Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products , D482
Ash contents is defined as the inorganic residue that remains after combustion of the oil in air at specific high temperature. Ash ranges from 0.1% to 0.2%. The ash content of a fuel is a measure of the amount of inorganic noncombustible material it contains. Some of the ash forming constituents occur naturally in crude oil: others are present as a result of refining or contamination during storage or distribution. For instance, it could be due to the presence of compounds of the following elements: vanadium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, lead, iron, nickel. Or it could be picked up by the crude oil during storage and handling. Metals content above 200 ppm are considered to be significant but the variations are very large. The higher the ash content the higher is the tendency of the crude oil to form sludge or sediment. Oils containing more than 0.05% ash are considered high ash oils; those containing less than 0.02% ash are considered low ash oils.
Prepared By Yasir Albeatiy
In petroleum refining, the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) (often referred to as the Atmospheric Distillation Unit) is usually the first processing equipment through which crude oil is fed. Once in the CDU, crude oil is distilled into various products, like naphtha, kerosene, and diesel, that then serve as feedstocks for all other processing units at the refinery.
The crude oil assay is the collection of the results of physical tests that are performed to determine the key properties (boiling point, density, viscosity, heteroatom contents, acid number, etc.) of crude oil and its fractions. It is the procedure based on laboratory and pilot plant testing for determining the general distillation and quality characteristics of crude oil. Crude oil assay is important for determining the value and processability of crude oil. This is the preliminary step before processing the crude oil in the refinery. . In order to utilize the crude oil assay data, it is necessary to understand the results and significance of some of the laboratory tests.
The maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions; used as a measure of the burning cleanliness of jet fuel and kerosene.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
In petroleum refining, the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) (often referred to as the Atmospheric Distillation Unit) is usually the first processing equipment through which crude oil is fed. Once in the CDU, crude oil is distilled into various products, like naphtha, kerosene, and diesel, that then serve as feedstocks for all other processing units at the refinery.
The crude oil assay is the collection of the results of physical tests that are performed to determine the key properties (boiling point, density, viscosity, heteroatom contents, acid number, etc.) of crude oil and its fractions. It is the procedure based on laboratory and pilot plant testing for determining the general distillation and quality characteristics of crude oil. Crude oil assay is important for determining the value and processability of crude oil. This is the preliminary step before processing the crude oil in the refinery. . In order to utilize the crude oil assay data, it is necessary to understand the results and significance of some of the laboratory tests.
The maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions; used as a measure of the burning cleanliness of jet fuel and kerosene.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
Manufacturer & Exporter of Petcoke Fired Aluminum Melting Furnace.
We offer highly efficient Petcoke fired aluminium melting furnace to save the running cost of the fuel from 20-60 % less comparison with Oil(HSD, LDO, FO) , Gas (LPG , NG ) and Electric type furnace . The Pet coke can also be used in the melting of Non Ferrous metal like Zinc, Brass, Copper, Lead etc.
These type of furnace are available in different capacity of the crucible with following features :-
- Capacity Range of the furnace from 50 Kgs. To 500 Kgs./Batch
- Quick Start High Efficiency
- Unique Fuel feeding system to prevent back firing
- Compact & user Friendly
- Very Low Running Cost
The Petroleum Coke also known as Petcoke, has several remarkable features from the usage point of view that are:
Petcoke can be a good replacement of coal/lignite.
It can be used in blend form along with coal/lignite or 100% in AFBC/CFBC boilers.
Ash content in Petcoke is much lower than coal/lignite. Hence particulate emissions are always lower as compared to coal.
All About Pet Coke
What is Petcoke ?
Cocking is a thermal cracking process characterized by long residence time and the production of petroleum coke (Petcoke), a heavy carbon residue. Petcoke is produced by thermal cracking of vacuum residue that is produced from crude oil.
In a petroleum refinery, atmospheric and vacuum distillation processes remove from the crude the oil the components that boil up to about 500oC. The distillation process separates the lighter part of the crude oil into fractions which are then processed into useful refined products such as LPG, petrol, kerosene, diesel, etc. The part of the crude oil which does not boil off during the distillation process even under vacuum is known as the vacuum reside. The vacuum residue consists of heavy, viscous, complex hydrocarbon molecules.
The coking process converts the vacuum residue into gas, liquid and solid products. In delayed coking, the heavy feedstock is heated in a tube still and pumped as rapidly as possible to insulated drums where it the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules and residue, producing gas, liquid products and coke. The term 'delayed' comes from the delay between heating and coking. As coke buiilds up in the drum, the lighter products of cracking are recovered as overhead vapours and are taken to a fractionator for separation into various products.
