This document discusses flow chart programming for AVR microcontrollers using Flowcode. It begins by listing the topics to be covered, which include microcontrollers, AVR microcontrollers, flow charts, and Flowcode. It then provides information on microcontrollers and embedded systems in general. It discusses the architecture and features of AVR microcontrollers specifically. It also covers basic flowchart symbols and structures like sequence, decision, repetition, and case. Finally, it introduces Flowcode as a graphical programming language for microcontrollers that allows designing programs using flow charts that can then be simulated and downloaded to microcontrollers.
The main Objective of this presentation is to define computer buses , especially system bus . which is consists of data bus , address bus and control bus.
Importance of loops in any programming language is immense, they allow us to reduce the number of lines in a code, making our code more readable and efficient.
The main Objective of this presentation is to define computer buses , especially system bus . which is consists of data bus , address bus and control bus.
Importance of loops in any programming language is immense, they allow us to reduce the number of lines in a code, making our code more readable and efficient.
The Karnaugh map, also known as the K-map, is a method to simplify boolean algebra expressions. Maurice Karnaugh introduced it in 1953 as a refinement of Edward Veitch's 1952 Veitch diagram. The Karnaugh map reduces the need for extensive calculations by taking advantage of humans' pattern-recognition capability. It also permits the rapid identification and elimination of potential race conditions.
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise logical operations on integer binary numbers.
This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units.
A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs
History Of ALU:Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Typical Schematic Symbol of an ALU:A and B: the inputs to the ALU
R: Output or Result
F: Code or Instruction from the
Control Unit
D: Output status; it indicates cases
Circuit operation:An ALU is a combinational logic circuit
Its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes
The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation
This Presentation is useful to study Digital Electronics subject about D and T Flip-Flop. This Presentation is also useful to make Presentation on Flip-Flop.
The Karnaugh map, also known as the K-map, is a method to simplify boolean algebra expressions. Maurice Karnaugh introduced it in 1953 as a refinement of Edward Veitch's 1952 Veitch diagram. The Karnaugh map reduces the need for extensive calculations by taking advantage of humans' pattern-recognition capability. It also permits the rapid identification and elimination of potential race conditions.
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise logical operations on integer binary numbers.
This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units.
A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs
History Of ALU:Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Typical Schematic Symbol of an ALU:A and B: the inputs to the ALU
R: Output or Result
F: Code or Instruction from the
Control Unit
D: Output status; it indicates cases
Circuit operation:An ALU is a combinational logic circuit
Its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes
The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation
This Presentation is useful to study Digital Electronics subject about D and T Flip-Flop. This Presentation is also useful to make Presentation on Flip-Flop.
Computer programming:Know How to FlowchartAngelo Tomboc
This topic guides you how to flowchart...What are the symbols. Some mathematical symbols are included to especially equal,more than, less than, not equal, more than or equal to, and less than or equal to. Flowcharting...what is that???Flowcharting is just a building house using your bricks, tools in carpenter, and a blueprint...So, [G]LHF ([G]OOD LUCK HAVE FUN) ^_^
It is about c++ loop controlling statements which include for loop, while loop, do-while loop etc. The examples given has tried to clarify the iteration and how the loop works. Have a nice reading... Enjoy it. Feel free to contact me please.
This is complete report you will require to make Export Import Report for India's Global Trade.. Pls give your likes and comments.. and pass on this to others..
in this presentation i will explain you about Statements & block, If Else, ElseI f, Switch, While Loop, For loop, Do while loop, Break & continue in c++
Identify and explain the problem-solving steps. • Compare/contrast ideas within algorithms (pseudo-code and Flowcharts) to apply logical thinking in problem-solving.
this pdf is share here so that student can get material through this website.
this website actually helps as everybody website to uploud one's own material so that it reach every body.
so well will post our material for our student via this website cause we
not have one.
what is cool about this website is that it can serve any body particularly teacher to reach their readers our students.
Introduction to Verilog HDL. This class notes present basic HDL structures, data types, operators, and expressions in Verilog. It also describes three typical modeling style for HDL design; behavioral, dataflow, and structural.
