Floral formula and floral diagram
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the floral formula tells us about the nature of flowers. the floral diagram represents the plan of arrangements of floral whorl in relation to the mother axis.
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Floral formulas and diagrams
Floral formulas and diagrams are used to concisely summarize key characteristics of flower structures. Floral formulas use symbols to describe floral symmetry, number of sepals, petals, stamens and carpels. Additional symbols indicate features like connation, adnation, ovary position and more. Floral diagrams are cross-sectional illustrations that similarly show symmetry and part relationships, but cannot show ovary position like formulas can. Together, formulas and diagrams provide useful shorthand for comparing angiosperm flower characteristics.
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The document discusses the orchid family (Orchidaceae). It describes their key characteristics such as perennial herbs that can be terrestrial, epiphytic or saprophytic. Their flowers are zygomorphic, hermaphroditic and epigynous. They have modified structures like the labellum, column and rostellum. Pollen is united into pollinia. They are one of the largest flowering plant families with over 1000 genera and 20,000 species found worldwide, especially in tropical areas. Orchids show primitive characteristics like pseudobulbs and advanced characteristics like diverse flower shapes and sizes and pollinia formation.
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Flowers
Division Anthophyta contains flowering plants (angiosperms) which differ from non-flowering seed plants (gymnosperms) in producing flowers and fruits. Angiosperms enclose their ovules within a carpel and after fertilization the ovule develops into a seed within the fruit. Flowers function to protect gametes and aid in pollination and fertilization. A flower typically has four specialized whorls - calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Floral parts can be described using formulas and diagrams which indicate symmetry, part numbers and relationships.
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The document summarizes key information about the palm family (Palmae/Arecaceae). It discusses the systematic position, distribution, vegetative and floral characteristics, economic importance, and examples of common palm plants. Some key points are:
- The palm family includes over 3000 species found in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions worldwide.
- Palms exhibit a wide range of growth habits from shrubs to large trees. They have unbranched stems, terminal clusters of large leaves, and fibrous root systems.
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FLORAL BIOLOGY
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Floral formulas and diagrams
Floral formulas and diagrams are used to concisely summarize key characteristics of flower structures. Floral formulas use symbols to describe floral symmetry, number of sepals, petals, stamens and carpels. Additional symbols indicate features like connation, adnation, ovary position and more. Floral diagrams are cross-sectional illustrations that similarly show symmetry and part relationships, but cannot show ovary position like formulas can. Together, formulas and diagrams provide useful shorthand for comparing angiosperm flower characteristics.
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The document discusses the orchid family (Orchidaceae). It describes their key characteristics such as perennial herbs that can be terrestrial, epiphytic or saprophytic. Their flowers are zygomorphic, hermaphroditic and epigynous. They have modified structures like the labellum, column and rostellum. Pollen is united into pollinia. They are one of the largest flowering plant families with over 1000 genera and 20,000 species found worldwide, especially in tropical areas. Orchids show primitive characteristics like pseudobulbs and advanced characteristics like diverse flower shapes and sizes and pollinia formation.
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This document provides information on the parts and structure of flowers. It discusses the four main parts of flowers - calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It describes the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals) in more detail, including their arrangements, forms, and functions. It also covers concepts such as aestivation, which is the arrangement of petals and sepals as the flower develops.
Flower Morphology 2 (updated)
The document defines and describes various parts of flowers including the pedicel, sepal, petal, perianth, calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium, as well as flower symmetry and types. It also discusses inflorescence structures such as spikes, racemes, umbels, heads, corymbs and spikelets. Different inflorescence examples like daisies, proteas, hawthorns and grasses are provided. The document provides morphological terminology for comprehensive description and identification of floral structures.
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Division Anthophyta contains flowering plants (angiosperms) which differ from non-flowering seed plants (gymnosperms) in producing flowers and fruits. Angiosperms enclose their ovules within a carpel and after fertilization the ovule develops into a seed within the fruit. Flowers function to protect gametes and aid in pollination and fertilization. A flower typically has four specialized whorls - calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Floral parts can be described using formulas and diagrams which indicate symmetry, part numbers and relationships.
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This document describes two plants from the Ranunculaceae family: Ranunculus scleratus and Delphinium ajacis. It provides details on their floral structure including parts, symmetry, aestivation and formula. For Ranunculus, it describes sepals, petals, stamens, and a superior ovary with basal placentation. For Delphinium, it notes zygomorphic symmetry and a gamopetalous corolla with posterior petals fused into a spur. Several medicinal uses of plants from the family are also listed.
