
 Economic Impacts
 Social Impacts
 Demographic Breakdown of Rohingya in Bangladesh
 Health Concern
 Other Social Impacts
 Environmental Impacts
 Cost Estimation
 Sources of Fund foe Rohingya
 Diplomatic Feat Around Rohingya Issue
 Recommendation
 Conclusion
 References

6. INTRODUCTION
In August 2017, violence erupted in Rakhine State in Myanmar,
targeting the Rohingya people, a stateless Muslim minority. More than
half a million people fled to Bangladesh, triggering one of the fastest
growing humanitarian crisis in the world. It is called “Rohingya
Crisis”.
The UN’s High Commissioner for Refugee(UNHCR) describes the
crisis as “The Most Urgent Refugee Emergency in the World”.

7. WHO ARE ROHINGYAS
The Rohingya are a Indo-Aryan ethnic group from Myanmar’s
Rakhine(previously known as Arakan) state, just south of Bangladesh.
The majority are Muslim while some are Hindus.
They have been living in the state of Rakhine since 8th century.
They have not been recognized as citizens of Myanmar since their
independence in 1948, in stead they are known as “Non Citizens”.
1 million Rohingya living in Myanmar (before the 2016-2017).

8. History of Rohingya
1948
Burma became independent
from British rule. A Muslim
rebellion erupts in Rakhine
State, demanding equal rights
and an autonomous area.
1962
Military rule
began in Burma.
1977-1978
Some 2000000
ethnic Muslims
identifying as
Rohingya fled to
refugee camps in
Bangladesh.
1982
A new citizenship
law identifies 135
national ethnic
groups, excluding
the Rohingya.
1989-1991
A military
crackdown
follows a popular
uprising. Burma is
renamed
Myanmar. An
additional 250000
refugee flee to
Bangladesh.

9. History of Rohingya
1992
The Bangladesh and Myanmar
governments agree to repatriate
refugees. Hundreds of thousands
of people return to Myanmar
over years.
2003
Two of twenty
refugee camps
remain in
Bangladesh.
2012
Religious violence
flares in Rakhine,
leaving many
people homeless.
More than 1000000
people flee to
Malaysia.
2014
In Myanmar’s first
census in 30 years,
the Rohingya are
still not included as
an ethnic group.
2016
A military
crackdown follows
an attack on a
border post in
which police
offers were killed.
During the
crackdown, about
87000 fled to
Bangladesh.

10. History of Rohingya
2017(August-
September)
The UN refugee
Agency declares the
Myanmar refugee
crisis to be a major
emergency.
2017(October-
November)
More than
6000000 refugee
have arrived in
Bangladesh.
Bangladesh and
Myanmar agree
to start
repatriating
refugees within
the next two
months.
2018(January- April)
The agreed start
date for repatration
passes without
action.U N Security
Council envoys visit
Myanmar and
Bangladesh to
observe needs and
conditions.
2018
April to november
Rough weather
increase miseries for
Rohingya.Repatratio
n was suppose to
begin.however it has
been delayed.
2019
Increased violence
in Rakhine led to
an additional 4500
people being
displaced,casting
doubt on the
feasibility of
refugees returning
any time soon.

11. Rohingya Influx in Bangladesh from 1991 to 2017.
Figure: Rohingya influx in Bangladesh from 1991 to 2017.
The following graph representing the summary of the Rohingya influx with
the number of people

12. Causes of Rohingya Crisis
Rohingya Crisis is a result of forced migration in the state of Rakhine, Myanmar
by mainly the law enforcement department of the country.
The main cause of the Crisis
is
• Ethnic Cleansing
• Political Causes
Hundred of Rohingya
villages were torched, and
recent satellite imagery
showed at least 55 villages
have since be completely
bulldozed, removing all
traces of builds, wells and
vegetation

13. Rohingya Camps in Bangladesh
Rohingya people are mainly fled
to Bangladesh along the border
area near Naf river. 3000 acres of
land were used by the Rohingyas
for various purpose.

14. Expansion of Rohingya Camps
Settlement Land Distribution
Type (%)
New Spontaneous 73%
Makeshift 13%
Host Community 9%
Formal Refugee Camps 5%

15. Crisis in Bangladesh Due to Rohingyas
Impact of Rohingya in Bangladesh
Economic Impact
Pressure on Employment
Depression of Daily Wage
Local People Created Small
Business.
Cost of Living
Loss of School Years
Loss of tourism
Social Impact
Population and Child Birth
Health Concerns
Major Needs of the Rohingyas.
Education
Perception of Local People
Law and Order
Cultural Diffusion
Food crisis
Environmental
Impact
Deforestation
Land Degradation
Waste Management
Air Pollution
Ecosystem and Biodiversity

16. Economic Impacts
Economic
Impact of
Rohingya
Crisis
Local People
Created
Small
Business
Depression
of the Daily
Wages
Prize HikeLoss of
Tourism
Pressure on
Employment
Bangladesh’s economy will face multiple adverse impacts due to Rohingya.

