There are two types of programming languages: high-level languages and low-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human languages and provide more abstraction from machine-level instructions, while low-level languages like assembly language closely map to processor instructions. Programs written in high-level languages need to be translated into machine code using compilers or interpreters, while low-level language programs are assembled directly into machine code. Common examples of high-level languages include C++, Java, and Python, while assembly language and Basic are examples of low-level languages.
A compiler translates high-level code into machine-readable code, while an interpreter converts each line of high-level code into machine code as the program runs. The document provides examples of compiler and interpreter code and compares key differences between compilers and interpreters, such as compilers generating standalone executable files while interpreters execute code on a line-by-line basis without generating separate files. It also gives examples of languages typically using each approach, such as C/C++ commonly being compiled and Visual Basic/LISP commonly being interpreted.
Programming languages are systems of communication used to develop both system and application software by giving computers sets of instructions. There are five main types of programming languages: high-level languages, machine languages, assembly languages, fourth generation languages (4GL), and natural languages. High-level languages are problem-oriented and resemble English, making them easier to use than machine languages but requiring translation. Machine languages use binary and do not require translation but are difficult for humans. Assembly languages use mnemonics for instructions, requiring less translation time than machine languages. 4GLs are used for database and management systems, while natural languages allow users to give instructions to computers in languages like English.
There are four generations of programming languages:
1) First generation languages are machine code/binary, the only language computers can understand directly.
2) Second generation languages are assembly languages which provide mnemonics to represent machine code instructions.
3) Third generation languages like Java, C, and Basic are easier for humans to read and write. They are converted into machine code.
4) Fourth generation languages like SQL and Prolog are more focused on problem solving than implementation details. They are very platform independent.
Computer languages allow humans to communicate with computers through programming. There are different types of computer languages at different levels of abstraction from machine language up to high-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human language while low-level languages are closer to machine-readable code. Programs written in high-level languages require compilers or interpreters to convert them to machine-readable code that can be executed by computers.
This document discusses different types of software and system software. It defines hardware as the physical components of a computer and software as programs that enhance hardware capabilities. There are three main types of software: application software designed for specific tasks, utility software for system maintenance, and system software that controls computer operations but does not solve specific problems. System software includes language translators like assemblers, compilers, and interpreters; macro processors; linkers; loaders; text editors; debuggers; and the operating system.
There are four categories of computer languages: high-level languages, low-level languages, assembly language, and machine language. High-level languages are closer to human language and need translators to be understood by computers. Low-level languages are closer to machine language and do not need translators. Assembly language sits between high-level and machine language by using mnemonic codes. Machine language consists of binary and is the only language computers can directly understand. Translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers are used to convert between these language categories.
There are two types of programming languages: high-level languages and low-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human languages and provide more abstraction from machine-level instructions, while low-level languages like assembly language closely map to processor instructions. Programs written in high-level languages need to be translated into machine code using compilers or interpreters, while low-level language programs are assembled directly into machine code. Common examples of high-level languages include C++, Java, and Python, while assembly language and Basic are examples of low-level languages.
A compiler translates high-level code into machine-readable code, while an interpreter converts each line of high-level code into machine code as the program runs. The document provides examples of compiler and interpreter code and compares key differences between compilers and interpreters, such as compilers generating standalone executable files while interpreters execute code on a line-by-line basis without generating separate files. It also gives examples of languages typically using each approach, such as C/C++ commonly being compiled and Visual Basic/LISP commonly being interpreted.
Programming languages are systems of communication used to develop both system and application software by giving computers sets of instructions. There are five main types of programming languages: high-level languages, machine languages, assembly languages, fourth generation languages (4GL), and natural languages. High-level languages are problem-oriented and resemble English, making them easier to use than machine languages but requiring translation. Machine languages use binary and do not require translation but are difficult for humans. Assembly languages use mnemonics for instructions, requiring less translation time than machine languages. 4GLs are used for database and management systems, while natural languages allow users to give instructions to computers in languages like English.
There are four generations of programming languages:
1) First generation languages are machine code/binary, the only language computers can understand directly.
2) Second generation languages are assembly languages which provide mnemonics to represent machine code instructions.
3) Third generation languages like Java, C, and Basic are easier for humans to read and write. They are converted into machine code.
4) Fourth generation languages like SQL and Prolog are more focused on problem solving than implementation details. They are very platform independent.
Computer languages allow humans to communicate with computers through programming. There are different types of computer languages at different levels of abstraction from machine language up to high-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human language while low-level languages are closer to machine-readable code. Programs written in high-level languages require compilers or interpreters to convert them to machine-readable code that can be executed by computers.
This document discusses different types of software and system software. It defines hardware as the physical components of a computer and software as programs that enhance hardware capabilities. There are three main types of software: application software designed for specific tasks, utility software for system maintenance, and system software that controls computer operations but does not solve specific problems. System software includes language translators like assemblers, compilers, and interpreters; macro processors; linkers; loaders; text editors; debuggers; and the operating system.
There are four categories of computer languages: high-level languages, low-level languages, assembly language, and machine language. High-level languages are closer to human language and need translators to be understood by computers. Low-level languages are closer to machine language and do not need translators. Assembly language sits between high-level and machine language by using mnemonic codes. Machine language consists of binary and is the only language computers can directly understand. Translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers are used to convert between these language categories.
The document discusses different types of software used in the compilation and execution process of a computer program. It describes compilers, interpreters, linkers, and loaders.
Compilers translate source code into executable machine code, while interpreters convert and execute source code line-by-line. Linkers combine object files into a single executable file, resolving references between modules. Loaders load the executable into memory and start execution by setting the starting address. The document also discusses different types of system software, application software, and utility software.
This document discusses different types of programming languages:
- Low-level languages like assembly are close to machine instructions and require knowledge of computer hardware. High-level languages abstract programming concepts and are easier for humans.
- Third-generation languages like FORTRAN and COBOL are machine-independent but still textual. Fourth-generation languages allow visual programming.
- Fifth-generation languages are designed for artificial intelligence and problem-solving.
The document discusses compilers and their role in translating high-level programming languages into machine-readable code. It notes that compilers perform several key functions: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, generation of an intermediate representation, optimization of the intermediate code, and finally generation of assembly or machine code. The compiler allows programmers to write code in a high-level language that is easier for humans while still producing efficient low-level code that computers can execute.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming concepts, including:
1) It defines what a computer program is and explains that programs get input from users and generate output.
