This document discusses different states of matter and their properties. It defines solids, liquids, and gases, explaining that molecules in solids are closely packed, liquids are farther apart than solids but take the shape of their container, and gases are the farthest apart and also take the shape of their container. It also discusses density, pressure, Pascal's law, buoyancy, and Archimedes' principle.

4. The arrangement of
atoms or molecules
that make up matter
decides its state.

5. SOLIDS
- Molecules are
locked in place
and closely
packed together
- Cannot flow
- Rigid and retain
their shapes and
sizes

6. LIQUIDS
- Molecules are
farther from one
another than
those of solids.
- Can flow
- Take the shape of
the container

7. GASES
- Much farther
apart from one
another than
those of liquids
- Take the shape of
the container

8. It is the capability of the
molecules of matter to move
closer together or be
pressed against one another.
Gases are the most compressible state of
matter.

9. Why are concrete roads
and structures filled with
a gravel-and-sand
mixture instead of pure
gravel or pure sand?

10. It is the capability of
materials to regain their
shape and size after the
removal of applied force.
Strain – extent of deformation
Stress – amount force applied

11. British physicist who
discovered the
relationship between
stress and strain.

12. It states that the amount of deformation
is directly proportional to the amount
of force within the elastic limit.
Elastic limit is the maximum stress an
object can withstand without
developing permanent deformation.

13. The elasticity of a material depends on
the force that hold its particles together
- Force of cohesion

14. Elastic modulus =
stress
strain
Where stress is the force per unit area and strain is
the change in length, shape or volume of the material

15. Young’s Modulus – the length of the material changes
Shear Modulus – its shape changes
Bulk Modulus – its volume changes

17. ρ =
mass
volume
where ρ(rho) is density, g/cm3, g/L
The greater the mass an object has in a given space,
the greater its density.

18. ρ =
mass
volume
where ρ(rho) is density, g/cm3, g/L
The greater the mass an object has in a given space,
the greater its density.

19. Denser material
has greater
mass than a less
dense material
of equal volume.

20. Density of some
substances

21. Notice that the
substance with the
highest density
settles at the bottom
of the tube, while
the one with lowest
floats on top.

22. The specific
gravity (relative
density) is the
ratio of the
density of a
substance to the
density of water
at 4°C..

23. The specific
gravity (relative
density) is the
ratio of the
density of a
substance to the
density of water
at 4°C..

24. The force applied by a body per unit area on
another body
Pressure is directly proportional to force. The greater the force
applied, the greater the pressure exerted. Pressure also
depends on the area to which the force is applied.

26. A solid exerts pressure on another solid it comes
in contact with.
Liquid pressure is the
weight of all liquid
molecules on the surface
of an object in a liquid.

27. The water that comes out
from the lowest hole travels
the longest horizontal
distance; whereas, the water
that spouts out from the
highest hole travels the least
horizontal distance. This
shows that the water at the
bottom of the container
exerts the greatest pressure.

28. A girl dives into a swimming pool and reaches a depth of 5 m.
a. At this depth, what is the approximate magnitude of the pressure exerted
by the water on her body?
b. What would be the pressure exerted if the girl dives into half of that depth?
c. If the girl is in seawater, how would the pressure exerted by the water on
her body compare with that when she is in a pool?

29. Like solids and liquids, gases
also exert pressure. Earth’s
atmosphere, which is a
mixture of different gases,
exerts pressure on any surface
it touches.

30. Dams

31. Blood
Pressure

32. Blood Pressure

33. Pascal’s Law
Any change in the pressure of a confined
fluid is equally transmitted in all
directions.

34. Pascal’s Law
A downward force of 100N is applied to the small piston with a diameter
of 50cm in a hydraulic system. What is the upward force exerted by the
large piston with a diameter of 2m?

35. Seatwork
A dentist’s chair makes use of Pascal’s principle to move
patients up and down. Together, the chair and a patient exert a
downward force of 2,269 N. The chair is attached to a large
piston with an area of 1,221 cm2 . To move the chair, a pump
applies force to a small piston with an area of 88.12 cm2 . What
force must be exerted on the small piston to lift the chair?

36. Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle
A body that is
submerged in a fluid is
buoyed up by a force
equal to the weight of
the displaced fluid
Buoyant force (BF) is an
upward force that decreases
the weight of an immersed
body.

37. Quiz
An engineering student wants to build a hydraulic pump to
lift a 1,815 N crate. The pump will have two pistons connected
via a fluid chamber. The student calculates that a force of 442
N will be exerted on the small piston, which will have an area
of 50.2 cm2 . What must the area of the large piston be to exert
the desired force?