17. Economic Impacts
Bangladesh’s economy will face multiple adverse impacts due to Rohingya.
Pressure on Employment: There were several
indications of changing structure of the
employment in the local economy.
Depression of the Daily Wages: The daily
wage earners are also switching to work with the
aid agencies, therefore farmers find it difficult to
get day laborer resulting high daily wage.
Local People Created Small Business: Some
local people have created small businesses to sell
fish, vegetables, bamboos, sticks etc inside the
camps.
Loss of Tourism: Tour operators in Cox’s Bazar
claim that “risk of losing more than a million
tourist this session.

18. Social Impacts
Rohingya influx brings a lot of changes
and impact on the society. And all the
impacts are responsible for a radical
change.
Major Needs of the Rohingyas
Water
Food
Medicine and Treatment
Security
Sanitation
Cooking fuel
Major Social Impact
Demographic Problem
Health Concern
Education
Law and Order
Perception of Local People

19. Population and Child Birth
Impact of
Increasing
Population
Food
Scarcity
Inadequate
Health
Service
Lack of
Other Basic
Needs
Employment
Crisis
Population and Child Birth:
Several NGO workers noted
that the Rohingyas lack
awareness regarding family
planning resulting in- “High
Population Growth”.

20. Demographic Breakdown of Rohingya in Bangladesh.
Children
s
55%
Adults
42%
Elderly
3%
Age Group
There are about 914678 Rohingyas in Bangladesh of 172181
household.
Almost 16% Families are lead by a single mother.
 About 3% the population are separated or unaccompanied
children.

21. Health Concerns
They works on following areas:
Mental Health and
Psychosocial Support (MHPSS)
Sexual and Reproductive
Health (SRH)
Community Health
Health Sector Emergency
Preparedness and Response
Acute Watery Diarrhea
Vector Borne Diseases(Malaria)
The health sector’s 107 national and international partners have responded to the
needs through health service. These groups evolve based on current needs, and
meet at differing frequencies depending on the priorities.
Figure: A primary health centre at Ukhiya.

22. Health Concerns
Source: Health sector report April, 2018
Since March 2018, total number of Diphtheria Cases found categorized based
on the epidemiological week in Rohingya camp.

23. Health Concerns
Some Key Information
regarding health issue.
•Number of consultations
reported in EWARS in 2019
is 130318.
•728786 people are being
monitored for diseases.
•1.3 million people are
targeted for health assistance.
Source: WHO, 2019.

24. Other Social Impacts
Perception of Local People:
It is found out that the Rohingyas had tried to get into the local village to collect
fire wood. But the villagers did not allow them entry. Locals were found to be
discontent due to the following reasons:
Price hike of essentials.
Aid received by the Rohingyas.
Security concern.
Loss of income.
Education:
oThe implications of education are
two fold for locals and The
Rohingyas.
oThere are about 350000 Rohingya
children and teenagers need to be
given basic education
oBut the number of teacher(2000)
and other essential instrument are
limited.

25. Law and Order
Human Trafficking
• Trafficking is rampant in the refugee camps with
men, women and children exploited for
commercial sex and forced and bonded labor.
Forced Prostitution
Fake Identity
Drug Cartel
Due to the Want of basic needs the women and
children are forced to perform illegal sex works.
Besides they are cheated by the locals.
For getting better job facilities Rohingya people made
fake NID with the help of local agent
Rohingyas are involving to illegal drug cartelling
especially to Yabba Business.

26. Environmental Impact Due to Rohingya Crisis
 Ecosystem and Bio diversity:
A total of 4300 acres of hills and
forest were cut down to make
temporary shelters, facilities and
cooking, fuel in Ukhia and Teknaf
of Cox’s Bazar, threating the
biodiversity of the three ecological
critical area of the country.
 Deforestation:
Due to Rohingya influx, initial loss
of forest area was 3500 acres. Which
is equivalent to 1.67% loss in Cox’s
Bazar forest area and 0.05% loss in
total national forest area.
Environmental Facts
About 793 hectors out
of 1502 hectors of forest
land have been
encroached.
It is estimated that
almost 6800 tonnes of
firewood are collected by
them per month.
3000 to 4000 acres of
land have been
deforested since August
2018

27. Environmental Impact Due to Rohingya Crisis
Fig: The satellite pictures give an idea how the Rohingya settlement at Kutupalong Camp
affects the Environment.

28. Environmental Impact Due to Rohingya Crisis
 Land Degradation:
Due to the indiscriminate hill
cutting, the terrain of the hills has
lost their natural setting, causing a
potential risk of landslides.
 Waste Production:
Major shelter materials in camp area
are tarpaulin, aluminum and
bamboo which are non disposable
item except bamboo. Drinking water
are supplied to the Rohingya camps
through plastic container that is
another non disposable item and
harmful for the environment.
Fig: Showing how the camp area facing the threat
of Land degradation

29. Cost Estimation for the Support and Repatriation
Source: Center for Policy Dialogue(CPD).
To provide humanitarian support to Rohingya and for the repatriation to
Myanmar CPD published a report based on costing and time regarding the
issues.