Algorithm and C code related to data structureSelf-Employed
Everything lies inside an algorithm in the world of coding and algorithm formation which is the basis of data structure and manipulation of the algorithm in computer science and information technology which is ultimately used to find a particular problems solution
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
9. TOPIC TO BE DISCUSSED
• MICROCONTROLLERS
• AVR MICROCONTROLLERS
• FLOW CHART
• FLOWCODE
10. AVR MICROCONTROLLERS
• The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for: Advanced Virtual
RISC and also for the chip's designers: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan
who designed the basic architecture at the Norwegian Institute of
Technology.
• RISC stands for reduced instruction set computer.
CPU design with a reduced instruction set as well as a simpler
set of instructions (like for example PIC and AVR)
11. A LITTLE HISTORY
• The PIC (Programmable Interrupt Controller) appeared around 1980.
→ 8 bit bus
→ executes 1 instruction in 4 clk cycles
→ Harvard architecture
• AVR (1994)
→ 8 bit bus
→ one instruction per cycle
→ Harvard architecture
13. AVR DIFFERENT GROUPS
• Classic AVR
• e.g. AT90S2313, AT90S4433
• Mega
• e.g. ATmega8, ATmega32, ATmega128
• Tiny
• e.g. ATtiny13, ATtiny25
• Special Purpose AVR
• e.g. AT90PWM216,AT90USB1287
14. LET’S GET FAMILIAR WITH THE AVR PART
NUMBERS
ATmega128
ATtiny44
Atmel group
Flash =128K
Atmel
Flash =4K
AT90S4433
Atmel Classic
group
Flash =4KTiny
group
15. AVR’S CPU
• AVR’s CPU
• ALU
• 32 General Purpose registers (R0
to R31)
• PC register
• Instruction decoder CPU
PC
ALU
registers
R1
R0
R15
R2
…
R16
R17
…
R30
R31
Instruction Register
Instruction decoder
SREG: I T H S V N CZ
16. TOPIC TO BE DISCUSSED
• MICROCONTROLLERS
• AVR MICROCONTROLLERS
• FLOW CHART
• FLOWCODE
17. FLOWCHART
• A flowchart is a diagram that depicts
the “flow” of a program.
START
Display message “How many hours did
you work?”
Read Hours
Display message “How much do you get
paid per hour?”
Read Pay Rate
Multiply Hours by Pay Rate. Store
result in Gross Pay.
Display Gross Pay
END
18. ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS
• A typical programming task can be divided into two
phases:
• Problem solving phase
• produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe
solution of problem
• this sequence of steps is called an ALGORITHM
• Implementation phase
• implement the program in some programming language
20. BASIC FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
• Terminals
• represented by rounded
rectangles
• indicate a starting or ending
point
Terminal
START
END
Terminal
START
Display message “How many
hours did you work?”
Read Hours
Display message “How much do
you get paid per hour?”
Read Pay Rate
Multiply Hours by Pay Rate.
Store result in Gross Pay.
Display Gross Pay
END
21. BASIC FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
• Input/Output Operations
• represented by parallelograms
• indicate an input or output
operation
Display message
“How many hours
did you work?”
Read Hours
Input/Output
Operation
START
Display message “How many
hours did you work?”
Read Hours
Display message “How much do
you get paid per hour?”
Read Pay Rate
Multiply Hours by Pay Rate.
Store result in Gross Pay.
Display Gross Pay
END
22. BASIC FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
• Processes
• represented by rectangles
• indicates a process such as a
mathematical computation or
variable assignment
Multiply Hours
by Pay Rate.
Store result in
Gross Pay.
Process
START
Display message “How many
hours did you work?”
Read Hours
Display message “How much do
you get paid per hour?”
Read Pay Rate
Multiply Hours by Pay Rate.
Store result in Gross Pay.
Display Gross Pay
END
26. DECISION STRUCTURE
• A new symbol, the diamond, indicates a yes/no question. If the answer
to the question is yes, the flow follows one path. If the answer is
no, the flow follows another path
YESNO
27. DECISION STRUCTURE
• In the flowchart segment below, the question “is x < y?” is asked. If the
answer is no, then process A is performed. If the answer is yes, then
process B is performed.
YESNO
x < y?
Process BProcess A
28. DECISION STRUCTURE
• The flowchart segment below shows how a decision structure is
expressed in C++ as an if/else statement.
YESNO
x < y?
Calculate a as x
times 2.