2) It discusses the importance of program design, implementation, and testing according to a specification.
3) It explains that high-level programming languages are used instead of machine language, and compilers translate programs into machine language.
The document discusses different types of language translators including compilers, interpreters, and assemblers. A language translator converts source code into object code that computers can understand. Compilers convert an entire program into object code at once, while interpreters convert code line-by-line. Compilers are generally faster but require more memory, and errors are detected after compilation. Interpreters are slower but use less memory and can detect errors as they interpret each line.
The document discusses different types of computer programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level languages. Machine language uses binary and corresponds directly to hardware, while assembly language uses alphanumeric symbols. High-level languages are easier for humans to read and write but require translation. There are different types of high-level languages for tasks like mathematical problems, business data processing, string manipulation, object-oriented programming, and visual programming.
The document outlines the five generations of programming languages, from first generation machine languages that used binary code to second generation assembly languages with mnemonic codes, to third generation high-level languages that introduced data structures and portability, to fourth generation declarative languages that use English-like commands and focus on what needs to be done rather than how, to the current and future fifth generation involving artificial intelligence. Each generation brought improvements like integrated circuits, microprocessors, and graphical development environments. Examples of languages from each generation are provided.
This document provides an introduction to programming languages. It defines what a programming language and program are, explaining that a programming language allows programmers to write instructions for a computer in a coded language. It classifies languages as high-level or low-level and discusses how computers understand different languages. The document also addresses why we need programming languages, how to select a language for a problem, and gives an overview of the basic steps to write a computer program.
Popular third generation languages include C++, Visual Basic, and Java. C++ is widely used for hardware design. Visual Basic is relatively easy to learn with an
The document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses what a computer is and its basic parts including hardware and software. It describes the internal and external hardware components. It also explains different types of programming languages from low-level to high-level languages. The document then discusses programming paradigms like procedural, structured, and object-oriented programming. It introduces concepts like algorithms, flowcharts, and the system development life cycle which involves phases from feasibility study to implementation and maintenance.
The language processor performs tasks required to process a specified programming language such as translating and interpreting. It includes an editor to write and manage code, a compiler to check syntax and translate to machine code, an interpreter to check, translate and execute instructions without producing object code, and other tools. The program development cycle involves defining the problem, analyzing it, designing an algorithmic solution, coding the program, compiling and linking the code, loading the program for execution, testing it, and revising if needed.
Machine language uses binary to directly instruct the computer but is tedious for programmers. Assembly language replaces machine code with mnemonics like ADD and SUB making it easier. High-level languages are the easiest for programmers being English-like but require compilation to machine code, making them slower than low-level languages.
This document discusses different types of computer languages. It defines low-level languages like first generation languages (1GL) which use binary and second generation languages (2GL) which use assembly code. High-level languages like third generation languages (3GL) use words and commands closer to human language. Some examples of 3GL and high-level languages mentioned are C++, Visual Basic, Java, and JavaScript. C++ is described as a middle-level language combining high and low-level features while Visual Basic is an event-driven language and integrated development environment from Microsoft.
This document discusses language processors and their fundamentals. It begins by explaining the semantic gap between how software is designed and implemented, and how language processors help bridge this gap. It then covers different types of language processors like translators, interpreters, and preprocessors. The key activities of language processors - analysis and synthesis - are explained. Analysis includes lexical, syntax and semantic analysis, while synthesis includes memory allocation and code generation. Language specifications using grammars and different binding times are also covered. Finally, common language processing development tools like LEX and YACC are introduced.
The document introduces programming and the C++ language. It explains that a program is a set of instructions given to a computer in a programming language to perform tasks. High-level languages like C++ were created because computers only understand binary and it is impossible for humans to program in binary. The document then covers the anatomy of a simple "Hello World" C++ program, including main functions, header files, output statements, strings, and terminators. It concludes by explaining how C++ source code is compiled into machine code and executed.
The document discusses computer languages and divides them into two types: high-level languages (HLL) and low-level languages (LLL). HLL are closer to human language but require compilation, while LLL are more machine-specific but faster. Both have advantages and disadvantages - HLL are easier for humans but slower, while LLL are faster but more difficult for humans. The document concludes that modern computers now use more user-friendly languages than older low-level ones.
System programming involves designing and implementing system programs like operating systems, compilers, linkers, and loaders that allow user programs to run efficiently on a computer system. A key part of system programming is developing system software like operating systems, assemblers, compilers, and debuggers. An operating system acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, managing processes, memory, devices, and files. Assemblers and compilers translate programs into machine-readable code. Loaders place object code into memory for execution. System programming optimizes computer system performance and resource utilization.
If your are planning to apply for the Germany Job seeker visa here is the list of documents you need to prepare before you can submit your case in any German Consulate worldwide.
Canada has been welcoming immigrants from across the globe for Canadian immigration for well over three decades. The country is famous for its tolerant multi-cultural society and its maple trees along with other things. Every year more than 250,000 immigrants' leave their countries and travel to the northernmost end of the world to be part of the Canadian dream. Keeping the strong demand for Skilled Professionals at home, the Canadian government decided to introduce a swift visa system called "Express Entry Canada".
The document discusses different types of software used in the compilation and execution process of a computer program. It describes compilers, interpreters, linkers, and loaders.
Compilers translate source code into executable machine code, while interpreters convert and execute source code line-by-line. Linkers combine object files into a single executable file, resolving references between modules. Loaders load the executable into memory and start execution by setting the starting address. The document also discusses different types of system software, application software, and utility software.
This document discusses different types of programming languages:
- Low-level languages like assembly are close to machine instructions and require knowledge of computer hardware. High-level languages abstract programming concepts and are easier for humans.
- Third-generation languages like FORTRAN and COBOL are machine-independent but still textual. Fourth-generation languages allow visual programming.
- Fifth-generation languages are designed for artificial intelligence and problem-solving.
The document discusses compilers and their role in translating high-level programming languages into machine-readable code. It notes that compilers perform several key functions: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, generation of an intermediate representation, optimization of the intermediate code, and finally generation of assembly or machine code. The compiler allows programmers to write code in a high-level language that is easier for humans while still producing efficient low-level code that computers can execute.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming concepts, including:
1) It defines what a computer program is and explains that programs get input from users and generate output.