30. Estimation of requirement for the Rohingyas:
 The funding requirement by sector for 1.2 million Rohingya people staying in
Bangladesh for (September 2017 to February 2018) is estimated to be USD 434
million.
Cost Estimation for the Support and Repatriation
Appeal for additional
requirement for USD
83.7million made by
UNHCR.
This make the total
need per for the
Rohingyas during
September 2017 to
February 2018 is USD
517.78 million. (Source:
UNICEF)

31. Cost Estimation for the Support and Repatriation
 Thus, Expenditure Required per
Rohingya for the period September
2017-June 2018 is USD 735 or
BDT 59388 per Rohingya.
 Per day expenditure per Rohingya
stands at USD 2.45 or BDT 198.
(Source: UNOCHA, 2017)
Future Fund Requirement for the Rohingyas:
 CPT has estimated the Fund Requirement for FY2017-18 from September 2017-
June 2018(10months).
 Assuming the requirement will be USD 882 million or BDT 7126 corer will be
required for 10 months.
(September2017-june 2018).
Figure: Some Rohingyas are fled in search of better
residence and facilities.

32. Sources of Funds for Rohingyas
The Ministry of Disaster Management and
Relief Of The GOB and Several National and
International Organizations have been providing
humanitarian support to the Rohingyas.
A total of USD 344 million was committed by
35 sources at the pledging conference
According to UN website(UNOCHA) total
incoming fund is equivalent to USD 143.19
million as of 10 November, 2017 which is 33%
of appeal fund.
Donor Organizations Amount in
USD
Percentage
of Total
Appeal
UN Agencies(UN
offices, WFP)
224589 0.1%
Red Cross/ Red
Crescent
152393 0.0%
Private Organization 1716296 0.4%
Polled Fund 19012077 4.4%
National Government
(Canada, Australia,
UK, Denmark etc)
105916022 24.4%
Intergovernmental
Organization(ACF,
IOM,WFP etc.)
10963118 2.5%
Local NGO(BRAC) 1275792 0.3%
Total 32.1%
Source: UNOCHA, November 2017

33. Diplomatic Feat Around of Rohingya Issue
Government Interlocution in United Nation
Prime Minister of Bangladesh introduced a Proposal on Rohingya Issue in UN
General Assembly.
•Myanmar must unconditionally stop the violence and the practice of ethnic cleansing
in the Rakhine State immediately and forever.
•Secretary General of United Nations should immediately send a fact-finding mission
to Myanmar.
•All civilians irrespective of religion and ethnicity must be protected in Myanmar. For
that “safe zones” could be created inside Myanmar under UN supervision.

34. Diplomatic Feat Around of Rohingya Issue
•Ensure sustainable return of all forcibly displaced Rohingyas in Bangladesh
to their homes in Myanmar
•The recommendations of koffi Annan Commission Report must be
immediately implemented unconditionally and in its entirety.
Figure: Prime Minister of Bangladesh presenting a proposal in United Nations
General Assembly.

35. Diplomatic Feat Around of Rohingya Issue
Bilateral Agreement and Negotiation With Myanmar and other Countries
• Bangladesh and Myanmar Signed a repatriation pact in 1992-1993.
• In November 23, 2017 the two neighboring countries also signed an initial deal
to repatriated Rohingyas in Naypyidaw.
• Working group of two counties formed but no effectiveness is seen yet.
The picture taken while
the Minister of two
countries agreed on
Rohingya Repatriation
Source: AFP

36. Recommendation According to Koffi Annan Commission
 National peace process and constitutional reform in Myanmar
to repatriate Rohingyas.
 Ensure adequate compensation for appropriate land for their
settlement.
 Develop Special Economic Zone(SEZ) for the economic
stability.
 Carry out labor market assessment for them in world labor
market.
 Women labor force must be prioritized.

37. CONCLUSION
Bangladesh set a nice example of humanitarian aid by
providing support to Rohingyas in spite of the nation
bearing a lot of sufferings. To continue the support the
International Organization and donor countries need to
enhance their aids.
It is a duty of Myanmar government to take back the
Rohingyas as quick as possible by proving all sorts of
supports to them and giving nationality for security. If
Myanmar decided to take back 300 Rohingyas every
month then the problem would be solved before 2025.

38. References
• https://www.restlessbeings.org/projects/rohingya
• https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-asia-42699602
• https://www.unocha.org/rohingya-refugee-crisis
•https://www.bd.undp.org/content/bangladesh/en/home/presscent
er/pressreleases/2018/09/18/Environmental
_impacts_of_Rohingya_influx.html
• https://www.bangladesh.unfpa.org/en/news/one-year-unfpas-
response-rohingya-crisis-bangladesh