Family palmae
The document summarizes key information about the palm family (Palmae/Arecaceae). It discusses the systematic position, distribution, vegetative and floral characteristics, economic importance, and examples of common palm plants. Some key points are:
- The palm family includes over 3000 species found in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions worldwide.
- Palms exhibit a wide range of growth habits from shrubs to large trees. They have unbranched stems, terminal clusters of large leaves, and fibrous root systems.
- Flowers are usually unisexual, trimerous and borne on large branched inflorescences. Fruits vary from berries to drupes.
FLORAL BIOLOGY
This document describes the floral biology and different parts of flowers and inflorescences. It defines the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium, and describes their structures and types. It then explains different types of inflorescences including racemose inflorescences like racemes, corymbs, and umbels, and cymose inflorescences. It also covers mixed, compound, and special inflorescences like heads, spadices, catkins and others. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the different floral and inflorescence structures.
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The document defines and describes different types of inflorescences, which is the arrangement of flowers on a plant. There are three main types: racemose, with indefinite growth and youngest flowers at the center; cymose, with definite growth and oldest flowers at the center; and mixed, which has characteristics of both racemose and cymose types. Specific inflorescences like racemes, corymbs, umbels and others are further explained in terms of their floral structure and growth patterns.
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1. Corolla symmetry - sympetalous (connate petals) or polypetalous (separate petals)
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3. Various perianth shapes - rotate, bilabiate, stellate, urceolate, campanulate, tubular, funnelform, salverform, geniculate, papilionaceous, spurred, ligulate or ray
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Examples are provided for many of the structures.
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The leaf has two surfaces, an upper adaxial and lower abaxial side. Mesophyll tissue between the epidermis layers is made of parenchyma cells and can be palisade or spongy. Palisade cells are rod-shaped and located toward the adaxial side where most photosynthesis occurs, while spongy cells have larger air spaces and are located abaxially. Veins contain vascular bundles that transport water and nutrients throughout the leaf. Dicot leaves typically have a dorsiventral mesophyll structure with distinct palisade and spongy layers, while monocot leaves have a uniform mesophyll type. Adaptations like thick cuticles and sunken stomata help xer
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This document provides information on floral formulas, diagrams, and three plant families: Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae. It describes the key vegetative and floral characteristics, economic importance, and floral formulas/diagrams for each family. Fabaceae examples include legumes and pulses. Solanaceae includes food crops like tomatoes and peppers. Liliaceae has ornamental flowers and medicinal plants like aloe. Overall, the document outlines the structural features used to classify and identify three economically significant angiosperm families.
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This document summarizes the taxonomic classification and characteristics of plants in the mint family (Lamiaceae). It describes their vegetative and floral structures and provides an example analysis of the species Ocimum sanctum. Some economic uses of Lamiaceae plants are mentioned, including as food, medicine, ornamentals, perfumes, and dyes. Key details provided include that they are mostly aromatic herbs or shrubs, have opposite leaves, bilabiate calyces and corollas, and schizocarpic fruits.
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The document analyzes and compares the new and old class 11 biology curriculum in Nepal. The new curriculum was revised based on research and suggestions to include more practical and application-based learning. It divides content into competencies, theory, and practical sections for both botany and zoology. While course content remained similar, the new curriculum reorganized some topics, increased practical hours, emphasized projects and field work, and implemented a blended assessment approach including internal and external evaluations. The goal of the revisions was to make the curriculum more conceptual, practical, and skill-based compared to the previous knowledge-based theoretical model.
Linkage/class 12 biology
linkage ppt slide is made for those learners which are a very weak understanding of the linkage concept. so it helps the students to take a clear concept from it.
Logical inference and inquiry
Logical inference and inquiry is a document about logic and logical reasoning. It discusses what logic is, including that it has two main parts - semantics and syntax. It also discusses logical inference as deriving conclusions from premises, and provides an example inference about dogs having four legs. The document outlines different rules of inference and their validity being based on form rather than truth. Finally, it discusses logical inquiry as any process aimed at increasing knowledge or solving problems, involving abductive, deductive and inductive reasoning.
Megasporogenesis/class 12 biology
it is about the megagametogenesis and development of female gametophytes. it is helpful for intermediate biology students.
Pteridophyta/ class 11 biology
This document describes the life cycle of ferns. It explains that ferns reproduce asexually through spores and sexually through gametophytes. The spores grow into heart-shaped prothalli that produce male antheridia and female archegonia for fertilization. Fertilization results in a diploid zygote that develops into a new fern sporophyte, completing the alternation of generations.
