using embankment dams for flash flood risk management
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the presentation contains an overview on flash floods, common measures of flood protection, embankment dams, and shows the steps of designing the dam. also listing some useful software.
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Hydraulic failures .... 40%
Seepage failures…….. 30%
Structural failures .... 30%
(1) Overtopping
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain
(4) Erosion of d/s toe
(5) Frost action
(1) Overtopping = the design flood is under estimated.
spillway capacity is not adequet
spillway gates are not properly operated
free board is not sufficient
excessive settlement of the foundation and dam
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves = The waves developed near the top water surface due to the winds, try to notch out the soil from the upstream face and may even, sometimes, cause the slip of the upstream slope.
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erosion due to cross currents that may come from spillway buckets.
Frost action : = If the earth dam is located at a place where the temperature falls below the freezing point, frost may form in the pores of the soil in the earth dam.
When there is heaving, the cracks may form in the soil. This may lead to dangerous seepage and consequent failure.
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- It can erode foundations, cause settlement or collapse through volume changes in soil/rock.
- Increase moisture in slopes, reducing stability and increasing landslide risk.
- Impact excavation and construction by flowing towards work sites.
- Reduce bearing capacity and shear strength of soils.
- Cause uplift pressures that can lead to failure of structures.
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This document provides an overview of embankment dam design and construction. It discusses the types of embankment dams, causes of failure, and design procedures. The key points covered are:
1. Types of embankment dams include homogeneous dams with toe drains or blankets, and zoned dams with central cores and filters/blankets.
2. Causes of failure include hydraulic failures from overtopping, seepage failures from piping/leakage, and structural failures from sliding, liquefaction, or settlement.
3. Design considers safety against hydraulic, seepage and structural failures. This includes limiting seepage, ensuring stability of slopes, and providing adequate spillway capacity.
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2. Key factors that influence the bridge design include economics, traffic needs, navigability, aesthetics, soil/foundation conditions, hydraulic parameters like river flow and scour potential. Proper investigation of these ensures the selection of the most suitable bridge location and type.
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This document provides an overview of reservoir planning and surveys. It discusses the different types of reservoirs and surveys conducted in reservoir planning, including reconnaissance, preliminary, and detailed surveys. Key steps in reservoir planning include engineering, hydrological, and geological surveys to identify suitable dam sites and storage capacity. Control levels like top bund level, high flood level, and full tank level are also discussed. Factors affecting silting and methods to control silting are outlined. The document provides details on various stages of reservoir planning and development.
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A hydraulic structure may be defined as any structure which is designed to handle water in any way
This includes the retention, conveyance, control, regulation and dissipation of the energy of water
Such water handling structures are required in many fields of civil engineering
The principal ones being water supply and conservation, hydroelectric power, irrigation and drainage, navigation, flood control, fish, wildlife service’s and certain aspects of highway engineering. Various equations, based on continuity, energy, and momentum principles, may be used
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This document describes an experiment to visualize seepage through an earthen dam using a permeability tank apparatus. The experiment involves constructing a model earthen dam in the tank out of sand and observing the flow lines as water is introduced upstream. Key steps include slowly filling the upstream and downstream pools to stabilize the dam without collapse. Needles with dye are inserted in the upstream slope to trace the flow lines. The permeability tank and this experiment allow students to determine coefficients of permeability and analyze seepage forces and potential failure mechanisms in earthen dams.
Hydraulic structures pdf
SAQIB IMRAN 0341-7549889 11
1. The document is notes written by Saqib Imran, a civil engineering student in Pakistan, to provide knowledge on hydraulic structures to other students and engineers.
2. It defines hydraulic structures as anything used to divert, restrict, or manage natural water flow, such as dams, weirs, and spillways. It also discusses factors that affect the design of canals, barrages, and culverts.
3. The notes provide definitions for various technical terms related to hydraulic structures like khadir, weir axis, river axis, and retrogression. It also describes river training works including guide banks and marginal bund
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Dams are barriers built across rivers or streams to control water flow for uses like irrigation, hydropower, and flood control. The main types are embankment dams made of earth or rock and concrete dams like gravity, arch, and buttress dams. Dams provide benefits like irrigation, power, flood control, and recreation but can also negatively impact river ecosystems and require relocation of people. Engineers consider factors like geology, material availability, and hydrology to select the optimal dam type and site for a given project. Ancillary structures like spillways and outlets control water release.
