The maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions; used as a measure of the burning cleanliness of jet fuel and kerosene.
The maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions; used as a measure of the burning cleanliness of jet fuel and kerosene.
Standard Test for Smoke Point for Kerosene and Aviation Turbine fuel, ASTM 13...Student
Standard Test for Smoke Point for Kerosene and Aviation Turbine fuel, ASTM 1322-97, IP 57/95
The smoke point is the maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions, this test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosene and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
Prepared By Yasir Al-Beatiy
ASTM Distillation D86: A Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum P...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products and liquid fuels using a laboratory batch distillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates, automotive spark ignition engine fuels with or without oxygen. This test method is designed for the analysis of distillate fuels; it is not applicable to product containing appreciable quantities of residual material .This test method covers both manual and automated instruments. The distillation characteristics of hydrocarbons have important effects on their safety and performance especially in the case of fuel and lubricants .The boiling range gives information on the composition, properties, and behavior of the fuel during storage and uses.
flash point petroleum and gas lab experiment report, The flash point is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough flammable vapor to induce ignition when an ignition source is applied.Flash points are determined experimentally by heating the liquid in a container (cup) and then introducing a small flame just above the liquid surface. The temperature at which there is a flash/ignition is recorded as the flash point. The closed-cup test PMA 5 contains any vapors
produced and essentially simulates the situation
in which a potential source of ignition is
accidentally introduced into a container. In this
test a test specimen is introduced into a cup and
a close-fitting lid is fitted to the top of the cup.
The cup and test specimen is heated.
Subsequently, apertures are opened in the lid to
allow air into the cup and the ignition source to
be dipped into the vapors to test for a flash.
The closed cup is mostly used in product specifications and regulations due to
its better precision. The following table shows the comparative flash points
measured in open and closed cup apparatus for some common pure liquids.
The presentation gives an overview of a typical undergraduate laboratory manual for a Fuels & Lubricant testing lab for undergraduate engineering students with brief tips on laboratory report writing as well.
Crude oil that is constituent by light and intermediate hydrocarbons such as paraffin, naphthenic, wax, aromatics and heavy organic components is defined as waxy crude oil. The waxy crude oil also contained low amount of asphaltenes, resins and organo-metallics(Chin, 2001). The most components of wax are paraffin which is C18-C36 and naphthenic which is C30-C60. Based on Hyne, all crude oils contain paraffin molecules and it is considered as waxes if the paraffin molecules are 18 carbon atoms or longer in length. The wax could be existed in various states which are gas, liquid and solid depending on the temperature and pressure. According to Chin, the formation of paraffin wax is referred as macrocrystalline wax meanwhile naphthenic is defined as microcrystalline wax.
In petroleum refining, the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) (often referred to as the Atmospheric Distillation Unit) is usually the first processing equipment through which crude oil is fed. Once in the CDU, crude oil is distilled into various products, like naphtha, kerosene, and diesel, that then serve as feedstocks for all other processing units at the refinery.
Energy Conversion Engineering laboratory manual prepared by Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof., Dept of Aerospace, DSCE, Bangalore, for BE Students under VTU. Sub code:10AEL57
Standard Test for Smoke Point for Kerosene and Aviation Turbine fuel, ASTM 13...Student
Standard Test for Smoke Point for Kerosene and Aviation Turbine fuel, ASTM 1322-97, IP 57/95
The smoke point is the maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions, this test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosene and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
Prepared By Yasir Al-Beatiy
ASTM Distillation D86: A Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum P...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products and liquid fuels using a laboratory batch distillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates, automotive spark ignition engine fuels with or without oxygen. This test method is designed for the analysis of distillate fuels; it is not applicable to product containing appreciable quantities of residual material .This test method covers both manual and automated instruments. The distillation characteristics of hydrocarbons have important effects on their safety and performance especially in the case of fuel and lubricants .The boiling range gives information on the composition, properties, and behavior of the fuel during storage and uses.
flash point petroleum and gas lab experiment report, The flash point is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough flammable vapor to induce ignition when an ignition source is applied.Flash points are determined experimentally by heating the liquid in a container (cup) and then introducing a small flame just above the liquid surface. The temperature at which there is a flash/ignition is recorded as the flash point. The closed-cup test PMA 5 contains any vapors
produced and essentially simulates the situation
in which a potential source of ignition is
accidentally introduced into a container. In this
test a test specimen is introduced into a cup and
a close-fitting lid is fitted to the top of the cup.
The cup and test specimen is heated.
Subsequently, apertures are opened in the lid to
allow air into the cup and the ignition source to
be dipped into the vapors to test for a flash.
The closed cup is mostly used in product specifications and regulations due to
its better precision. The following table shows the comparative flash points
measured in open and closed cup apparatus for some common pure liquids.
The presentation gives an overview of a typical undergraduate laboratory manual for a Fuels & Lubricant testing lab for undergraduate engineering students with brief tips on laboratory report writing as well.
