An overview of the definition of refugees, similar terms and international legal regime concerning refugee laws, with special focus on the problem under Indian perspective.
Refugee and the Law, 2nd edition
Published by Human Rights Law Network(HRLN), a division of Socio Legal Information Centre(SLIC). For more details about our works, visit us at http://hrln.org
Refugees around the world constitute millions of people. Migrant and refugee communities need helping hand from your community to prevent and resolve conflicts, and to help achieve security and peace.
An overview of the definition of refugees, similar terms and international legal regime concerning refugee laws, with special focus on the problem under Indian perspective.
Refugee and the Law, 2nd edition
Published by Human Rights Law Network(HRLN), a division of Socio Legal Information Centre(SLIC). For more details about our works, visit us at http://hrln.org
Refugees around the world constitute millions of people. Migrant and refugee communities need helping hand from your community to prevent and resolve conflicts, and to help achieve security and peace.
The presentation is concerned with the increasing humanitarian turmoil of present world, refugee crisis. It contains the following contents definition of refugee, causes, issues of refugee emergency, state of international assistance and present scenario of human rights violation happened for refugee crisis
The presentation was made by the Bulgarian studnets from SU Ekzarh Antim I, Kazanlak, Bulgaria for Erasmus + project "Inclusive Schools for an Inclusive Society" 2017/2019 and etwinning project Building Europe of the Future
Set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations. International Law serves as a framework for the practice of stable and organized international relations. International law differs from state-based legal systems. International law is primarily applicable to countries than to private citizens. International Law is consent-based governance - a state member of the international community is not obliged to abide by this type of international law, unless it has expressly consented to a particular course of conduct.
Meaning and Definition of Nationality and Citizenship, Difference between nationality and citizenship, concept of second class citizen, Modes of acquiring citizenship. This ppt is very important for all law student who are preparing for judiciary and other competitive exam.
Study guide human rights-topic-area-a rotaract global mun 2015Adrian Dan Pop
For centuries, protection has been granted to people who flee persecution. However, the
current refugee regime seems to be the product of the last fifty years of the 20th century. The
origins of the modern refugee law can be found in the aftermath of the World World II, due to the
refugee crisis of the precedent years.n refugee regime is largely the product of the second half of
the twentieth century.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (hereinafter: UDHR) guarantees the right to
seek and enjoy asylum in other countries. Other human rights instruments 1 have also guaranteed
the “right to seek and be granted asylum in a foreign territory, in accordance with the legislation
of the state and international conventions.”2
The presentation is concerned with the increasing humanitarian turmoil of present world, refugee crisis. It contains the following contents definition of refugee, causes, issues of refugee emergency, state of international assistance and present scenario of human rights violation happened for refugee crisis
The presentation was made by the Bulgarian studnets from SU Ekzarh Antim I, Kazanlak, Bulgaria for Erasmus + project "Inclusive Schools for an Inclusive Society" 2017/2019 and etwinning project Building Europe of the Future
Set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations. International Law serves as a framework for the practice of stable and organized international relations. International law differs from state-based legal systems. International law is primarily applicable to countries than to private citizens. International Law is consent-based governance - a state member of the international community is not obliged to abide by this type of international law, unless it has expressly consented to a particular course of conduct.
Meaning and Definition of Nationality and Citizenship, Difference between nationality and citizenship, concept of second class citizen, Modes of acquiring citizenship. This ppt is very important for all law student who are preparing for judiciary and other competitive exam.
Study guide human rights-topic-area-a rotaract global mun 2015Adrian Dan Pop
For centuries, protection has been granted to people who flee persecution. However, the
current refugee regime seems to be the product of the last fifty years of the 20th century. The
origins of the modern refugee law can be found in the aftermath of the World World II, due to the
refugee crisis of the precedent years.n refugee regime is largely the product of the second half of
the twentieth century.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (hereinafter: UDHR) guarantees the right to
seek and enjoy asylum in other countries. Other human rights instruments 1 have also guaranteed
the “right to seek and be granted asylum in a foreign territory, in accordance with the legislation
of the state and international conventions.”2
■ IntroductionRefugees are migrants who leave their countrie.docxoswald1horne84988
■ Introduction
Refugees are migrants who leave their countries of ori-
gin for asylum, or a safe place to live, because of ongo-
ing armed conflict or fear of persecution based on their
religion, race, nationality, political affiliation, or mem-
bership in a persecuted social group, or a combination
of these items, within their home countries. Refugees
are either unwilling or unable to return to their coun-
tries of origin. The types of persecution that refugees
fear include cruel and inhumane treatment, unjust pun-
ishments, and threats of torture or death.
