flash point petroleum and gas lab experiment report, The flash point is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough flammable vapor to induce ignition when an ignition source is applied.Flash points are determined experimentally by heating the liquid in a container (cup) and then introducing a small flame just above the liquid surface. The temperature at which there is a flash/ignition is recorded as the flash point. The closed-cup test PMA 5 contains any vapors produced and essentially simulates the situation in which a potential source of ignition is accidentally introduced into a container. In this test a test specimen is introduced into a cup and a close-fitting lid is fitted to the top of the cup. The cup and test specimen is heated. Subsequently, apertures are opened in the lid to allow air into the cup and the ignition source to be dipped into the vapors to test for a flash. The closed cup is mostly used in product specifications and regulations due to its better precision. The following table shows the comparative flash points measured in open and closed cup apparatus for some common pure liquids.

1. Koya university
faculty of engineering
Chemical engineering department
Petroleum and Gas Properties Lab
Flash & fire points
2022-2023
Prepared by : supervised by:
Dima Jawhar mustafa Mr.Ahmad Ahdulsalam Maarof
Sntia Louay Sba Mr. Samir
Srwa Tahir
Rayan hawez
Danya amir

2. 2
Table of Contents
Aim of this experiment : ...............................................................................................................................3
Introduction : ................................................................................................................................................3
Flash point:................................................................................................................................................4
Fire point:..................................................................................................................................................4
ASTM’S Flash Point Standards ......................................................................................................................4
Cleveland Open Cup (COC) .......................................................................................................................5
Pensky-Marten Closed Cup :.....................................................................................................................6
Procedure......................................................................................................................................................6
Tools and equipment’s :............................................................................................................................6
Observation...............................................................................................................................................7
Digital ASTM’S Flash Point: ATG-7 ................................................................................................................8
Discussions....................................................................................................................................................9
References ..................................................................................................................................................13

3. 3
Aim of this experiment :
Classify the petroleum according to its flash point. Indicate how light or heavy the petroleum is.
Find the best conditions for transporting storing petroleum products, to avoid any damages by
the temperature rise.
Introduction :
The flash point and fire point test is a dynamic method and depends on define rates of
temperature increase To control the precision of the test method.
This experiment cover the determination of the flash and fire of diesel fuel and . Its primary use
is for viscous materials having flash point of below 79°C (175°F) and above. This test is
significant to its purpose. Usually, the result of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk
assessment, which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of
the fire hazard of a particular end use.
This experiment is to obtain the temperature level of the diesel fuel for flash and fire point. This
is to know its optimum temperature level. The flash point of diesel fuel is generally determined
by the use of a Tagliabue closed Cup apparatus, whereas the temperature above the flash point,
which the test specimen will support combustion for a minimum of 5 sec.

4. 4
Flash point: The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature at which the vapor of
substance momentarily takes fire in the form of a flash under specified condition of test.
Sufficient Vapor is produced from a specific liquid, at a certain time it ignites due to the vapor
which contacts with a spark.
The flash point of a liquid hydrocarbon or an oil fraction indicates its fire and explosion
potential. Liquids with a flash point less than 60 5 0 C or 37 8 0 C depending on standard been
applied are considered flammable, while liquids with a flash point above those temperatures are
considered combustible.
Fire point: may be considered as the lowest temperature of the liquid at which vapor
combustion and burning commences. A fire point happens when an ignition source is applied
and the heat produced is self-sustaining, as it supplies enough vapors to combine with air and
burn even after the removal of the ignition source. The flammability of a substance is therefore
characterized by:
 The conditions under which a substance can be ignited and those under which it continues to
burn – known respectively as the flash point and fire point.
 The concentration range over which the vapor/oxidant mixture is flammable, i.e. the upper and
lower flammability limits. These limits vary depending on the oxidant, pressure and the
minimum oxygen concentration required for the combustion reaction.
Due to the importance of flash point test results for both safety and regulatory purposes, the test
method identification should always be included with the test result.. can occur for (5) seconds if
a spark is present.
ASTM’S Flash Point Standards
The first ASTM standard for flash point was published in 1918 (1) as D 56 , Test Method for
Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester. Just three years later, two more flash point test methods
were published: D 92 , Test Method for Flash Point by Cleveland Open Cup Tester, and D 93 ,
Test Method for Flash Point by Pensky Martens Closed Cup Tester. All three of these standards
are still in frequent use, with D 93 as the most prevalent, and the one most often cited in
regulations and specifications.

5. 5
Cleveland Open Cup (COC)
This test procedure utilizes an open metal container that is filled with the sample oil. The oil is
then heated at a prescribed rate and periodically a small pilot flame (ignitor) is passed over its
surface. This continues until a flash appears.
Figure-1: Cleveland Open Cup (COC)
The oil temperature is then recorded as its flash point. The procedure is the most widely used in
presenting a new lubricant’s physical and chemical properties. In the used oil analysis lab
however, the procedure can require more oil than typically available and an exceedingly long test
time.
And, for fuel dilution the lower limit of sensitivity may be inadequate because, being open, it
does not retain the vapors long enough to get a flash.

6. 6
Pensky-Marten Closed Cup :
With this test, the sample is confined in a closed container into which the pilot flame is
periodically introduced. Additionally, the lubricant is agitated during the heating period and the
lowest temperature at which a flash appears is recorded.
Figure-2: Pensky-Marten Closed Cup :
As with the COC method, a considerable amount of fluid and time is needed to perform the test.
However, fully automated instruments are available from various suppliers. In measuring fuel
dilution, one advantage the Pensky-Marten has over the COC method is improved sensitivity to
lower concentrations of fuel dilution.
Procedure
Tools and equipment’s :
1. Cup of sample.
2. Thermometer.
3. Covering:
 Constant cover.
 moving cover.
 exposing flame system.
 permanent flame. movable means.
4. Heating.
 air bath.
 upper plate.