Crude oil that is constituent by light and intermediate hydrocarbons such as paraffin, naphthenic, wax, aromatics and heavy organic components is defined as waxy crude oil. The waxy crude oil also contained low amount of asphaltenes, resins and organo-metallics(Chin, 2001). The most components of wax are paraffin which is C18-C36 and naphthenic which is C30-C60. Based on Hyne, all crude oils contain paraffin molecules and it is considered as waxes if the paraffin molecules are 18 carbon atoms or longer in length. The wax could be existed in various states which are gas, liquid and solid depending on the temperature and pressure. According to Chin, the formation of paraffin wax is referred as macrocrystalline wax meanwhile naphthenic is defined as microcrystalline wax.
In petroleum refining, the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) (often referred to as the Atmospheric Distillation Unit) is usually the first processing equipment through which crude oil is fed. Once in the CDU, crude oil is distilled into various products, like naphtha, kerosene, and diesel, that then serve as feedstocks for all other processing units at the refinery.
Energy Conversion Engineering laboratory manual prepared by Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof., Dept of Aerospace, DSCE, Bangalore, for BE Students under VTU. Sub code:10AEL57
Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products , D482Student
Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products , D482
Ash contents is defined as the inorganic residue that remains after combustion of the oil in air at specific high temperature. Ash ranges from 0.1% to 0.2%. The ash content of a fuel is a measure of the amount of inorganic noncombustible material it contains. Some of the ash forming constituents occur naturally in crude oil: others are present as a result of refining or contamination during storage or distribution. For instance, it could be due to the presence of compounds of the following elements: vanadium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, lead, iron, nickel. Or it could be picked up by the crude oil during storage and handling. Metals content above 200 ppm are considered to be significant but the variations are very large. The higher the ash content the higher is the tendency of the crude oil to form sludge or sediment. Oils containing more than 0.05% ash are considered high ash oils; those containing less than 0.02% ash are considered low ash oils.
Prepared By Yasir Albeatiy
Experimental Analysis of Flash Point of Lubricating oilIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:-The current research is performed to determine the flash point of lubricating oil.The flash point is a descriptive characteristic that is used to distinguish between flammable liquids, such as petrol, and combustible liquids, such as diesel. It is also used to characterize the fire hazards of liquids. Depending on the standard used, liquids which have a flash point less than either 37.8 or 60.5 °C (100.0 or 140.9 °F) are called flammable , whereas liquids having a flash point above that temperature are called combustible. The flash point is also used for the detection of contamination in the given lubricating oil.
The ppt is especially designed for engineering students. The lecture explains about fuels, its types, characteristics and in the last we have discussed about measurement of calorific value using Bomb calorimeter.
Similar to Flash point determination by-Diar Ismail (20)
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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1. 1 | P a g e
UNIVERSITY OF ZAKHO
Faculty of Engineering
School of Petroleum Engineering
Practical Petroleum Properties Lab.
2nd
Year Level
Name of student: Diar Ismail Mohammed
Stage: 2nd stage
Class: A
Name of Experiment: Determination of Flash and Fire Point
by Cleveland open Cup Tester (for light fractions)
No. of Experiment: 5
Experiment date: 10 .1.2016
Date of submitting: 18 .1.2016
2. 2 | P a g e
Experiment No. 5
Determination of Flash and Fire Point by Cleveland open Cup
Tester (for light fractions)
1. Objective:
To determine flash point of an oil productusing open cup method (Cleveland
open cup apparatus
2. Introduction:
This International Standard specifies a procedureforthe determination of flash and
fire points of petroleum products using the Cleveland open cup apparatus. It is
applicable to petroleum products having an open cup flash point above 79 °C,
except fuel oils, which are most commonly tested by the closed cup procedure.
Flash point and fire point are indications of the ability of a substance to form a
flammable mixture with air under controlled conditions, and then to support
combustion.
Flash Point: - Flash point of an oil is the lowest temperature at which the oil
gives sufficient amount of vapour and gives a momentary flash when a testflame brought
near it.
Fire point: Fire point is the lowest temperature at which the oil gives sufficient
amount of vapour and burns continuously when a test flame brought near it. This
apparatus is used to determine the flash and fire point of an oil, if the fire point is less
than 70°c
The flash point is a general indication of the flammability or combustibility of a
liquid. Below the flash point, insufficient vapour is available to support
combustion.
At some temperature above the flash point, the liquid will produceenough vapour
to support combustion. (This temperature is known as the fire point. Flash points
are measured by heating a liquid to specific temperatures under controlled
conditions and then applying a flame. The test is done in either an “opencup” or a
“closed cup” apparatus, or in both,7The fire point is defined as the lowest fuel
temperature at which the diffusion flame is sustained longer than 5 s above the fuel
poolwithout any external heat supply. The fire point for engine oils is usually 20-
30 higher than flash point. A fire point happens when an ignition source is applied
and the heat produced is self-sustaining, as it supplies enough vapors to combine
with air and burn even after the removal of the ignition source.