2) It discusses the importance of program design, implementation, and testing according to a specification.
3) It explains that high-level programming languages are used instead of machine language, and compilers translate programs into machine language.
The document discusses different types of language translators including compilers, interpreters, and assemblers. A language translator converts source code into object code that computers can understand. Compilers convert an entire program into object code at once, while interpreters convert code line-by-line. Compilers are generally faster but require more memory, and errors are detected after compilation. Interpreters are slower but use less memory and can detect errors as they interpret each line.
The document discusses different types of computer programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level languages. Machine language uses binary and corresponds directly to hardware, while assembly language uses alphanumeric symbols. High-level languages are easier for humans to read and write but require translation. There are different types of high-level languages for tasks like mathematical problems, business data processing, string manipulation, object-oriented programming, and visual programming.
The document outlines the five generations of programming languages, from first generation machine languages that used binary code to second generation assembly languages with mnemonic codes, to third generation high-level languages that introduced data structures and portability, to fourth generation declarative languages that use English-like commands and focus on what needs to be done rather than how, to the current and future fifth generation involving artificial intelligence. Each generation brought improvements like integrated circuits, microprocessors, and graphical development environments. Examples of languages from each generation are provided.
This document provides an introduction to programming languages. It defines what a programming language and program are, explaining that a programming language allows programmers to write instructions for a computer in a coded language. It classifies languages as high-level or low-level and discusses how computers understand different languages. The document also addresses why we need programming languages, how to select a language for a problem, and gives an overview of the basic steps to write a computer program.
Popular third generation languages include C++, Visual Basic, and Java. C++ is widely used for hardware design. Visual Basic is relatively easy to learn with an
The document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses what a computer is and its basic parts including hardware and software. It describes the internal and external hardware components. It also explains different types of programming languages from low-level to high-level languages. The document then discusses programming paradigms like procedural, structured, and object-oriented programming. It introduces concepts like algorithms, flowcharts, and the system development life cycle which involves phases from feasibility study to implementation and maintenance.
The language processor performs tasks required to process a specified programming language such as translating and interpreting. It includes an editor to write and manage code, a compiler to check syntax and translate to machine code, an interpreter to check, translate and execute instructions without producing object code, and other tools. The program development cycle involves defining the problem, analyzing it, designing an algorithmic solution, coding the program, compiling and linking the code, loading the program for execution, testing it, and revising if needed.
Machine language uses binary to directly instruct the computer but is tedious for programmers. Assembly language replaces machine code with mnemonics like ADD and SUB making it easier. High-level languages are the easiest for programmers being English-like but require compilation to machine code, making them slower than low-level languages.
This document discusses different types of computer languages. It defines low-level languages like first generation languages (1GL) which use binary and second generation languages (2GL) which use assembly code. High-level languages like third generation languages (3GL) use words and commands closer to human language. Some examples of 3GL and high-level languages mentioned are C++, Visual Basic, Java, and JavaScript. C++ is described as a middle-level language combining high and low-level features while Visual Basic is an event-driven language and integrated development environment from Microsoft.
This document discusses language processors and their fundamentals. It begins by explaining the semantic gap between how software is designed and implemented, and how language processors help bridge this gap. It then covers different types of language processors like translators, interpreters, and preprocessors. The key activities of language processors - analysis and synthesis - are explained. Analysis includes lexical, syntax and semantic analysis, while synthesis includes memory allocation and code generation. Language specifications using grammars and different binding times are also covered. Finally, common language processing development tools like LEX and YACC are introduced.
The document introduces programming and the C++ language. It explains that a program is a set of instructions given to a computer in a programming language to perform tasks. High-level languages like C++ were created because computers only understand binary and it is impossible for humans to program in binary. The document then covers the anatomy of a simple "Hello World" C++ program, including main functions, header files, output statements, strings, and terminators. It concludes by explaining how C++ source code is compiled into machine code and executed.
The document discusses computer languages and divides them into two types: high-level languages (HLL) and low-level languages (LLL). HLL are closer to human language but require compilation, while LLL are more machine-specific but faster. Both have advantages and disadvantages - HLL are easier for humans but slower, while LLL are faster but more difficult for humans. The document concludes that modern computers now use more user-friendly languages than older low-level ones.
System programming involves designing and implementing system programs like operating systems, compilers, linkers, and loaders that allow user programs to run efficiently on a computer system. A key part of system programming is developing system software like operating systems, assemblers, compilers, and debuggers. An operating system acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, managing processes, memory, devices, and files. Assemblers and compilers translate programs into machine-readable code. Loaders place object code into memory for execution. System programming optimizes computer system performance and resource utilization.
If your are planning to apply for the Germany Job seeker visa here is the list of documents you need to prepare before you can submit your case in any German Consulate worldwide.
Canada has been welcoming immigrants from across the globe for Canadian immigration for well over three decades. The country is famous for its tolerant multi-cultural society and its maple trees along with other things. Every year more than 250,000 immigrants' leave their countries and travel to the northernmost end of the world to be part of the Canadian dream. Keeping the strong demand for Skilled Professionals at home, the Canadian government decided to introduce a swift visa system called "Express Entry Canada".
The document outlines the process and requirements for obtaining a student visa for Canada. It details eligibility criteria such as age under 35, a minimum IELTS score of 6.0, and having tuition fees of $11,000-$12,000 paid upfront. Popular courses mentioned include IT, engineering, pharmacy technician, and biotech technician. It provides a checklist of required documents and explains the visa application process flow. Living expenses in Canada are estimated to be moderate, with housing around $400/month and meal costs of $7-14. With a 2-year course plus 1 year work permit, one can apply for permanent residency.
This document discusses data types and data structures. It defines them and describes their key attributes. For data types, it covers specification, implementation, operations and examples of elementary types. For data structures, it discusses composition, organization, representation and implementation of operations. It also addresses type equivalence checking, conversion and lists several common data structures like arrays, records, lists and files.
POSSIBLE AL QAEDA IS AND ISIS PLAN FOR INDIAN SUB CONTINENTSecurity Risks Asia
What is the possible plan of the Al Qaeda and the ISIS which do not have a foot print in the Indian Subcontinent so far to expand their presence through a multiple strategy of taking advantage of affiliates as the Lashkar e Taiyyaba, HUJI, JMB and others and indoctrinating youth through the web.