Epistasis/class 12 biology
it is about the genetic interaction, epistatic mechanism of dominant and recessive takes place in animal and plants
Environmental pollution/intermediate/campus level
this slide for biology students and helpful for intermediate and bachelor level students. students can learn about air pollution very easily. it gives a detailed description of air pollutants, their causes, and preventive measures with a clear photograph.
Chromosomal mutation/class 12 biology
this slide is about mutation especially on gene and chromosomal mutation for intermediate students. students can take benefit from it
Vegetative reproduction in angiosperm
Vegetative reproduction is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where new individuals are formed from vegetative organs like roots, stems, and leaves. There are two types of vegetative reproduction - natural, which occurs through modified roots, stems, and leaves; and artificial, where humans interfere to propagate plants through methods like layering, grafting, and tissue culture. Vegetative reproduction allows for the large scale, rapid production of identical new plants that inherit the parent's characteristics.
Sexual reproduction in angiosperm(microsporogenesis)
This document summarizes the process of microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis in angiosperms. Microsporogenesis involves the formation of microspores (pollen grains) from microspore mother cells within the anther through meiosis. The anther contains four layers surrounding the pollen sacs: epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum. During microgametogenesis, the pollen grain germinates and its nucleus divides to form a vegetative cell and generative cell. The generative cell then divides into two sperm cells that are delivered to the female gametophyte via a pollen tube.
Animal behavior
- Animal behavior is the reaction and expression of organisms in response to external stimuli in their environment. This includes both innate, genetically determined behaviors as well as learned behaviors acquired through experience.
- Reflex actions are automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli that occur very quickly via neural pathways between receptors, the spinal cord, and effectors. An example is withdrawing one's hand from a hot object.
- The mechanism of a reflex involves stimulation of sensory receptors, conduction of impulses through sensory neurons to the spinal cord, modulation in the spinal cord, and transmission of impulses through motor neurons to effector organs to produce the reflex response.
More from Dambar Khatri (19)
Description of family solanaceae in semi technical term/class11 bilogy
Description of family solanaceae in semi technical term/class11 bilogy
Sexual reproduction in angiosperm(microsporogenesis)
Sexual reproduction in angiosperm(microsporogenesis)
Recently uploaded
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Recently uploaded (20)
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Floral formula and floral diagram
- 1. Floral formula and floral diagram Dambar Singh Khatri
- 2. At first we need to know.. • Floral formula tells us about nature of flower. Following natures of flowers are written symbolically to write floral formula • Bracteate or ebracteate • Symmetry of flower( actinomorphic or zygomorphic) • Sexuality of flower • Number of sepals • Union of sepals( poly or gamosepalous) • Number of petals • Union of petals (poly or gamopetalous) • Number and union of stamens and carpels
- 4. Symbols used for different floral characters.. • Bracteate – Br Unisexual, male - ⚦ • Ebracteate- Ebr Unisexual female- ♀ • Bracteolate- Brl Neuter- N • Ebracteolate- Ebrl Calyx, sepals- K • Actinomorphic- ⊕ Corolla, petals- C • Zygomorphic - % Perianth, tapals- P • Bisexual- ⚥ Androecium, stamen- A • Gynoecium, carpel- G
- 5. Some basic ideas.. • Number of floral leaves are written after their symbol. • If the number of sepals is five, 5 is written after K. If it is polysepalous then it is written as K5 and if it gamosepalous, it is written as K(5). • In case of epipetalous stamen, an arc is given joining C and A like • If ovary is superior, horizontal line is drawn below the number of carpels. Eg G(2) • If the ovary is inferior, the horizontal line is drawn above the number of carpels. Eg, G(2) • Let us see the floral formula: Ebr ⊕ K2+2 C4 A2+4 G(2)
- 6. Floral diagram • Floral diagram represents the plan of arrangements of floral whorls in relation to mother axis. It describes most of the feathers of a flower like symmetry, regular, irregular, sexuality, number of floral parts, relation between floral parts, nature of anthers, lobes of ovary placentation etc. • T.S. of ovary is present in the center of floral diagram. Whorl of androecium, corolla, calyx are drawn inside to outside of ovary. • The sepals are represented by arc, androecium are represented by single or double kidney shaped spots. If they are epipetalous, stamen and petals are joined by line. • For gamopetalous or gamosepalous condition, adjacent petals or sepals are joined. • Mother axis is represented by dots. If flower is bractate, additional arc is drawn at the anterior side of flower diagram.
- 8. Thank you