7. 7
Pensky-Martens closed cup tester contains testing cup, lid, stirrer device, shutter, and
flame exposure device. Thermometer of specified range generally 0oC to 350oC with
sensitivity of 0.1oC should be used.
Figure-3: ASTM’S Flash Point.
Observation
1. Clean and dry all parts of the apparatus with the help of suitable solvent e.g. ether, or
benzene and dry it to remove any traces of solvent.
2. Fill the oil cup with the diesel to the mark.
3. Fix the lids on the top through which are inserted a thermometer and a stirrer. Ensure that
the flame exposure device is fixed on the top.
4. Light the flame and adjust it to about 4 mm in diameter and start stirring the sample.
5. Heat apparatus in a rate of 5 0 C/min until 60 0 C is reached. (the rate of increasing temp.
can be reached by adjusting the flame source). 9
6. Now, At every 2 0 C rise of temp, introduce test flame into the oil vapor. (Stop stirring
during this step)
7. When test flame causes a distinct flash in the interior of the test cup, note temperature
which represent the flash point.
8. Further heat the sample at lower rate (1 or 2 o C ) and continue applying the test flame as
before.
9. The temperature at which the vapors of the oil give a clear and distinct blue flash for five
seconds is recorded as the fire point of the oil.

8. 8
Digital ASTM’S Flash Point: ATG-7
The ATG-7 automates the Tag Closed Cup (TCC) flash point test. Ease of operation has
been improved by employing an arm assembly that allows easy one-handed setup. The
flash detector, a low-mass thermocouple, is reliable and easy to maintain. An acrylic
windshield serves as protection from drafts. The bath liquid is automatically exchanged
after a test, providing quick cooling.
The sample can be tested by a cup with a circular line in it, it shows the amount of the sample
that should be tested, the ATC-7 the cup is surrounded by water which is heated to higher the
liquids (sample) temperature.
Automatically a spark will contact with the vapor of the sample so it detects the flash point. for
the fair point dedicates the temperature of the sample which is above of the flash point.
Tools and equipment’s:
1. ATG-7
2. Exp. sample: diesel fuel
Observation
1. Fill the cup with diesel fuel.
2. Insert it into the ATG-7
3. Press the start bottom

9. 9
Figure-4: Digital ASTM’S Flash Point: ATG-7 steps.
Discussions
1. Discuss the reasons of any error happened during the Exp And how can be corrected?
2. What is the advantage of flash fire points?
3. Why the cup must be cleaned dried before starting the exp.

10. 10

11. 11

12. 12

13. 13

14. 14
Sintia louay

15. 15
Srwa tahir
Ans1- in a experiment you must use required sample half of cup not more than or less than
required
Ans2- The flash and fire points are useful in determining a lubricants volatility and fire
resistance. The flash point can be used to determine the transportation and storage
temperature requirements for lubricants. Lubricant producers can also use the flash point to
detect potential product contamination.
Ans3-the cup must be cleaned because our sample is not mixing with another component

16. 16
Discussions Danya Amir Abdulrahman
1. Discuss the reasons of any error happened during the Exp And how can be corrected?
Experimental error is very common and is to some degree inherent in every measurement. It is
not usually seen as a ‘mistake’ in the traditional sense because a degree of error is perceived as
part and parcel of the scientific process. However, by accepting and understanding the ways that
experimental error can impact every scientific procedure, scientists can reduce inaccuracy and
acquire results closer to the trut
2.What is the advantage of flash fire points?
The flash and fire points are useful in determining a lubricants volatility and fire resistance. The
flash point can be used to determine the transportation and storage temperature requirements for
lubricants. requirements for lubricants. Lubricant producers can also use the flash point to detect
potential product contamination
3.Why the cup must be cleaned dried before starting the exp.
You must be cleaned dried before starting the experiment. Because it is important because
contaminated r dirty cup of laboratory can lead to inaccurate results in the lab.

17. 17
Discussion Rayan Hawez
1-Discuss the reasons of any error happened during the Exp And how can be corrected?
2.What is the advantage of flash fire points?
The flash and fire points are useful in determining a lubricants volatility and fire resistance. The
flash point can be used to determine the transportation and storage temperature requirements for
lubricants. Lubricant producers can also use the flash point to detect potential product
contamination
3.Why the cup must be cleaned dried before starting the exp.

18. 18
References
1. Machinerylubrication(2019), Cleveland Open Cup (COC) and Pensky-Marten Closed
Cup.[online]. Available : https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/19/flash-
point-test [accessed : 6/dDec./2022]
2. Saja abdulhussein(2017), flash and fire point.[online] Available :
https://almaaqal.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/6-flash-point-and-fire-point-
1.pdf [accessed : 6/dDec./2022]
3. DOING(2020),diesel fuel sample.[digital picture]. Available :
https://www.wasteoiltodieseloil.com/waste_to_diesel/waste_oil_diesel_fuel_plant_77
4.html [accessed : 6/dDec./2022]
4. TANKA,(2022), ATG-7 Tag Closed Cup Flash-Point Tester.[online]. Available :
http://www.hoskinscientifique.com/uploadpdf/Geotechnique/Tanaka/hoskin_specifica
tion_4773c2cc96c3f.pdf [accessed : 6/dDec./2022]