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FIB: Felicidade Interna Bruta- Portugal É Um País Infeliz?Rui Gabriel
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Entrenar a un pitbull o es un tema que suele traer de cabeza a mucha gente. En realidad, Entrenar a un pitbull no es tan difícil como se suele pensar; es peor el desconocimiento. Por eso estoy aquí.
Este documento describe las competencias para la vida y el perfil de egreso de la educación básica. Define seis competencias para la vida como aprendizaje permanente, manejo de información, manejo de situaciones, convivencia y vida en sociedad. Luego, establece que el perfil de egreso busca definir el tipo de ciudadano que se forma, servir de referencia para el currículo y valorar la eficacia del proceso educativo. Finalmente, enumera once rasgos que los estudiantes deberán mostrar al terminar la educación básica, como comunicarse con
Este documento describe tres puntos principales:
1. La acumulación de grasas en el hígado (esteatosis) puede ser causada por el consumo excesivo de alcohol o por la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica.
2. Se cultivaron células hepáticas tratadas con ácidos grasos para inducir esteatosis in vitro y observar los efectos del estrés oxidativo.
3. Los resultados mostraron un aumento de lípidos intracelulares, alteraciones nucleares, y modificaciones de proteínas como hist
O documento discute como equilibrar a organização e a provocação na sala de aula usando tecnologias. Um bom educador ajuda os alunos a organizarem informações de forma coerente e compreendê-las. As tecnologias podem ajudar os alunos a organizarem informações dispersas e consolidarem o que já está organizado.
A socialização é o processo pelo qual um indivíduo se torna membro funcional de uma comunidade através da comunicação e imitação. A re-socialização ocorre quando alguém tenta recuperar hábitos sociais para combater o isolamento. O documento descreve atividades em um blogue para promover a re-socialização de idosos, incluindo exercícios, jogos, concursos e receitas.
O documento discute o Sistema Financeiro Nacional brasileiro, descrevendo suas principais instituições reguladoras e componentes. O SFN é composto pelo Banco Central, Conselho Monetário Nacional, bancos e outras entidades financeiras que intermediam recursos entre agentes econômicos. O documento também aborda a regulação e fiscalização de mercados como o de capitais e de seguros.
O documento discute a importância da escuta ativa e do silêncio. Aprender a ouvir é mais difícil do que aprender a falar. É preciso ter a mente vazia para ouvir verdadeiramente o outro sem julgá-lo ou querer complementá-lo com nossas próprias ideias. Culturas como a dos índios valorizam longos períodos de silêncio entre as falas para uma escuta profunda.
Protecao da crianca_e_do_adolecente_manual_para_paisCláudia Dantas
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1) Falar abertamente sobre o assunto de forma apropriada para a idade;
2) Manter supervisão atenta para evitar que fiquem sozinhos com estranhos;
3) Conhecer bem as pessoas com quem ficam e estimular o autocuidado e a confiança para pedirem ajuda.
O documento discute a fundação de um capítulo português do Instituto Internacional de Análise de Negócios. O capítulo visa promover a profissão de analista de negócios em Portugal através da certificação de profissionais e alinhamento de processos de análise com metodologias reconhecidas internacionalmente.
Este documento presenta a tres estudiantes de 13 años, Dayana Quelal, Angie Puetate y Yajaira Quendi, e incluye sus intereses como bailar, escuchar música, leer, jugar con amigas y practicar deportes.
El documento describe el viaje del héroe y los diferentes estadios por los que suele pasar un héroe según los estudios de Joseph Campbell. Estos incluyen separarse del mundo ordinario, enfrentar pruebas y desafíos con la ayuda de un mentor, y finalmente regresar transformado con un elixir o lección que puede ayudar a otros. También define qué es un héroe, antihéroe y villano, y provee ejemplos como la historia de Orfeo y El Cid.
La historia cuenta la historia de una hormiga productiva y feliz que trabajaba en una empresa. Con el tiempo, la empresa contrató más supervisores, gerentes y consultores que terminaron despidiendo a la hormiga a pesar de que ella era la más productiva. El documento critica cómo las empresas modernas a menudo terminan contratando demasiada burocracia y personal de apoyo que no añade valor pero termina afectando a los empleados productivos.
Este documento presenta a tres estudiantes de 13 años, Dayana Quelal, Angie Puetate y Yajaira Quendi, e incluye sus intereses como bailar, escuchar música, leer, jugar con amigas y practicar deportes.
Programming languages allow humans to communicate instructions to computers. There are many programming languages that differ based on their level, model, and intended applications. Low-level languages like machine language and assembly language use binary codes and mnemonics that closely match the computer's architecture, making programs fast but difficult for humans. Higher-level languages have more abstract constructs that are translated into machine code, making programs easier for humans to write but slower to execute. Programming languages continue to evolve to balance expressiveness for programmers with efficiency of execution.
A programming language is a vocabulary and set of rules that instructs a computer to perform tasks. High-level languages like BASIC, C, Java, and Pascal are easier for humans than machine language but still need to be converted. Conversion can be done through compiling, which directly translates to machine language, or interpreting, which executes instructions without compilation. Popular languages today include Python, C, Java, and C++.
This document discusses different types of programming languages including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It explains that machine language is directly understood by computers using binary, while assembly language uses symbols translated by an assembler. High-level languages like COBOL, FORTRAN and BASIC are easier for humans to read and are compiled into machine language. Compilers translate entire high-level programs at once, while interpreters translate and execute one statement at a time.
This document provides an overview of basic fundamentals of C programming, including definitions of software, programs, and different types of software. It also discusses programming languages and how they are classified, including machine language, assembly language, high-level languages, and fourth generation languages. Translators like assemblers, compilers, and interpreters are described which convert code between machine language and other languages. Finally, the role of editors in programming is covered.
This document discusses the classification and evolution of programming languages. It describes how programming languages have been categorized into low-level languages (machine language and assembly language), high-level languages (procedural languages from 3rd generation), and more advanced languages (non-procedural from 4th generation and natural languages from 5th generation). It provides examples like COBOL, SQL, BASIC, Pascal, C++, Java and Visual Basic to illustrate different types of languages and their uses.