Calculate a as x
plus y.
if (x < y)
a = x * 2;
else
a = x + y;
Flowchart C++ Code
29. DECISION STRUCTURE
• The flowchart segment below shows a decision structure with only
one action to perform. It is expressed as an if statement in C++ code.
if (x < y)
a = x * 2;
Flowchart C++ Code
YESNO
x < y?
Calculate a as x
times 2.
30. REPETITION STRUCTURE
• A repetition structure represents part of the program that repeats. This
type of structure is commonly known as a loop.
31. REPETITION STRUCTURE
• Notice the use of the diamond symbol. A loop tests a condition, and if
the condition exists, it performs an action. Then it tests the condition
again. If the condition still exists, the action is repeated. This
continues until the condition no longer exists.
32. REPETITION STRUCTURE
• In the flowchart segment, the question “is x < y?” is asked. If the
answer is yes, then Process A is performed. The question “is x < y?” is
asked again. Process A is repeated as long as x is less than y. When
x is no longer less than y, the repetition stops and the structure is
exited.
x < y? Process
A
YES
33. REPETITION STRUCTURE
• The flowchart segment below shows a repetition structure expressed
in C++ as a while loop.
while (x < y)
x++;
Flowchart
C++ Code
x < y? Add 1 to
x
YES
34. CONTROLLING A REPETITION STRUCTURE
• The action performed by a repetition structure must eventually cause the
loop to terminate. Otherwise, an infinite loop is created.
• In this flowchart segment, x is never changed. Once the loop starts, it will
never end.
• QUESTION: How can this
flowchart be modified so
it is no longer an infinite
loop?
x < y? Display x
YES
35. CONTROLLING A REPETITION STRUCTURE
• ANSWER: By adding an action within the repetition that changes the
value of x.
x < y? Display x Add 1 to x
YES
36. A PRE-TEST REPETITION STRUCTURE
• This type of structure is known as a pre-test repetition structure. The
condition is tested BEFORE any actions are performed.
x < y? Display x Add 1 to x
YES
37. A PRE-TEST REPETITION STRUCTURE
• In a pre-test repetition structure, if the condition does not exist, the
loop will never begin.
x < y? Display x Add 1 to x
YES
38. A POST-TEST REPETITION STRUCTURE
• This flowchart segment shows a post-test
repetition structure.
• The condition is tested AFTER the actions
are performed.
• A post-test repetition structure always
performs its actions at least once.
Display x
Add 1 to x
YES
x < y?
39. A POST-TEST REPETITION STRUCTURE
• The flowchart segment below shows a post-test repetition structure
expressed in C++ as a do-while loop.
do
{
cout << x << endl;
x++;
} while (x < y);
Flowchart
C++ Code
Display x
Add 1 to x
YES
x < y?
40. CASE STRUCTURE
• One of several possible actions is taken, depending on the
contents of a variable.
41. CASE STRUCTURE
• The structure below indicates actions to perform depending
on the value in years_employed.
CASE
years_employed
1 2 3 Other
bonus = 100 bonus = 200 bonus = 400 bonus = 800
42. CASE
years_employed
1 2 3 Other
bonus = 100 bonus = 200 bonus = 400 bonus = 800
If years_employed =
1, bonus is set to 100
If years_employed =
2, bonus is set to 200
If years_employed =
3, bonus is set to 400
If years_employed is
any other value, bonus
is set to 800
CASE STRUCTURE
43. CONNECTORS
• Sometimes a flowchart will not fit on one page.
• A connector (represented by a small circle) allows you to connect two
flowchart segments.
A
45. MODULES
• A program module (such as a function in C++) is represented by a
special symbol.
46. •The position of the module symbol
indicates the point the module is
executed.
•A separate flowchart can be
constructed for the module.
START
END
Read Input.
Call calc_pay function.
Display results.
MODULES
47. COMBINING STRUCTURES
• Structures are commonly combined to create more complex
algorithms.
• The flowchart segment below combines a decision structure with a
sequence structure.
x < y? Display x Add 1 to x
YES
48. COMBINING STRUCTURES
• This flowchart segment
shows two decision
structures combined.
Display “x is
within limits.”
Display “x is outside
the limits.”
YESNO
x > min?
x < max?
YESNO
Display “x is outside
the limits.”
49. EXAMPLE 1
• Draw flowchart to creates a table
for the two-variable equation X =3Y
by calculating and printing the
value of X for each positive-integer
value of Y.
