This document outlines the contents of a fluid mechanics lecture, including introductions to dimensions and units, fluid properties, fluid statics, fluid kinematics, fluid dynamics, and momentum analysis. Key fluid properties discussed are density, specific weight, specific gravity, viscosity, and surface tension. Fluid statics covers topics like pressure, buoyancy, and stability. Fluid kinematics addresses flow types and equations. Fluid dynamics introduces Bernoulli's equation and its applications. Later sections cover momentum analysis, pipe flow, and flow through various devices.
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
Open channel flow: Types of flows – Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formula for uniform flow – Most Economical sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical sub-critical – super critical flows
Non-uniform flows –Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-surface profiles-direct step method- Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation
Reynolds number and geometry concept, Momentum integral equations, Boundary layer equations, Flow over a flat plate, Flow over cylinder, Pipe flow, fully developed laminar pipe flow, turbulent pipe flow, Losses in pipe flow
In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their fundamental dimensions (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge) and units of measure (such as miles vs. kilometers, or pounds vs. kilograms vs. grams) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed.
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
Open channel flow: Types of flows – Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formula for uniform flow – Most Economical sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical sub-critical – super critical flows
Non-uniform flows –Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-surface profiles-direct step method- Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation
Reynolds number and geometry concept, Momentum integral equations, Boundary layer equations, Flow over a flat plate, Flow over cylinder, Pipe flow, fully developed laminar pipe flow, turbulent pipe flow, Losses in pipe flow
In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their fundamental dimensions (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge) and units of measure (such as miles vs. kilometers, or pounds vs. kilograms vs. grams) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed.
FMM Unit 1. Define the expression for Reynold's numberpptxMohan313217
A horizontal pipe line is 40m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharges freely into the Atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25m of its length from the tank, the pipe is 150mm diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 300mm. The height of water level in the tank is 8m above the Centre of the pipe. Considering all losses of head which is occurring, determine the rate of flow. Take f=0.01 for both sections of the pipe.
in this presentation an overview on the Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Data. followed by quick review of (Collecting, Describing and Summarizing Data. Graphical Data Analysis. Estimating Missing data, Check the Consistency of Precipitation Data. and how to check data quality)
Probability / likelihood of occurrence
this presentation overview on the hydrology of arid regions and reviews some publications in that issue. finally, it suggests some references for further reading.
This is the third presentation about using WMS in modeling watersheds' hydrology.
this presentation contains:
- Define soil types and land use
- Calculate the Curve numbers
- Define the rainfall data
- Run HEC-1
this is the second presentation about building a hydrological model using WMS. it contains:
- DEM files and reading it
- Watershed Delineation
- Edit the DEM files
يقدم هذا العرض مقدمة لأساسيات إستخدام برنامج الـ Watershed Modelling System في حساب الهيدروجارف الناتج عن عاصفة.
Components of WMS
WMS interface
Steps of building a hydrological model using WMS
Georeferencing
Read DEM
Using HEC-RAS to assess flash floods risk in arid regionsAhmed Saleh, Ph.D
Explain the utilization of HEC-RAS to two-dimensional simulation of flood wave propagation. also, show the application of ArcGis to draw flood risk maps.
This presentation shows the main software used for numerically simulate the flood movement. first, it presents the HEC-RAS, then it discusses the Surface-water Modeling System (SMS), its interface, main components, DATA REQUIREMENTS and main steps to build a model using SMS.