[ITP - Lecture 01] Introduction to Programming & Different Programming LanguagesMuhammad Hammad Waseem
This document provides an introduction to programming languages. It defines programming as a sequence of steps to solve a problem and explains why learning to program is important for developing problem solving skills. It then describes the main types of programming languages - low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are close to hardware, and high-level languages that are more abstract and English-like. It also discusses the concepts of source code, object code, and language translators like assemblers, interpreters, and compilers that convert source code into executable object code.
Compilers and interpreters help convert high-level source code into machine code that computers can understand. A compiler scans an entire program and translates it into machine code in one pass, while an interpreter translates statements one at a time. The translation process involves multiple steps - compilers translate to assembly code, then assemblers translate to machine code, and linkers combine object files into executable programs that loaders load into memory for execution. This language processing system converts high-level code into binary code computers can execute.
1. A language processing system includes a preprocessor, compiler, assembler, interpreter, and linker.
2. A preprocessor performs tasks like macro processing, file inclusion, and language extensions to augment source code.
3. A compiler translates source code written in a high-level language into an equivalent low-level machine language so it can be executed.
The document discusses various aspects of system development including programming languages, paradigms, and software development lifecycles. It describes the key characteristics of programming languages including syntax and semantics. It also outlines the main programming paradigms - imperative, object-oriented, logic, and functional. The document then discusses software design paradigms such as design patterns, components, architecture, and frameworks. It provides an overview of common software development lifecycles including build and fix, waterfall, and spiral models.
This document discusses programming languages and their classification. It defines a programming language as a language used to write programs that direct a computer's processing steps. Programming languages are classified into machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. Machine language uses binary and is directly understood by computers, making it the fastest but also the hardest for humans. Assembly language uses symbols to make machine language more readable. High-level languages use familiar syntax and are easier for humans but require translation before computers can execute them.
This document discusses different types of computer programs. It describes operating systems as programs that perform basic tasks like input/output and file management. Utilities are programs that perform specific tasks like calculating or opening/closing files. Application software includes programs for activities like graphics, personal use, and education. Computer languages are classified into machine languages, assembly languages, programming languages, and fourth generation languages. Compilers and interpreters both translate high-level languages into machine code, but compilers translate the entire program at once while interpreters translate line-by-line. Assemblers translate assembly language into machine code.
This document discusses computer languages and language translators. It describes:
1) Two types of computer languages - low-level languages like machine code and assembly, and high-level languages like C++ and Java. Low-level languages are directly understood by computers while high-level languages are easier for humans.
2) Three generations of languages - first generation used only 1s and 0s, second used assembly, and third introduced high-level languages.
3) Three main types of language translators - compilers which translate programs into executable object code, interpreters which translate line-by-line, and assemblers which translate assembly code into machine code through a one-to-one mapping process.
This document discusses programming languages and the translation process between high-level and low-level languages. It explains that all computer programs must ultimately be translated to binary machine code for the computer to understand. There are high-level languages that are easier for programmers but require translation, low-level assembly languages that are closer to machine code, and machine code itself which requires no translation. It describes the roles of compilers, interpreters, and assemblers in translating between these levels, and the differences between them such as how compilers translate entire programs at once while interpreters translate incrementally.
This document provides an overview of compiler design and the different phases involved in compilation. It discusses the following:
1. The main types of language translators - assemblers, interpreters, and compilers - and the differences between compilation and interpretation.
2. The typical phases of a compiler - lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. It provides examples to illustrate each phase.
3. Other components involved in compilation like preprocessors, linkers, loaders, symbol tables, and error handling.
4. The types of errors that can occur during different compiler phases like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis.
So in summary
The document provides an introduction to compilers and language processors. It discusses:
- A compiler translates a program written in one language (the source language) into an equivalent program in another language (the target language). Compilers detect and report errors during translation.
- An interpreter appears to directly execute the operations in a source program on supplied inputs, rather than producing a translated target program.
- Compilers are usually faster than interpreters at running programs, while interpreters can provide better error diagnostics by executing statements sequentially. Java combines compilation and interpretation through bytecode.
- The key differences between compilers and interpreters are how they translate programs, whether they generate intermediate code, translation and execution speed, memory usage
Abstraction level taxonomy of programming language frameworksijpla
The main purpose of this article is to
describe the taxonomy of computer languages according to the levels
of abstraction. There exists so many computer languages because of so many reasons like the evolution of
better computer languages over the time; the socio
-
economic factors as the proprie
tary interests,
commercial advantages; expressive power; ease of use of novice; orientation toward special purposes;
orientation toward special hardware; and diverse ideas about most suitability. Moreover, the important
common properties of most of these l
anguages are discussed here. No programming language is designed
in a vacuity, but it solves some specific kinds of problems. There is a different framework for each problem
and best suitable framework for e
ach problem. A single framework is not best for a
ll types of problems. So,
it is important to select vigilantly the frameworks supported by the language.
The five generation of the
computer programming languages are explored in this paper to some extent
Computer languages can be categorized into different generations based on their level of abstraction from machine language. First generation languages are machine languages that use binary, while assembly languages as second generation are closer to machine language with mnemonic codes. High-level languages of the third generation like FORTRAN and COBOL are easier for humans to read and write. Fourth generation languages attempt more natural language programming, and fifth generation use visual interfaces to generate code compiled by lower level languages. The key aspects of a program include variables, statements, keywords, instructions, and the ability to perform tasks through organized lists of commands.
This document provides an overview of programming languages by discussing:
1) The different types of programs and how programming languages communicate instructions to computers.
2) The levels of programming languages from machine language to assembly language to high-level languages.
3) The advantages and disadvantages of each language level as well as how language translators like compilers and interpreters work.
An assembler translates assembly language instructions into machine code through a one-to-one mapping. An interpreter directly executes program source code line by line without compiling. A compiler translates high-level language source code into an executable machine code program.
The document discusses the language processing system in computers. It states that high-level languages written by programmers are converted to binary machine language in multiple steps. First, a compiler converts source code into assembly language, then an assembler converts assembly code into object code. A linker links all code components and a loader loads the executable machine code into memory to be executed. Compilers check for errors and convert the entire program at once, while interpreters translate code line-by-line and require the source code during execution.
Similar to FIT-Unit3 chapter2- Computer Languages (20)
This document contains examples and exercises related to logic and propositions. It introduces topics like propositional logic, truth tables, predicates, quantification, and preconditions/postconditions. Some key points:
- Propositions are statements that can be either true or false. Truth tables can be used to determine the truth value of compound propositions.