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Seepage through embankments can negatively impact their stability and surrounding areas. Effects include waterlogging, salinization, and piping erosion within the embankment. Several methods are used to control seepage, including increasing flow paths with cut-off walls, impermeable cores, and upstream blankets. Properly designed internal drainage systems like toe drains and chimney drains can also help control seepage by reducing pore pressures and intercepting water flows. The dimensions and permeability of drainage elements must be sufficient to safely carry anticipated seepage flows.
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1. Diversion headworks are structures constructed across rivers to divert water into canals. They raise the water level in the river and regulate the water supply to the canal.
2. The key components of diversion headworks include weirs or barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, approach channels, undersluices, silt excluders, and river training works. Common types of weirs are masonry weirs, rockfill weirs, and concrete weirs.
3. Weirs are designed to withstand seepage and subsurface flow, which can cause failures through piping, uplift pressure, or scouring. Design theories like Bligh's creep theory and Khos
Geological factor for canal alignment
1. Canals are constructed to carry water from rivers or reservoirs to irrigate fields. They are generally aligned along contours, ridges, or side slopes.
2. Contour canals follow elevation contours except for the required slope, allowing irrigation on one side. Ridge canals along dividing ridges allow irrigation on both sides.
3. Side slope canals run perpendicular to contours, parallel to natural drainage, avoiding the need for cross drainage structures. Proper geological investigation is important for determining appropriate canal alignments and designs.
Embankment lecture 3
Hydraulic failures .... 40%
Seepage failures…….. 30%
Structural failures .... 30%
(1) Overtopping
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain
(4) Erosion of d/s toe
(5) Frost action
(1) Overtopping = the design flood is under estimated.
spillway capacity is not adequet
spillway gates are not properly operated
free board is not sufficient
excessive settlement of the foundation and dam
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves = The waves developed near the top water surface due to the winds, try to notch out the soil from the upstream face and may even, sometimes, cause the slip of the upstream slope.
Upstream stone pitching or riprap should, therefore, be provided to avoid such failures.
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain = The rainwater flowing down the slope; may result in the formation of 'gullies' on the downstream slope thus damaging the dam which may generally lead to partial failure of the dam or in some cases it may cause complete failure of the dam.
Erosion of d/s toe : = Toe erosion may occur due to two reasons :
erosion due to tail water
erosion due to cross currents that may come from spillway buckets.
Frost action : = If the earth dam is located at a place where the temperature falls below the freezing point, frost may form in the pores of the soil in the earth dam.
When there is heaving, the cracks may form in the soil. This may lead to dangerous seepage and consequent failure.
Seepage failures : = Seepage failures may occur due to the following causes :
(1) Piping through the foundation
(2) Piping through the dam
(3) Sloughing of d/s toe
Structural failures :=
Structural failures in earth dams are generally shear failures leading to sliding of the tents or the foundations.
(1) u/s and d/s slope failures due to construction pore pressures
(2) u/s slope failure due to sudden drawdown
(3) D/s slope failure due to steady seepage
(4) Foundation slide due to spontaneous liquefaction
(5) Failure due to earthquake
(6) Failure by spreading
(7) Slope protection failures
(8) Failure due to damage caused by borrowing animals
(9) Failure due to holes caused by leaching of water soluable salts
Criteria for safe Design of Earth Dam :
Section of an Earth Dam :
The design of an earth dam essentially consists of determining such a cross section
the dam which when constructed with the available materials will fulfill its required
tion with adequate safety. Thus there are two aspects of the design of an earth dam.
Diversion head work
This presentation covered Diversion head work topic. Details topics selection of the suitable site for the
diversion headwork- different parts of
diversion headwork- Causes of failure of
structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s
theory- Design of concrete sloping glacis weir covered.
M.i tank
This document describes the design of an earthen bund and associated structures for a minor irrigation project in India. It includes details on:
1. Selecting the site for the bund based on factors like water storage capacity, foundation stability, and construction material availability.