3. 3 | P a g e
There are two ways to measure the flash and fire point, open cup or closed cup
experiments. Both methods involve heating the sample in a small cup and inserting
an ignitor into the vapor.
1-Open cup:
The open-cup test was initially developed to assess the
potential hazards of liquid spillage. An ignition source is
passed horizontally over the surface ofthe liquid, while the cup
and liquid are being heated, to test if the vapors ‘flash’. If the
test is repeated at increasing test specimen temperatures a point
may be reached at which the specimen continues to burn
without further application of the ignition source, this is the
fire point.
1- Closed cup: The closed-cup test contains any vapors
produced and essentially simulates the situation in which a
potential source of ignition is accidentally introduced into a
container. In this test a test specimen is introduced into a cup
and a close-fitting lid is fitted to the top ofthe cup. The cup and
test specimen is heated. Subsequently, apertures are opened in
the lid to allow air into the cup and the ignition source to be
dipped into the vapors to test for a flash.
Fig. 1 (Cleveland open
Cup Tester)
Fig.2 (Cleveland closed
Cup Tester)
4. 4 | P a g e
3. Apparatus and Materials:
Cleveland open Cup Teste:
Cleveland open cup is used to
determine the flash and fire point of
all petroleum products. Itconsists of
a cup contains oil is heated by an
electrical heater. Power to the heater
is regulated
Sample (kerosene and Gas oil)
4. Procedure:
1.Clean the cup (75 ml specimen) and fill the oil to be tested up to the mark.
2. Put it to the Cleveland tester tool.
3. Supply the electrical supply through a
regular so that temperature of oil increases
slowly. With a test flame, vapor above the
cup is tested at an interval of 2°c rise of oil
temperature. Note down whether flash
occurs or not. Note down the flash pint.
4.After getting the flash point continue to
heat the oil and vapor is tested at an interval of 2°c until fire point noticed
Note down the fire
point.
Fig.3 (Cleveland open Cup Tester)
5. 5 | P a g e
5. Calculations:
Testsample Flash point, ℃ Fire point, ℃
Kerosene 62 64
diesel 66 68
6. Discussion:
Flash point less then 23oC is dangerous and highly inflammable. The safe value
is greater than 60oC. • Cleveland opencup tester used for volatile oils having
flash point > 50oC. • Flash point give the idea about the volatility of fuel and the
explosion hazard. • Fire point is the lowest temperature at which vapours given
off by oil, ignite and continue to burn for at-least five seconds, when flame is
applied. • Fire point is 5 – 40oC higher than flash point and is measured in same
apparatus used for determination of flash point.
The typical flashpoint of the two samples that we used in the lab was
Diesel fuel flash points vary between 52 and 96°C (126 and 205 °F).
The flash point of kerosene is between 37and 65 °C(100 and 150 °F).
1) What are the factors affecting the flash point and fire point?
1. Frequency of application of test frame
2. Rate of heating 3. Rate of stirring
4. Size of test flame
5. Time of opening the shutter.)
More factors:
pressure – The flash point temperature increases with increasing pressure
and decreases with decreasing pressure.
Others - Tester configuration, sample size, ignition source, temperature
control, sample homogeneity, drafts, and operator bias.
6. 6 | P a g e
2) Different betweenflash and fire point
Every flammable liquid has a vapor pressure that increases with an increase in
temperature.
The lowest temperature at which there is enough concentration of vapors in air to
ignite the liquid is called its flash point. However, vapors cease to burn if the
sourceof ignition is removed.
Fire point is slightly higher temperature at which these vapors continue to
propagate and burn after removal of sourceof ignition
In general fire point is taken to be 10 degrees higher than flash point of
flammable liquids.
3) What is the difference between open cup and closedcup tester?
The difference between the two methods is that that the cup is covered in the
Closed Cup test which prevents any vapor from dissipating to the air.
Open Cup Flash Points Measuring a flash point using an open cup method is, as
the name suggests, conducted in a vessel which is exposed to the air outside. The
temperature of the substance is gradually raised and an ignition source is passed
over the top of it, until it reaches a point at which it “flashes” and ignites. The
flash point here will vary according to the distance between the substanceand the
ignition source – the height of the source above the cup.
The most commonly-used open cup method is known as the Cleveland open cup
(COC).
7. 7 | P a g e
References:
http://www.slideshare.net/ThanmayJS/ec-lab-manual
http://www.petro-online.com/news/analytical-
instrumentation/11/breaking_news/open_and_closed_cup_flash_point_what_is_the_difference/
30654/
http://blog.anton-paar.com/a-guide-to-flash-and-fire-point-measurement/
http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-flash-point-and-vs-fire-
point/