Unlike immigrants, who leave their home countries
seeking economic, educational, or social opportunities,
refugees seek to escape persecution and harm. Like inter-
nally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees are displaced from
their home because of safety and other humanitarian
concerns. IDPs remain in their country, however, under
the protection of their own government, while refugees
leave theirs. Refugees displaced outside of their home coun-
tries usually cannot return home, in contrast to immigrants,
who typically have the ability to return home without fear
of intimidation and oppression.
Causes of Displacement
One major reason why refugees are displaced is because
they live in a war zone caused by conflicts between their
home country and other countries. Other refugees leave
their homes because they face internal conflicts such as
civil wars or terrorism, and still others leave because of
turmoil caused by armed conflicts between neighboring
states. Refugees also flee due to agricultural problems
and food scarcity caused by water shortages and deserti-
fication, as well as by natural disasters such as floods,
earthquakes, hurricanes, and tornadoes. (Desertification
is the process of productive agricultural land being
turned into desert through deforestation, industrial ag-
riculture, or drought, or a combination of such items.)
Additionally, an economic collapse within a country or
fluctuations in local or international financial markets can
cause people to leave a country for safety and jobs
elsewhere. Some people live in fragile nations governed by
unpredictable dictators or weak or illegitimate political
systems, and these refugees choose to leave because of fear
of persecution or systemic instability. Finally, dangerous
cultural conflicts involving persecution over religion, lan-
guage, education, sexual orientation, and other factors also
cause people to flee their homes and seek asylum elsewhere.
International Understanding
of Refugee Status
Whatever the causes of refugees’ flight, their status is
defined and protected by international laws endorsed by
the members of the United Nations (UN), a body of
diplomatic representatives from countries around the
world. One such law, Article 1 of the Universal Declara-
tion of Human Rights (1948), states that “all human
beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”
and “should act towards one another in a spirit of
brotherhood.
Refugees and "other forced migrants" - David TurtonTu Anh Nguyen
- Who is David Turton?
- What are main arguments of the author in this article?
Reference: https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/files-1/wp13-refugees-other-forced-migrants-2003.pdf
A refugee does not include anyone who ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the persecution of any person on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
1. Refugees
Who are they?
What are their rights, obligations,
status, problems?
Should people help refugees or not?
2. A refugee is someone who has been
forced to flee his or her country
because of persecution, war, or
violence. A refugee has a well-
founded fear of persecution for
reasons of race, religion, nationality,
political opinion or membership in a
particular social group. Most likely,
they cannot return home or are afraid
to do so. War and ethnic, tribal and
religious violence are leading causes
of refugees fleeing their countries.
What is a refugee?
3. An internally displaced person (IDP) is a person who
has been forced to flee his or her home for the same
reason as a refugee, but remains in his or her own
country and has not crossed an international border.
Unlike refugees, IDPs are not protected by international
law or eligible to receive many types of aid. As the
nature of war has changed in the last few decades, with
more and more internal conflicts replacing wars among
countries, the number of IDPs has increased
significantly.
Who is an internally
displaced person (IDP)?
4. A returnee is a refugee who has
returned to his or her home country. The
majority of refugees prefer to return
home as soon as it is safe to do so, after
a conflict and the country is being
rebuilt. The UN High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR) encourages
voluntary repatriation, or return, as the
best solution for displaced people. The
agency often provides transportation and
other assistance, such as money, tools
and seeds. Occasionally, UNHCR helps
rebuild homes, schools and roads.
Who is a returnee?