- Predicates are statements with variables that can be evaluated as true or false by assigning values to the variables.
- Quantifiers like "for all" (universal) and "there exists" (existential) are used to specify the scope of predicates being true.
- Preconditions and postconditions describe the valid inputs and expected outputs of programs to verify
This document provides an introduction to propositional logic and rules of inference. It defines an argument and valid argument forms. Examples are given to illustrate valid argument forms using propositional variables. Common rules of inference like modus ponens and disjunction introduction are explained. The resolution principle for showing validity of arguments is described. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying rules of inference to build arguments and use resolution to determine validity. The document also discusses fallacies and rules of inference for quantified statements like universal and existential instantiation and generalization.
The document defines logical quantifiers such as existence and uniqueness quantifiers. It discusses how quantifiers can be used to restrict domains and bind variables. It provides examples of translating English statements to logical expressions using quantifiers and discusses precedence, logical equivalences, and negating quantifier expressions.
This document introduces various concepts and methods related to mathematical proofs. It defines key terminology like theorems, propositions, lemmas, corollaries, and conjectures. It also describes different types of proofs like direct proofs, proofs by contraposition, and proofs of equivalence. Examples are provided to illustrate direct proofs for statements about odd integers and perfect squares.
The document discusses verification and validation of simulation models. Verification ensures the conceptual model is accurately represented in the operational model, while validation confirms the model is an accurate representation of the real system. The key steps are: 1) observing the real system, 2) constructing a conceptual model, 3) implementing an operational model. Verification techniques include checking model logic, output reasonableness, and documentation. Validation compares model and system input-output transformations using historical data or Turing tests. The goal is to iteratively modify the model until its behavior sufficiently matches the real system.
The document provides 7 examples of statistical analyses and distributions. Example 1 involves drawing a histogram for discrete vehicle arrival data collected over multiple days. Example 2 involves drawing a histogram for continuous component lifetime data. Example 3 involves estimating parameters and variance for discrete vehicle arrival data. Example 4 involves determining if installation time data follows a normal distribution. Example 5 involves estimating parameters for a lognormal model of investment rate data. Example 6 involves using a chi-square test to determine if discrete vehicle arrival data follows a Poisson distribution. Example 7 involves using a chi-square test to determine if mine injury count data follows a Poisson distribution.
This document provides an overview of input modeling for simulation. It discusses the four main steps: 1) collecting real system data, 2) identifying the probability distribution, 3) estimating distribution parameters, and 4) evaluating goodness of fit. Common distributions are identified like Poisson, normal, exponential. Methods for identifying the distribution include histograms and Q-Q plots. Goodness of fit can be tested using chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. The document also discusses modeling non-stationary processes, selecting distributions without data, and multivariate/time-series input models.
Unit 5 general principles, simulation softwareraksharao
This document discusses concepts and algorithms in discrete-event simulation. It describes key concepts like events, activities, and the event scheduling algorithm. The event scheduling algorithm involves removing the imminent event from the future event list, advancing the clock, executing the event to update the system state, and generating future events. It also discusses world views like event scheduling and activity scanning. The document provides an example of simulating a single-channel queue and how simulation can be implemented in Java and GPSS.
Unit 5 general principles, simulation software problemsraksharao
This document contains instructions for three simulation problems:
1) A grocery store checkout counter simulation until time 21 minutes using an inter-arrival time (IAT) and service time (ST) table.
2) A single channel queue simulation until time 15 using an IAT and ST table and event scheduling algorithm.
3) A dump truck loading and weighing simulation at a mine using random number generation for loading time, weighing time and travel time distributions to estimate loader and scale utilizations.
This document provides an introduction to queuing models and simulation. It discusses key characteristics of queuing systems such as arrival processes, service times, queue discipline, and performance measures. Common queuing notations are also introduced, including the widely used Kendall notation. Examples of queuing systems from various applications are provided to illustrate real-world scenarios that can be modeled using queuing theory.
The document describes examples of queueing and inventory simulation models. It provides examples of simulations of the able-baker queueing model, a dental clinic queue, and inventory systems with probabilistic demand and lead times. For each simulation example, it provides the relevant probability distributions and random numbers used to calculate metrics like average wait times and inventory levels.
Unit 3 random number generation, random-variate generationraksharao
This document discusses random number generation and random variate generation. It covers:
1) Properties of random numbers such as uniformity, independence, maximum density, and maximum period.
2) Techniques for generating pseudo-random numbers such as the linear congruential method and combined linear congruential generators.
3) Tests for random numbers including Kolmogorov-Smirnov, chi-square, and autocorrelation tests.
4) Random variate generation techniques like the inverse transform method, acceptance-rejection technique, and special properties for distributions like normal, lognormal, and Erlang.
This document discusses simulation of queueing systems. It includes key elements like customers, servers, arrival and service processes. It also discusses queue behaviors, disciplines, assumptions made in simulations, and provides examples to simulate grocery store, book stall and dentist clinic queues. The examples show generating random numbers for inter-arrival and service times and calculating metrics like average wait times.
This document provides an introduction and overview of simulation modeling. It discusses when simulation is an appropriate tool, the advantages and disadvantages, common applications, and the basic components and types of systems that can be modeled. It also outlines the typical steps involved in a simulation study, including problem formulation, model building, experimentation and analysis, and documentation. Model building involves conceptualizing the model, collecting data, translating the model into a computer program, verifying that the program is working correctly, and validating the model outputs against real system behavior.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses key aspects of GSM including its history, standards, architecture, entities, interfaces, addresses and identifiers. The main points are:
- GSM is a cellular network standard used by mobile phones that aims to support international roaming, good call quality, and low terminal/service costs.
- The GSM architecture consists of mobile stations, a base station subsystem, a network switching subsystem, an operations support subsystem, and data infrastructure.
- Key entities include the mobile station, base transceiver station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register.
- GSM
This document describes the architecture for mobile computing. It discusses three tiers: the presentation tier which deals with the user interface; the application tier which handles business logic and transactions; and the data tier which manages database access and storage. It also covers various middleware technologies used to connect these tiers, including message-oriented middleware, transaction processing middleware, and database middleware like ODBC and JDBC. Context-awareness and adapting content to different devices based on context is also discussed.