2. Surveying the reservoir area to determine capacity contours and reservoir capacity.
3. Designing the earthen bund with specifications for material used, slopes, and dimensions based on dam height.
4. Calculating water requirements for irrigation based on crop areas and duties.
5. Designing associated structures like the canal with a trapezoidal section, sluice gate size based on discharge requirements,
Control Seepage Thought Earth Dams
This study was competent studied earth dams and species and its history and the factors influencing them and the other part of a study of the most important risks that affect earth dams (seepage through earth dams) and how to calculate the leak and methods of their account and types the seepage and forms of cost and what are the ways process is treated with filters.
1. INTRODUCTION TO SEEPAGE THROGH EARTH DAM
2.METHODS CALCULATION SEEPAGE THROGH EARTH
DAM
3. ENTRANCE, DISCHARGE, AND TRANSFARE
CONDITIONSOF LINE OF SEEPAGE
4.SIMULATE THE PRESSURE ON THE EARTH DAM USING SAP 2000 PROGRAM
5.DESIGN FILTER TO CONTROLED THE SPAAGE IN EARTH DAM
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This document discusses failure and safety aspects of earthen dams. It describes different types of earthen dams, including earth dams, rock-filled dams, and composite earth and rock-filled dams. It then lists several potential failure modes of earthen dams, such as foundation sliding, spreading failure, piping failure, slope protection failure, and failure due to earthquake shaking. For earthquake-induced failure specifically, it notes that cracks may develop causing leakage, piping may occur due to reservoir shaking, settlements may reduce freeboard and cause overtopping, and shear slides or liquefaction of underlying soils are also risks. The document concludes with some RTU questions related to earthen dam analysis, design, instrumentation and
Lecture 4
Groundwater can affect engineering structures through several mechanisms:
- It can erode foundations, cause settlement or collapse through volume changes in soil/rock.
- Increase moisture in slopes, reducing stability and increasing landslide risk.
- Impact excavation and construction by flowing towards work sites.
- Reduce bearing capacity and shear strength of soils.
- Cause uplift pressures that can lead to failure of structures.
Proper site investigation is needed to understand subsurface water conditions and mitigate risks.
Chapter 4 embankment dams
This document provides an overview of embankment dam design and construction. It discusses the types of embankment dams, causes of failure, and design procedures. The key points covered are:
1. Types of embankment dams include homogeneous dams with toe drains or blankets, and zoned dams with central cores and filters/blankets.
2. Causes of failure include hydraulic failures from overtopping, seepage failures from piping/leakage, and structural failures from sliding, liquefaction, or settlement.
3. Design considers safety against hydraulic, seepage and structural failures. This includes limiting seepage, ensuring stability of slopes, and providing adequate spillway capacity.
Dam & Reservoir Structure
The document discusses the components and foundation treatment techniques of dams and reservoirs. It describes key parts of dams like abutments, galleries, spillways, and energy dissipation structures. It also explains the purpose of dams is to generate hydroelectric power, support irrigation, prevent flooding, and divert water. Foundation treatment techniques discussed include grouting methods like consolidation and curtain grouting to reduce seepage and stabilize the foundation.
Earthen Dams
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It is mainlyHaramaya University, Office of the Registrar. 31903 likes · 8 talking about this · 2353 were here. The office of the registrar is responsible for...
Haramaya University is public institution and the second oldest university in Ethiopia. Haramaya University has gone through a series of transformations ...Haramaya University is public institution and the second oldest university in Ethiopia. Haramaya University has gone through a series of transformations ...
Organization Type፡ Academia / Think Tank
Country፡ Ethiopia
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Dams are barriers built across streams, rivers or estuaries to control water flow for uses like drinking water, irrigation, flood control and hydropower. The main parts of a dam include the dam body, reservoir, spillway and water intake structures. Dams are classified based on factors like height, design, usage and construction material. Planning of dams involves reconnaissance, feasibility and planning studies to determine water demand and potential, optimal plans, dam site location considering factors like geology and materials, and project design dimensions. Dam construction follows steps of scheduling, diverting river flow, foundation treatment and forming the dam body.
