1) The document discusses an introduction to flowcharting. It explains that a flowchart is a diagram that depicts the flow of a program and shows basic examples using symbols like rectangles, diamonds, and ovals. 2) It covers the four main structures of flowcharts: sequence, decision, repetition, and case. Sequence shows a series of steps. Decision includes if/else conditional logic. Repetition uses loops like while. Case uses switches. 3) The document provides examples of each structure and how they relate to coding constructs like if/else statements and while loops. It also discusses combining structures and using connectors to link multiple flowchart segments.

1. GRADE 11-TVL ICT
PRORAMMING
ST. CAFASSO

2. 2

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7. 7

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9. 9

11. INTRODUCTION TO
FLOWCHARTING
DR. CHERE VELASQUEZ

12. What is a Flowchart?
• A flowchart is a
diagram that depicts
the “flow” of a
program.
START
Display message
“How many
hours did you
work?”
Read Hours
Display message
“How much do
you get paid per
hour?”
Read PayRate
Multiply Hours
by PayRate.
Store result in
GrossPay.
Display
GrossPay
END

13. 13
Basic Flowchart
Symbols
• Terminals
– represented by rounded
rectangles
– indicate a starting or
ending point
START
Display message
“How many
hours did you
work?”
Read Hours
Display message
“How much do
you get paid per
hour?”
Read PayRate
Multiply Hours
by PayRate.
Store result in
GrossPay.
Display
GrossPay
END
Terminal
START
END Terminal

14. 14
Basic Flowchart
Symbols
• Input/Output Operations
– represented by
parallelograms
– indicate an input or output
operation
START
Display message
“How many
hours did you
work?”
Read Hours
Display message
“How much do
you get paid per
hour?”
Read PayRate
Multiply Hours
by PayRate.
Store result in
GrossPay.
Display
GrossPay
END
Display message
“How many
hours did you
work?”
Read Hours
Input/Output
Operation

15. 15
Basic Flowchart
Symbols
• Processes
– represented by rectangles
– indicates a process such as
a mathematical
computation or variable
assignment
START
Display message
“How many
hours did you
work?”
Read Hours
Display message
“How much do
you get paid per
hour?”
Read PayRate
Multiply Hours
by PayRate.
Store result in
GrossPay.
Display
GrossPay
END
Multiply Hours
by PayRate.
Store result in
GrossPay.
Process

16. 16
Four Flowchart Structures
• Sequence
• Decision
• Repetition
• Case

17. 17
Sequence Structure
• A series of actions are performed in sequence
• The pay-calculating example was a sequence flowchart.

18. 18
Decision Structure
• The flowchart segment below shows how a decision structure is expressed in
C++ as an if/else statement.
YES
NO
x < y?
Calculate a
as x times 2.
Calculate a
as x plus y.
if (x < y)
a = x * 2;
else
a = x + y;
Flowchart C++ Code

19. 19
Decision Structure
• The flowchart segment below shows a decision structure with only one action to
perform. It is expressed as an if statement in C++ code.
if (x < y)
a = x * 2;
Flowchart C++ Code
YES
NO
x < y?
Calculate a
as x times 2.

20. 20
Repetition Structure
• The flowchart segment below shows a repetition structure expressed in C++ as a
while loop.
while (x < y)
x++;
Flowchart C++ Code
x < y? Add 1 to x
YES

21. 21
Controlling a Repetition Structure
• The action performed by a repetition structure must eventually cause the loop to
terminate. Otherwise, an infinite loop is created.
• In this flowchart segment, x is never changed. Once the loop starts, it will never
end.
• QUESTION: How can this
flowchart be modified so
it is no longer an infinite
loop?
x < y? Display x
YES

22. 22
Controlling a Repetition Structure
• ANSWER: By adding an action within the repetition that changes the value of
x.
x < y? Display x Add 1 to x
YES

23. 23
Case Structure
CASE
years_employed
1 2 3 Other
bonus = 100 bonus = 200 bonus = 400 bonus = 800
If years_employed = 1,
bonus is set to 100
If years_employed = 2,
bonus is set to 200
If years_employed = 3,
bonus is set to 400
If years_employed is
any other value, bonus
is set to 800

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Connectors
A
A
START
END
•The “A” connector
indicates that the second
flowchart segment begins
where the first segment
ends.

25. 25
Modules
•The position of the module
symbol indicates the point the
module is executed.
•A separate flowchart can be
constructed for the module.
START
END
Read Input.
Call calc_pay
function.
Display results.

26. 26
• This flowchart segment
shows two decision
structures combined.
Combining Structures
Display “x is
within limits.”
Display “x is
outside the limits.”
YES
NO
x > min?
x < max?
YES
NO
Display “x is
outside the limits.”

27. 27
Review
• What do each of the following symbols
represent?
(Answer on next slide)

28. 28
Answer
• What do each of the following symbols
represent?
Terminal
Input/Output
Operation
Process
Decision
Connector
Module

29. 29
Review
• Name the four flowchart structures.
(Answer on next slide)

30. 30
Answer
• Sequence
• Decision
• Repetition
• Case

31. 31
• What type of structure is this?
Review
(Answer on next slide)

32. 32
Answer
• Repetition

33. 33
• What type of structure is this?
Review
(Answer on next slide)

34. 34
Answer
• Sequence

35. 35
• What type of structure is this?
Review
(Answer on next slide)

36. 36
Answer
• Case

37. 37
• What type of structure is this?
Review
(Answer on next slide)

38. 38
Answer
• Decision

39. 39

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42. Examples ???
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