Applet Basics,
Applet Organization and Essential Elements,
The Applet Architecture,
A Complete Applet Skeleton,
Applet Initialization and Termination,
Requesting Repainting
The update() Method,
Using the Status Window
Passing parameters to Applets
The Applet Class
Event Handling The Delegation Event Model
Events,
Using the Delegation Event Model,
More Java Keywords.
Multithreaded fundamentals
The thread class and runnable interface
Creating a thread
Creating multiple threads
Determining when a thread ends
Thread priorities
Synchronization
Using synchronized methods
The synchronized statement
Thread communication using notify(), wait() and notifyall()
Suspending , resuming and stopping threads
The exception hierarchy
Exception handling fundamentals
Try and catch
The consequences of an uncaught exception
Using multiple catch statements
Catching subclass exceptions
Nested try blocks
Throwing an exception
Re-throwing an exception
Using finally
Using throws
Java’s built-in exception
Creating exception subclasses
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
FIT-Unit3 chapter2- Computer Languages
1.
2. Contents
Types of Programming Languages
Generations of Programming Languages
Features of good Programming Languages
3. Types of programming
languages
Computers understand only one language that
is binary language or the language of 0s and
1s.
In the initial years, instructions were given in
binary from only.
Although these programs were easily
understood by the computers but it was too
difficult for a normal person to understand.
Human beings came up with assembly and
High level languages to communicate with the
computers. They are classified into three
categories:
4. Machine language
It is the native language of the computers
It is usually only 0s and 1s to represent data and
instructions
Assembly language
Has symbolic instructions and executable machine
codes
Letters were used instead of 0s and 1s
High level language
Written using set of words, have rules for them
The program written in HLL is called as source program
These are converted into machine readable using a
compiler or interpreter.
5. Generations of programming
languages
First generation: machine language
Second generation: assembly language
Third generation : High level language
Fourth generation
Fifth generation: very high level languages
6. First generation: machine
language
First language was binary, hence known as
machine language.
Machines have only two states, ON (1) and
OFF (0)
Machine language is also known as native
language as the codes is directly
understood by the computer.
There are two parts in the instructions
OPCODE
OPERAND
7. Advantages of machine
languages
Translation free
Machine language is the only language that
computers can directly execute without the need
for conversion.
High speed
No conversion is needed, the applications
developed using machine language is extremely
fast.
Used for applications of nuclear reactors and
chemical processing.
8. Disadvantages of machine
languages
Machine dependent
Application developed for a particular type of
machine, may not run on another machine.
Costly and difficult for the organizations.
Complex language
Machine language is complex , difficult to read
or write.
Programmer has to be an hardware expert to
understand the machine language perfectly.
9. Error prone
Since programmer has to remember all the
opcode and memory locations
Requires lot of effort to keep track of logic of the
problem.
Tedious
Problems arises when modifications of the
existing code has to be done.
Very tedious task and time consuming.
10. Second generation : assembly
language
Assembly language allows the programmer to
interact directly with the hardware.
This language assigns a mnemonic code to each
machine language instruction to make it easier to
remember to write.
Allows a better human readable method of writing
programs as compared to writing in binary bit
patterns.
Each processor family has its own assembly
language.
Mnemonic is usually three letter long
corresponding to each machine instruction.
11. The letters are usually abbreviated indicating what
the instruction does.
Since each type of the computer uses a different
native instruction set, assembly languages cannot
be standardized from one machine to another and
instructions from one computer cannot be
expected to work on another.
It allows the use of symbols and set of rules that
can be combined to form a line of code.
Each line of code has four columns called as
fields.
The general format is
[label] <opcode> <operands> [; comments]
12. [ … ] indicate that enclosed specification may
or may not appear in the statement.
If a label is specified , it is associated as a
symbolic name with machine words generated
for the assembly statement.
If multiple operands are used, each of them is
separated by a comma.
Comments are optional , they facilitate
documentation.
Eg: BEGIN ADD A,B ; add B to A
13. assembler
No matter how close assembly language is to machine
code, the computer still cannot understand it.
The assembly language program must be translated
into machine code by separate program called an
assembler.
The assembler program recognizes the character
strings that make up the symbolic names of the various
operations and substitutes the required code for each
instruction.
In short assembler converts the assembly codes into
binary codes and then it assembles the machine
understandable code into the main memory of the
computer, making it ready for execution.
15. Functions of assembler
It translates mnemonic operation codes to
machine code and corresponding register
address to system address.
It checks the syntax of the assembly program
and generates diagnostic messages on syntax
errors.
It assembles all the instructions in the main
memory for execution.
In case of large assembly programs, it also
provides linking facility among subroutines.
It facilitates the generation of output on the
required output medium.
16. Advantages of assembly
language
Easy to understand and use:
It uses mnemonics instead of numerical opcodes and
memory locations used in machine language.
Programs written in assembly level language are much more
easier to understand when compared to machine level
language
Less error prone:
mnemonics and system addresses are used
Programmer need not keep track of address while coding,
leads to less error prone program.
Efficiency:
Can run much faster and use less memory and other
resources when compared to HLL programs.
More control on hardware:
Gives direct access to key machine features essential for
implementing certain kinds of low level routines.
17. Disadvantages of assembly
language
Machine dependent:
Different computer architectures have their own machine and
assembly languages, programs are not portable to other systems.
Harder to learn
The source code for assembly level language is cryptic and in a very
low machine specific form
Makes a programmer difficult to understand
Slow development time
Less efficient
Assembly level language program has to be converted to machine
language
No standardization
No support for modern software engineering technology
Provides less opportunity for reuse and no OOP support
Does not provide support for safety-critical systems.
18. Third generation: high level
language
Languages such as COBOL, FORTON, BASIC
and C are examples
Similar to english language.
They are machine independent
A single HLL statement can substitute several
instructions in machine or assembly level
language.
BASIC code snippet
LET X=10
LET Y=20
LET SUM= X+ Y
PRINT SUM
19. Translating HLL into machine
level language
Achieved by language translators called as
compilers, interpreters etc which accepts
the statements in one language and
produce equivalent statements in other
language.
20. complier
It is defined as a translator that translates a program
into another program, known as target language.
Usually used to translate a high level language into a
machine language.
The compiler replaces one HLL statements by several
machine level language statements.