Petcoke yield is mainly dependent on the carbon content of the feedstock, while the structural quality of the Petcoke is influenced chiefly by the type of feed, i.e., virgin crude or cracked products. Fuel grade Petcoke is produced from vacuum residues that have high sulfur contents. High sulphur Petcoke is used as fuel whereas low sulphur Petocoke is used in producing anodes.
Fuel grade Petcoke generally replaces iignite and coal.
Manufacturer & Exporter of Petcoke Fired Aluminum Melting Furnace.
We offer highly efficient Petcoke fired aluminium melting furnace to save the running cost of the fuel from 20-60 % less comparison with Oil(HSD, LDO, FO) , Gas (LPG , NG ) and Electric type furnace . The Pet coke can also be used in the melting of Non Ferrous metal like Zinc, Brass, Copper, Lead etc.
These type of furnace are available in different capacity of the crucible with following features :-
- Capacity Range of the furnace from 50 Kgs. To 500 Kgs./Batch
- Quick Start High Efficiency
- Unique Fuel feeding system to prevent back firing
- Compact & user Friendly
- Very Low Running Cost
The Petroleum Coke also known as Petcoke, has several remarkable features from the usage point of view that are:
Petcoke can be a good replacement of coal/lignite.
It can be used in blend form along with coal/lignite or 100% in AFBC/CFBC boilers.
Ash content in Petcoke is much lower than coal/lignite. Hence particulate emissions are always lower as compared to coal.
All About Pet Coke
What is Petcoke ?
Cocking is a thermal cracking process characterized by long residence time and the production of petroleum coke (Petcoke), a heavy carbon residue. Petcoke is produced by thermal cracking of vacuum residue that is produced from crude oil.
In a petroleum refinery, atmospheric and vacuum distillation processes remove from the crude the oil the components that boil up to about 500oC. The distillation process separates the lighter part of the crude oil into fractions which are then processed into useful refined products such as LPG, petrol, kerosene, diesel, etc. The part of the crude oil which does not boil off during the distillation process even under vacuum is known as the vacuum reside. The vacuum residue consists of heavy, viscous, complex hydrocarbon molecules.
The coking process converts the vacuum residue into gas, liquid and solid products. In delayed coking, the heavy feedstock is heated in a tube still and pumped as rapidly as possible to insulated drums where it the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules and residue, producing gas, liquid products and coke. The term 'delayed' comes from the delay between heating and coking. As coke buiilds up in the drum, the lighter products of cracking are recovered as overhead vapours and are taken to a fractionator for separation into various products.
Petcoke yield is mainly dependent on the carbon content of the feedstock, while the structural quality of the Petcoke is influenced chiefly by the type of feed, i.e., virgin crude or cracked products. Fuel grade Petcoke is produced from vacuum residues that have high sulfur contents. High sulphur Petcoke is used as fuel whereas low sulphur Petocoke is used in producing anodes.
Fuel grade Petcoke generally replaces iignite and coal.
Difference Between Upstream & Midstream & Downstream Activities in Oil and Ga...Student
The Upstream activities sector include the searching and extraction of underground crude oil and natural gas , drilling exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.
In the petroleum industry, locating underground or underwater oil reserves characterizes the upstream process. Additionally, the upstream process in this industry involves bringing oil and gas to the surface. Extraction wells represent an example of a structure operating in this stage in the process. The upstream stage in the production process may also manifest itself as a supplier providing raw materials to manufacturers or other businesses that ultimately process the materials.
Leakage of a packer may resUlt in costly failures of
such operations as squeeze cementing, hydraulic fractur
ing, etc. To avoid such failures, the authors are often
asked questions pertaining to the length of necessary seals,
the amount of necessary slackoff, etc. Published work' does
not take into account helical buckling of tubing. Investi
gation of helical buckling was prompted by the fact that
allowance must be made for this phenomenon in order
to provide relevant answers.
In the past, theoretical work on helical buckling was
confined to conditions for which such buckling does not
occur."'··- The mathematical treatment of behavior in a
buckled condition, given in the Appendix, is novel.
...Assumptions upon which this investigation is based are
listed and discussed in a special section.
The efficiency of enhanced oil recovery method is a measure of the ability to provide greater hydrocarbon recovery than by natural depletion, at an economically attractive production rate.
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/petroleumengineeringz
Blogspot: http://petroleumengineeringsociety.blogspot.com/
There are three primary techniques of EOR: gas injection, thermal injection, and chemical injection. Gas injection, which uses gases such as natural gas, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (CO2), accounts for nearly 60 percent of EOR production in the United States. Thermal injection, which involves the introduction of heat, accounts for 40 percent of EOR production in the United States, with most of it occurring in California. Chemical injection, which can involve the use of long-chained molecules called polymers to increase the effectiveness of waterfloods, accounts for about one percent of EOR production in the United States. In 2013, a technique called Plasma-Pulse technology was introduced into the United States from Russia. This technique can result in another 50 percent of improvement in existing well production.