5. A stateless person is someone who is not a citizen of
any country. Citizenship is the legal bond between a
government and an individual, and allows for certain
political, economic, social and other rights of the
individual, as well as the responsibilities of both
government and citizen. A person can become stateless
due to a variety of reasons, including sovereign, legal,
technical or administrative decisions or oversights. The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights underlines that
“Everyone has the right to a nationality.”
Who is a stateless person?
6. When people flee their own country and seek sanctuary in
another country, they apply for asylum – the right to be
recognized as a refugee and receive legal protection and material
assistance. An asylum seeker must demonstrate that his or her fear
of persecution in his or her home country is well-founded.
Who is an asylum-seeker?
7. Migrants move from one country to another usually to find work,
although there may be other reasons for migrating such as to join
family members. Some move voluntarily, while others are forced to
leave because of economic hardship or other problems. People can
migrate ‘regularly’, with legal permission to work and live in a
country, or ‘irregularly’, without permission from the country they
wish to live and work in.
Regardless of their status in a country, both regular and irregular
migrants have human rights, including the right to freedom from
slavery and servitude, freedom from arbitrary detention, freedom from
exploitation and forced labour, the right to freedom of assembly, the
right to education for their children, equal access to courts and rights
at work. These rights are laid out in the Migrant Workers’ Convention
(1990) as well as other human rights treaties.
Who is a migrant?
8. An economic migrant normally leaves a
country voluntarily to seek a better life.
Should he or she decide to return home,
they would continue to receive the
protection of his or her government.
Refugees flee because of the threat of
persecution and cannot return safely to
their homes.
What is the difference between a
refugee and an economic migrant?
9. The 1951 Geneva Convention is the main
international instrument of refugee law. The
Convention clearly spells out who a refugee is
and the kind of legal protection, other assistance
and social rights he or she should receive from
the countries who have signed the document. The
Convention also defines a refugee’s obligations
to host governments and certain categories or
people, such as war criminals, who do not qualify
for refugee status. The Convention was limited to
protecting mainly European refugees in the
aftermath of World War II, but another document,
the 1967 Protocol, expanded the scope of the
Convention as the problem of displacement
spread around the world.
What is the 1951 Refugee
Convention?
10. Refugee law and international human rights
law are closely intertwined. Refugees are fleeing
governments that are either unable or unwilling
to protect their basic human rights. Additionally,
in cases where the fear of persecution or threat to
life or safety arises in the context of an armed
conflict, refugee law also intersects with
international humanitarian law.
What Rights Do Refugees
Have?
11. The basic principle of refugee law,
non-refoulement refers to the obligation
of States not to return, a refugee to “the
frontiers of territories where his life or
freedom would be threatened on account
of his race, religion, nationality,
membership of a particular social group
or political opinion.” Additionally, both
regional and domestic courts have
interpreted the rights to life and freedom
from torture to include a prohibition
against refoulement. The principle of
non-refoulement prohibits not only the
removal of individuals but also the mass
expulsion of refugees.
NON-REFOULEMENT
12. Freedom of movement is also a key right for refugees
within their host country. Article 26 of the 1951 Convention
provides that States shall afford refugees the right to choose
their place of residence within the territory and to move
freely within the State. Freedom of movement is an
especially important issue with regard to protracted refugee
situations in countries with limited national resources and/or
limited legal frameworks for protecting refugees who
nonetheless host large refugee populations. In such
countries, refugee warehousing – in which refugees are
confined to refugee camps, thereby restricting their access to
employment and education – is commonly practiced.
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
13. The right to liberty and security of the person is important in the context
of how asylum seekers are treated within the intended country of refuge.
The national laws of several countries provide for the detention of asylum
seekers at one point or another during the adjudication of their claims. The
detention of asylum seekers is a contentious issue because of the conditions
found in the detention facilities of several countries. This is particularly an
issue in Greece, a country overwhelmed by the number of asylum-seekers it
receives, many of whom use Greece as a port of entry as they try to access
other European countries. In order to clarify which State has responsibility
for a particular asylum applicant, the Council of Europe issued Council
Regulation EC (commonly known as the Dublin Regulation). Under the
Dublin Regulation, the State through which the third country national first
entered Europe is generally considered the State responsible for
adjudicating that national’s asylum claim.