The compiler stores the entire program, scans it and
translates the whole program into equivalent machine
language program.
During translation, the compiler checks for syntax
errors, if any error it gives a error message
After compilation, after removal of all errors from the
source code, the resulting machine code is saved in an
executable file.
21.
22. interpreter
It translates a statements in a program and
executes that statement immediately,
before translating next line of statement
When an error occurs the execution of the
program is halted and error message is
displayed.
23.
24. linker
An application contains 100 or 1000s lines of
codes
The codes are divided into logical groups and
stored in different modules so that the
debugging and maintenance of the code
becomes easier.
When the programs are divided into blocks ,
they have to be linked together to create a
complete application, it is done by a linker.
a linker is a program that links several object
modules and libraries to form a single
program.
25. loader
Loaders are part of operating system that
brings an executable file residing on disk into
memory and starts its execution.
Its responsible for loading, linking and
relocation.
A loader is a program that performs the
functions of a linker and then immediately
schedules the executable code for execution,
without necessarily creating an executable file
as an output.
Four 4 basic functions are performed:
26. Allocation
It allocates memory space for the programs
Linking
It combines two or more separate object programs
and supplies the information needed to allow
references between them.
Relocation
It prepares a program to execute properly from its
secondary storage area
Loading
It places data and machine instructions into the
memory.
27. Types of loader
Absolute loader
○ It loads the file into memory at the location specified by
the beginning portion of the file and then passes control
to the program.
○ If the memory space specified by the header is
currently in use, execution cannot proceed and the user
must wait until the requested memory becomes free.
○ Performs only loading operations
○ It does not perform linking and program relocation.
28. Relocating loader
○ This loader loads the program in the memory, altering
the various address required to ensure correct
referencing.
○ The decision as to where in memory the program is
placed, is made by the operating system, not the file
headers.
○ The relocating loader can only relocate code that has
been produced by a linker capable of producing relative
code.
29. Advantages of high level
languages
Readability
Machine independent
Easy debugging
Easier to maintain
Low development cost
Easy documentation
31. Four generation
Commonly used for database access.
Here computers are instructed what to and
not how to do.
It is easy to write but has less control over
how each task is actually performed.
Have minimum number of rules.
Saves time and allows programmer to code
a complex tasks.
32. Three categories:
Query languages
○ Allow user to retrieve information from database by
following simple syntax rules.
Report generators
○ To produce customized reports using data stored in a
database.
Application generators
○ User writes programs to allow data to be entered into
the database.
○ The program prompts the user to enter the needed data
○ Checks for validity.
33. Advantages of 4GL
The user can create an application in a
much shorter time for development and
debugging than with other languages.
The programmer is only interested in what
has to be done and that too at a very high
level.
Programmers do not provide any logic to
perform a task.
Lot of effort is saved.
34. Disadvantages of 4GL
They are quite lengthy programs,
Need more disk space
Programs are inflexible when compared to
other language programs.
35. Fifth generation: very HLL
Future of programming languages
Will be able to process natural languages.
The computers will be able to accept,
interpret and execute the instructions in
native language or language of end users.
The programmers may simple type or tell
to computer, to instruct it what needs to be
done.
Closely linked to artificial intelligence and
expert systems.
36. Features of a good programming
language
Ease of use
Portability
Naturalness for the
application
Reliability
Safety
Performance
Cost
Promote structured
programming
Compact code
Maintainability
Reusability
Provides interface to other
language
Concurrency support
standardization
37. Ease of use
The language should be easy in writing code
for the programming and executing them.
The ease and clarity of a language depends
upon its syntax
It should be clear, simple and unified set of
concepts.
The vocabulary of language should
reassemble English.
Symbols, abbreviations and jargons should be
avoided unless they are known by most of the
people.
38. Portability
The code should be constructed such way
that it could be distributed across multiple
platforms
It should be independent of any particular
hardware or operating system
i.e. program written on one system should
be able to test in another system and
perform accurately.
39. Naturalness for the application
The language should have a syntax which
allows the program structure to show
underlying logical structure of algorithm.
It should provide conceptual framework for
thinking algorithm
Expressing algorithms in terms of flowchart
increases readability.
40. Reliability
The language should perform the intended
functions in satisfactory manner through out its
lifetime.
Reliability is concerned with making system
failure free.
Language should provide support for
preventing errors.
The language should also detect and report
errors.
There should be mechanisms to handles these
errors.
41. Safety
It is concerned with the extent to which the
language supports the construction of
safety critical systems, yielding systems
that are fault tolerant, fail safe or robust in
the face of systemic failure.
The system must do what is expected and
should be able to recover in any situation
that might lead to a mishap or actual
system hazard.
42. Performance
The language should not only be capable
of interacting with end users but also with
the hardware.
It should also interact with software
mechanisms and avoid poor politics and
support maintenance activities.
The hardware’s should be used in terms of
speed and memory.
43. cost
Primary concern before deploying
language at commercial level.
It include several costs such as
Program execution and translation cost
Program creation, testing and usage cost
Program maintenance cost
44. Promote structured
programming
A good language should be capable of
supporting structured programming.
A structured program also helps
programmers to visualize the problem
logical way, thereby reducing the
probability of errors in the code.
45. Compact code
A language should promote compact
coding.
Intended operations should be coded in
minimum number of lines.
Large codes require more testing and
developing time, thereby increasing the
cost of developing an application.
46. maintainability
Application has to be maintained regularly
so that it can meet changing requirements.
Maintainability is closely related to
structure of code.
If the original code is written in an
organized way then it would be easy to
modify or add new changes.
47. reusability
The language should facilitate the
adaptation of code for use in other
applications.
Code is reusable when it is independent of
other codes.
Stacks, queues and trees can be reused in
many programs.
48. Provides interface to other
language
Interface to other language refers to the
extent to which the selected language
supports the interfacing feature to other
languages.
This supports has an effect on reliability of
data which is exchanged between two
applications developed in different
languages.
49. Concurrency support
Refers to the extent to which inherent
language supports the construction of code
with multiple threads of control
Used in real time systems.
Also called as parallel processing
50. standardization
Means the extent to which the language
definition has been formally standardized
Extent to which it can be reasonably
expected that this standard will be followed
in a language translator.
Non standardized languages become
obsolete soon, produces inferior codes,
poor developers productivity, no reliability
of code