What is the different between the net pay and resrvoir thicknessStudent
Prepared by Yasir Albeatiy
Contact me with information below:
E-Mail: yasiralbeatiy2015@gmail.com
Phone No. + Whatsapp : +9647828319225
Facebook Page: www.facebook.com/petroleumengineeringz
Standard Test for Smoke Point for Kerosene and Aviation Turbine fuel, ASTM 13...Student
Standard Test for Smoke Point for Kerosene and Aviation Turbine fuel, ASTM 1322-97, IP 57/95
The smoke point is the maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions, this test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosene and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products , D482
1. Page | 1
University of Zakho
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Petroleum Engineering
2014-2015
Name of Student: Yasir Ammar Ahmed
Class 2 / 2nd
stage
Experiment NO. 7
Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products , D482
Experiment contacted on: 12/1/2015
Report submitted on: 19/1/2014
2. Page | 2
Contents
1.1 Objectives -------------------------------------------------------- Page 3
1.2 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------ Page 3
1.3 Apparatus and Materials ---------------------------------------- Page 4
1.4 Procedure --------------------------------------------------------- Page 5
1.5 Result and Calculations -----------------------------------------Page 5
1.6 Discussion --------------------------------------------------------Page 6
1.7 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------Page 8
Figure(1): Apparatus and Materials used in this experiment --------------- Page 4
Figure(2):Pendant superheater slag with corrosion product underneath. – Page 6
Figure(3): Treatment can make deposits friable for easy removal ----------Page 7
Table (1): Typical residual oil analyses ----------------------------------------Page 8
3. Page | 3
Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products ,
D482
1.1 Objectives
To determine the ash content of a sample of Residue Crude Oil (RC).
1.2 Introduction
Ash contents is defined as the inorganic residue that remains after combustion of the
oil in air at specific high temperature. Ash ranges from 0.1% to 0.2%. The ash
content of a fuel is a measure of the amount of inorganic noncombustible material it
contains. Some of the ash forming constituents occur naturally in crude oil: others are
present as a result of refining or contamination during storage or distribution. For
instance, it could be due to the presence of compounds of the following elements:
vanadium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, lead, iron, nickel. Or it could be
picked up by the crude oil during storage and handling. Metals content above 200
ppm are considered to be significant but the variations are very large. The higher the
ash content the higher is the tendency of the crude oil to form sludge or sediment.
Oils containing more than 0.05% ash are considered high ash oils; those containing
less than 0.02% ash are considered low ash oils.
Knowledge of the amount of ash-forming material present in a product can provide
information as to whether or not the product is suitable for use in a suitable
application. Ash can result from oil or water-soluble metallic compounds or from
extraneous soldier such as dirt and rust.
Refining crude oil that contain high value of ash content leading to deposition of the
metals (in any form) on to the catalyst leads to catalyst deactivation whether it be by
physical blockage of the pores or destruction of reactive sites. In the present context,
the metals must first be removed if erroneously high carbon residue data are to be
avoided.
Since most of the ash in heavy fuels occurs naturally, it usually is difficult for the
refiner to remove it economically. Purchasing different crude oils with lower ash
content can be very expensive. Therefore, methods have been developed for
counteracting the effects of ash. These include the use of additives, modifications in
equipment design, and the application of fuel processing methods such as water
washing.
4. Page | 4
1.3 Apparatus and Materials
1. Crucible.
2. Stand.
3. Source of flame (heat).
4. Sample of residue crude (RC).
5. Scientific Balance.
6. .
Stand Source of flame (heat) Scientific Balance
Crucible Residue Crude (RC) Furnace
Figure(1): Apparatus and Materials used in this experiment
5. Page | 5
1.4 Procedure
1. First of all we took a dry clean crucible and weight it with the scientific
balance.
2. Record the weight of empty crucible which will be W1 .
3. Add 2 g of the sample (RC) to the crucible.
4. Record the weight of sample (RC) which will be W2 .
5. Put the crucible contain the sample on the stand and then poke the fire in
the burner under the crucible and heat it carefully at such temperature that
the sample continues to burn at a uniform and moderate rate leaving only
carbonaceous residue wen the burning ceases.
6. Heat the residue at muffle furnace at 775 + 25 o
C until all carbonaceous
materials has disappeared ( 20 -30 mins).