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using embankment dams for flash flood risk management
- 1. Hydraulic Analysis Embankment Dams Water Resources Research Institute Web: www.wrri.org.eg Eng. Ahmed Adel Saleh email: norahmed1@gmail.com
- 2. Outlines • Introduction • Conceptual model • Flash Flood in Egypt • Measures to eliminate the flash flood problem • Embankment dams • Applications from WRRI • Modeling and simulation tools
- 3. Conceptual model of flash flood protection system
- 4. Rainfall-Runoff Model Flood Hydrograph Design of Hydraulic Structures Structural measures Nonstructural measures The Design Flood Hazard Assessment Vulnerability Analysis Vulnerability Assessment Risk Assessment Flash flood risk management plan Hydrology No Need Hydraulics Engineering Cost benefit analysis Codes / Standards
- 13. Embankment dams Overview https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqceTkveWTo • Types of dams • Main characteristics of the embankment dams • Failure of Embankment Dams • Main steps of an embankment dams projects
- 14. TYPESOFDAMS Gravity Concrete, rubble masonry Arch Concrete Buttress Concrete timber steel Embankment Earth rock Simple Embankment (Homogeneous with low permeable upstream ) Impervious Foundation Impervious Core
- 15. Embankment dams • Rely on their weight to resist the flow of water. • Massive dams made of earth or rock. • Constructed where the foundation are weak to support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are at greater depth. Broader at the base Smaller in height
- 16. Main parts of an embankment dams • Dam body: Body forms the main part of a dam as an impervious barrier • Reservoir: It is the artificial lake behind a dam body • Spillway: is that part of a dam to evacuate the flood water from reservoir. • Water intake structures: is a facilityy to withdraw water from a reservoir. • Diversion facilities: To redirect the streamflow from construction area Mehmet Özger: Dams (Barajlar)
- 17. Choosing the location/type of a dam Choosing a suitable location of dam Topographic Requirement Geotechnical suitability Sedimentation possibilities Submergence costs Hydrologic adequacy Spillway site availability Selection of the type of dam Availability of construction material Environmental reasons (Quarrying) Availability of skilled workers Seismicity Hydrology (Overtopping) Budget Time available Earth-fill Buttress arch 15 • Small Dam 15-50 • Large Dam 50 • High Dam
- 18. Failure Causes of Embankment Dams
- 19. Dam axis • More loads are allowed • Easier in constructing • Better for small dams
- 20. Project design • Max. lake elevation • Spillway capacity • Crest elevation Hydrologic design • Static & dynamic loads • Spillway profile • Outlet dimensions Hydraulic design • Stress distribution • Required reinforcementStructural design • Sedimentation • Environmental • Social • … Other studies
- 21. Investigation&Data collecting Topographical investigations Rock classification Boring exploration • core drilling • sounding In-situ testing • Permeability • bearing capacity • compressibility Meteorological and hydrological surveys Design Stability of Dam Body •Stability against sliding failure of embankment (Pore-water pressure, shear strength) •Seismic stability •Stability at the contact face of dam body and base foundation Seepage Through Embankment and Foundation •pore-water pressure •leakage through foundation •critical velocity •Piping •critical hydraulic gradient Construction Planning for Construction •Construction equipment (roller, carrier, bulldozer, ...) •Foundation treatment (grouting, drainage) •Placement (execution management, field and laboratory testing) •Observation (pore-water pressure, settlement, earth pressure, deformation) Maintenance and Repair
- 23. Small earth-fill dams Advantages • Construction materials are easily available • Simple design criteria • Simple foundation preparation required • Resist settlement and movement Disadvantages • Not appropriate for rainy climates • Higher possibility to damage or slide • Lack of compaction of material leads to increased seepage • Continuous monitoring and assessment needed • Many of failures are caused by careless construction
- 24. Small rock-fill dams Typical Cross-section Best quality Larger bolderLess quality than D Well-graded, smaller rock and gravel Minimum of 4.5 to 6 m
- 25. Small rock-fill dams Advantages • Suitable when: • Short construction time is available • Little earth-fill materials Disadvantages • More costly
- 33. HEC-Geo-RAS • Saving the time by reading the Geometric data from Arc-GIS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36wdta8JGbU