This presentations explains the main definitions related to flood risk management. and how to assess the Vulnerability of the society towards flood dangers. and flood risk analysis process. and gives some examples of flood risk assessment applications.
using embankment dams for flash flood risk managementAhmed Saleh, Ph.D
the presentation contains an overview on flash floods, common measures of flood protection, embankment dams, and shows the steps of designing the dam. also listing some useful software.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. Course Contents
Introduction, Dimensions and units,
Fluid physical properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid Kinematics
Fluid Dynamics
Momentum analysis of flow Systems
Flow through pipe lines
3. Course Contents - detailed
Introduction,
Dimensions and units,
Fluid properties
•density,
•specific weight,
•specific gravity,
•specific heat,
•vapor pressure
•compressibility,
•viscosity,
•surface tension
Fluid Statics
•absolute and gage
pressure,
•pressure at a point,
•pressure transmition
•pressure
measurements,
•pressure prism,
•hydrostatic force on a
plane surface,
•hydrostatic force on a
curved surface,
•buoyancy,
•flotation, and stability
•Rigid body motion of
a fluid,
Fluid Kinematics
•continuity equation,
•steady and unsteady
flow,
•laminar and turbulent
flows,
•path line and stream
line,
•ideal and real,
•rotational and ir-
rotational flow,
Fluid Dynamics
•Bernoulli’s Equation,
•total and hydraulic
gradient lines,
•application of
Bernoulli Equation,
•Pitot Tube,
•stagnation point,
•Venturi Meter ,
•orifice ,
•nozzles ,
•flow over notches and
weirs
Momentum analysis of
flow Systems
•conservation of
momentum,
•control volume,
•forces on control
volume,
•forces acting on
plates
•turbines concept,
•forces acting on
bends & reducers ,
•calculations of minor
losses
Flow through pipe
lines
•Reynold's Number,
•Darcy-Weisbach
Equation,
•friction head losses,
•Moody Charts,
•design of pipe flow
system,
•branching pipe,
•pipes in series and in
parallel,
•head loss problems,
•discharge problems,
•sizing problem,
•reservoir system
6. SI base unit
Symbol Name Quantity
s second time
m metre length
kg kilogram mass
A ampere electric current
K kelvin temperature
mol mole amount of substance
cd candela luminous intensity
10. Psychological
• old habits and customs are hard to change.
Economics
• existing unit systems entail massive capital investments
Relevance
• certain classes of problems are easier to solve in
• specific unit systems.
15. Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
• Density
PropertiesofFluids
ρ
https://www.nuclear-power.net
https://www.instructables.com/
rho
A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
16. Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
• The specific weight
PropertiesofFluids
γgamma
A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
17. Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
• Vertical cylindered tank (d=7m,H=12m)
• Completely filled with water
• @ 20°c
• Heated to 50°c
• How much water will be spilled over?
PropertiesofFluids
A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
18. Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
PropertiesofFluids
A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
19. Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
• Volume Tank= 𝜋(
7
2
)2
∗ 12 = 461.82 m3
• Weight of the water in the tank = γ*V
= 9.789*461.82 = 4520.76 kN
• Volume of the same weight @ 50°c
• 4520.76/9.69 = 466.54 m3
• Volume of water spilled
• 466.54 - 461.82 = 4.72 m3
PropertiesofFluids
A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
20. Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
PropertiesofFluids
• The Specific Gravity
a dimensionless ratio to express density
A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
21. Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
PropertiesofFluids
• Viscosity μ
A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
mu
22. Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
PropertiesofFluids
• Viscosity μ
A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
Fluids for which the shearing stress is linearly related to the
rate of shearing strain ( Newtonian fluids )
most common fluids, both liquids and gases, are Newtonian.
mu
23. Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
PropertiesofFluids
• Viscosity μ
A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
mu
rate of shearing strain
(velocity gradient)
the absolute viscosity
the dynamic viscosity
the viscosity
the shearing stress
μ of a fluid is a measure of the internal resistance (“fluidity” or “internal
stickiness”) to shear or angular deformation
27. • used to display laminar and
turbulent flows.
• the Reynolds number
where:
•ρ is the density of the fluid (SI units: kg/m3)
•V is the velocity of the fluid with respect to the object (m/s)
•L is a characteristic linear dimension (m)
•μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa·s or N·s/m2 or kg/m·s)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number
29. Munson, Bruce Roy, et al. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.
ρ the fluid density,
V the mean fluid velocity,
D the pipe diameter, and
μ the fluid viscosity.
30. Munson, Bruce Roy, et al. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.