7. Cool the crucible at room temperature in a suitable container.
8. Weigh the crucible this will be W3 .
1.5 Result and Calculations
Weight of empty crucible, W1 = 17.9 g
Weight of the test specimen, W2 = 2 g
Weight of ash and crucible, W3 = 17.92 g
To calculate the ash content of residue crude, we use this equation below:
𝑨𝒔𝒉 , 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 % =
𝑾𝟑 − 𝑾𝟏
𝑾𝟐
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where:
W3 – W1 = mass of ash in grams
W2 = mass of sample in grams
𝐴𝑠ℎ , 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 % =
17.92 − 17.9
2
× 100 = 1%
6. Page | 6
1.6 Discussion
1. What is the problems of combustion of oils with high ash content?
The combustion of high ash oils produced troublesome deposits on boiler convection
surfaces such as steam generating, superheat, reheat, and economizer sections. The
firing of high ash oils (even in those units which were originally designed to burn
coal) produced convection surface deposition that was difficult to remove by soot
blowing. The deposition of ashes problems is divided into two main problems:
a. Slagging refers to deposits formed on sections of the boiler exposed mainly
to radiant heat, such as the furnace walls. Slagging deposits are formed
from molten or half molten ash particles that stick to the hot furnace walls.
They are not formed immediately upon firing up the boiler but accumulate
slowly after an initial layer has been formed over the walls.
b. Fouling is used to characterize the deposits formed on the convective pass,
such as the heat exchanger tubes. In this case, deposits are formed by
inorganic vapours that condense on the relatively cooler surfaces of the heat
exchanger tubes. Although the mechanisms of formation for slagging and
fouling are not the same, both are closely linked with the tendency of the
fuel ash components to melt or vaporize at low temperatures.
Figure(2):Pendant superheater slag with corrosion product underneath.
7. Page | 7
2. How you can decrease the ass formation in fuel combustion?
Additives are used to control fouling by elevating the melting point of the
deposits, by physically diluting deposits, or by providing a shear plane to assist in
removal by soot blowing. Additives used to control fouling contain magnesium,
silica, manganese, and/or aluminum.
The melting point of untreated ash constituents can be as low as 1000°F. The
introduction of appropriate metal oxides elevates the melting point of ash
components by several hundred degrees. The additive components most
commonly used to raise the deposit melting point are magnesium and/or
aluminum. Dosages depend on ash levels in the fuel and the ratio of various ash
components. When melting temperatures are raised, the physical characteristics of
the deposits are altered. Often, the heaviest deposition occurs in areas where the
gas temperature is lower than the melting temperature of a deposit. Therefore, a
treatment program designed solely to elevate the melting point of the deposit will
not solve the problem, and it is necessary to introduce additive components that
change the physical characteristics of the deposit, making it more friable.
Additives used for this purpose contain compounds of magnesium or aluminum.
Aluminum is usually the most effective material for increasing friability of
deposits.
Figure(3): Treatment can make deposits friable for easy removal.
Also removing salts in crude oil before its exposed to distillation process can paly
a role in decreasing the ash contents in crude oil and its products. Since the ash
forming materials derived from metallic salts and organometallic compounds,
reducing the salt in crude oil will decrease the ash content as well, for this
purpose a de-salter unit is placed before the distillation tower wash the crude oil
with sweet water to remove the metallic salts in it.
8. Page | 8
3. What is the relation between the sulfur content and ash
content in reside crude oil? Why ?
Table (1.1): Typical residual oil analyses.
From the table Sulfur emission regulations have severely restricted the use of high
sulfur oils. Generally, high sulfur oils (greater than 1.0% sulfur) have high ash
contents. Because sulfur compound will make new compounds with other materials
which will solidify at specific temperature in the boilers that result the high ash
contents of RC that contain high ratio of sulfur. These oils are usually imported from
the Caribbean area. Prior to 1972, most East Coast boilers were burning high sulfur,
high ash oils.
4. Why light fractions of petroleum products have negligible ash
content?
Light fractions don’t contain metallic salt and organometallic compounds as well
as the combustion temperature of light fractions is low compare with the
temperature that form the ashes.
1.7 Conclusions
1. The principal elements contributing to high ash contents of petroleum residual
stocks and the cokes obtained from these stocks are sodium, iron, and
magnesium, the contents of which increase with increasing content of chlorides
in the crude oil.
2. The contents of silicon, nickel, vanadium, and manganese in the residual stocks
and in the cokes are essentially independent of the salt content of the crude oil.
3. Thorough desalting of crude oil is a basic prerequisite in the production of low-
ash cokes.
4. In order to produce low-vanadium coke, the coker feedstock must be selected
very carefully.
Characteristic High Ash Medium Ash Low Ash
Specific Gravity, at 60 °F 0.9548 0.9944 0.9285
Viscosity SSF at 122 °F, sec 240 200 100.5
Calorific Value, Btu/gal 147,690 152,220 147,894
Bottom Sediment & Water,
%
0.1 0.4 0.1
Sulfur, % 1.93 2.26 0.62
Ash, % 0.06 0.04 0.02
Vanadium, ppm 363 70 6
Sodium, ppm 16 50 9
Nickel, ppm 48 19 14
Aluminum, ppm 9 1 10
Iron, ppm 12 3 1