RIGHT TO LIBERTY AND
SECURITY OF THE PERSON
14. The family is seen as the “natural and
fundamental group unit of society and is entitled
to protection by society and the State.” In respect
of this right, a number of countries provide for the
granting of derivative status to dependent
relatives. Thus, where an individual is granted
asylum, his or her dependent relatives will also
receive protection through him or her. However,
should that individual’s refugee status be
terminated, the status of dependent relatives will
also be terminated. The definition of a dependent
relative, however, varies by the cultural notions of
family prevalent in the State Party. In the U.K.,
dependents are defined as the “spouse, civil
partner, unmarried or same-sex partner, or minor
child accompanying the applicant” while in Kenya,
dependent relatives include the brother or sister of
an applicant under the age of eighteen, “or any
dependent grandparent, parent, grandchild or
ward living in the same household as the refugee.”
RIGHT TO FAMILY LIFE
15. The 1951 Convention also protects other rights of refugees,
such as the rights to education, access to justice, employment
and other fundamental freedoms and privileges similarly
enshrined in international and regional human rights treaties. In
their enjoyment of some rights, such as access to the courts,
refugees are to be afforded the same treatment as nationals
while with others, such as wage-earning employment and
property rights, refugees are to be afforded the same treatment
as foreign nationals. Despite these rights being protected in the
1951 Convention and under human rights treaties, refugees in
various countries do not enjoy full or equal legal protection of
fundamental privileges.
OTHER RIGHTS
16. Asylum and refugee status are special legal protections available to people who have left
their home country for their own safety and are afraid to return.
What's the difference between asylum and refugee status under U.S. immigration laws --
that is, who should seek asylum status, and who should seek refugee status? It's simply a
matter of where you are when you apply. People outside of the United States must apply for
refugee status. People who have already made it to the United States border or the interior
(perhaps by using a visa or by entering illegally) can apply for asylum status.
Once granted, both statuses allow you to stay in the United States indefinitely. Asylees
and refugees are given permission to work and are allowed to apply for a green card (within
one year of either entering the United States as a refugee or being approved for asylum).But
not everyone qualifies for asylum or refugee status. You must meet some strict requirements,
as described in this article. In particular, you must show two things:
o You are unable or unwilling to return to your home country because you have been
persecuted there in the past or have a well-founded fear that you will be persecuted if you
go back.
o The reason you have been (or will be) persecuted is connected to one of five things: your
race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or your political
opinion.
Refugee Status
17. Finding new homes, escaping their
old life, to find safety and shelter and
food to eat and water to drink so they
don't starve. Finding a job and some
locals have a bad attitude towards
them.
What are the problems and
difficulties refugees face?
18. Medical problems
Apart from physical wounds or starvation, a
large percentage of refugees develop symptoms of
post-traumatic stress disorder or depression. These
long-term mental problems can severely impede the
functionality of the person in everyday situations. It
makes matters even worse for displaced persons
who are confronted with a new environment and
challenging situations. They are also at high risk for
suicide.
Among other symptoms, post-traumatic stress
disorder involves anxiety, over-alertness,
sleeplessness, chronic fatigue syndrome, motor
difficulties, failing short term memory, amnesia,
nightmares and sleep-paralysis. Flashbacks are
characteristic to the disorder: the patient experiences
the traumatic event, or pieces of it, again and again.
Refugee issues
19. Exploitation
Refugee populations consist of people who
are terrified and are away from familiar
surroundings. There can be instances of
exploitation at the hands of enforcement
officials, citizens of the host country, and even
United Nations peacekeepers. Instances of
human rights violations, child labor, mental and
physical trauma/torture, violence-related
trauma, especially of children, are not entirely
unknown.
20. Refugees get very little financial help because there
isn't much available and so they must rely on other
sources and good hearted people to help them through.
Not many people understand or even care about them and
so they are forgotten about and most don't even know how
to speak the language of the country in which they are
seeking help! Some do get by better than others and can
speak several languages and this is a plus. Refugees are
like us. They want the best for their families and often
become advocates of human relief efforts when they are
in better living situations.
Should People Help Refugees
or Not?