50. EXAMPLE 2
A program is required to read three
numbers, add them together and
print their total.
Input Processing Output
Number1
Number2
Number3
Read three numbers
Add number together
Print total number
total
Add numbers to total
Read
Number1
Number2
number3
Print total
Start
Stop
51. EXAMPLE 3
• A program is required to prompt the
terminal operator for the maximum
and minimum temperature readings
on a particular day, accept those
readings as integers, and calculate
and display to the screen the
average temperature, calculated by
(maximum temperature + minimum
temperature)/2.
Input Processing Output
Max_temp
Min_temp
Prompt for temperatures
Get temperatures
Calculate average temperature
Display average temperature
Avg_temp
52. EXAMPLE 4
• Design an algorithm that will
prompt a terminal operator for
three characters, accept those
characters as input, sort them
into ascending sequence and
output them to the screen.
Input Processing Output
Char_1
Char_2
Char_3
Prompt for characters
Accept three characters
Sort three characters
Output three characters
Char_1
Char_2
Char_3
53. EXAMPLE 5
• Design a program that will
prompt for and receive 18
examination scores from a
mathematics test, compute
the class average, and
display all the scores and the
class average to the screen.
Input Processing Output
18 exam scores Prompt the scores
Get scores
Compute class average
Display scores
Display class average
18 exam scores
Class_average
54. Start
Total_score =
zero
I = 1
Add scores(I)
to
Total score
I = I + 1
Calculate
average
I = I + 1
Prompt and
get
Scores (I)
I = 1
I <= 18 ?
Display
Scores (I)
I <= 18 ?
Display
average
Stop
T
F
T
F
55. FLOWCODE
• Flowcode is one of the World’s most advanced graphical programming
languages for microcontrollers. The great advantage of Flowcode is that it
allows those with little experience to create complex electronic systems.
Flowcode is available in twenty languages and supports a wide range of
devices. Separate versions are available for the PICmicro (8-bit),
AVR/Arduino, dsPIC/PIC24 and ARM series of microcontrollers. Flowcode
can be used with many microcontroller development hardware solutions
including those from Matrix such as Formula Flowcode, E-blocks, MIAC and
ECIO.
56. ADVANTAGES
• Save time and money Flowcode facilitates the rapid design of electronic systems based of microcontrollers.
• Easy to use interface Simply drag and drop icons on-screen to create an electronic system without writing traditional code line
by line.
• Fast and flexible Flowcode has a host of high level component subroutines which means rapid system development. The
flowchart programming method allows to develop microcontroller programs.
• Error free results Flowcode works. What you design and simulate on-screen is the result you get when you download to your
microcontroller.
• Open architecture Flowcode allows you to view C and ASM code for all programs created and customise them. Access circuit
diagram equivalents to the system you design through our data sheets and support material.
• Fully supported Flowcode is supported by a wide range of materials and books for learning about, and developing, electronic
systems.
• Core-independent Flowcode programs developed for one microcontrollers easily transfer to another microcontroller.
57. FEATURES
• Supported microcontrollers Microchip PIC 10, 12, 16, 18, dsPIC, PIC24, Atmel AVR/Arduino, Atmel ARM.
• Supported communication systems Bluetooth, CAN, FAT, GPS, GSM, I2C, IrDA, LIN, MIDI, One wire, RC5, RF, RFID, RS232,
RS485, SPI, TCP/IP, USB, Wireless LAN, ZigBee
• Supported components ADC, LEDs, switches, keypads, LCDs, Graphical colour LCD, Graphical mono LCDs, Sensors, 7-
segment displays, Internal EEPROM, comms systems, Touchscreen LCD, Webserver.
• Supported mechatronics Accelerometer, PWM, Servo, Stepper, Speech.
• Supported subsystems MIAC, MIAC expansion modules, Formula Flowcode.
• Panel designer Design a panel of your choice on-screen and simulate it.
• In-Circuit Debug (ICD) When used with EB006 PIC Multiprogrammer, EB064 dsPIC/PIC24 Multiprogrammer or FlowKit.
• Tight integration with E-blocks Each comms system is supported by E-blocks hardware.
• Virtual networks Co-simulation of many instances of Flowcode for multi-chip systems. Co-simulation of MIAC based systems with
MIAC expansion modules.