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This document discusses the principles of first aid. It defines first aid as immediate care given to an injured or ill person without medical equipment, until proper treatment arrives. The key principles are to first do no harm, recognize first aid is imperfect, and prioritize the most urgent injuries. Safety is paramount during first aid. The document outlines how to assess an emergency, contact emergency services if needed, survey the scene, examine the victim, and perform essential interventions like CPR. The goal of first aid is to stabilize the person until emergency medical treatment can take over.
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First aid-principles-and-practice-1208005555838235-9
- 1. FIRST AID Principles andPractice K.S. Chew Lecturer/Emergency Physician School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia
- 2. First aid….. itis better to know it and not need it than to need it and not know it.
- 3. “Whatever can gowrong, will.” - Murphy Law
- 5. “Whatever can happento one man can happen to every man.” Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4 B.C.? – A.D.65)
- 6.
- 7. What is FirstAid? Definition: • First aid is the immediate care given to an injured or suddenly ill person. First aid does not take the place of proper medical treatment.
- 8. First Aid • Immediatecare given to an injured or suddenly ill person –Without any proper medical equipment –Temporary assistance until arrival of competent medical care –Does not take the place of proper medical treatment
- 9. Who provides firstaid? • Police, Bomba/firefighters, JPA staffs • St. John’s Ambulance members, Red Crescent members, Scouts, Girl Guides • Bystanders, public members • Relatives, family members, friends • Workmates, teachers • Medical students, anyone ……YOU!
- 10.
- 11. Principle #1: First,do no harm Know what to do and know what NOT to do
- 12. First Do NoHarm • Do no harm does not mean do nothing. • The wisdom is not just to know what to do, but what NOT to do • Sometimes the best thing you can do for a casualty is to call for help. • Provide comfort and assurance to the casualty may be the only thing you can do
- 13. First Do NoHarm • Use treatments you know of that are most likely to benefit a casualty • Do not use a treatment that you are not sure about “just for the sake of trying”
- 17. Principle #2: FirstAid Is Not An Exact Science And Is Open To Error
- 18. First Aid IsNot An Exact Science • First aid is practiced by people from all walks of life • Therefore there are great variations in terms of methods and practice • A casualty may not respond as you hoped no matter how good and how hard you try
- 19. First Aid IsNot An Exact Science • Don’t feel bad if the casualty don’t respond as you would like him to. • If you have done your best, your conscience should be clear. • You may also have to deal with your own fear in real life situations
- 21. Principle #3: FirstAid is about Putting First Things First
- 22. First Things First •Get your priority right • If there are too many injuries in a casualty, treat the most urgent injuries first • If there are too many casualties – First, call for help – Treat the ones with the highest chance of survival
- 24. Don’t treat him.Forget it!
- 25. They are alsonot your priority. Keep them aside and leave them to chat with each other!
- 27. • The firststep to get our priority right is to know and recognize what is an emergency and what is not an emergency! • Sometimes it is very difficult, e.g. heart attack can be silent • Hollywood emergencies don’t always exist in real life First Things First
- 29.
- 30. Recognize An Emergency •Factors that determine whether bystander recognize an emergency: • Severity: motor-vehicle crash • Physical distance: the closer, the more noticeable • Relationship: knowing the victim, the more noticeable, e.g. mother and child • Time exposed: the longer exposed, the more noticeable
- 31. Principle #4: SafetyIs Of Utmost Importance In First Aid
- 35. Why Some BystanderRefuse To Help? • Ignorance – Hiding own fear and incompetency • Confused about what is an emergency – Too much Hollywood movies • Characteristics of the emergency situation – The blood, smell, vomitus • Fear it may be fake – Fear own safety; disguised as emergency
- 37. One important strategythat people use to avoid action is to refuse (consciously or unconsciously) to acknowledge the emergency situation
- 38. Other Excuses • Itcould be harmful – HIV infection • Helping doesn’t matter – Victim is drunk • Obstacles may prevent helping – Drowning victim in a mining pool (bystander doesn’t know how to swim)
- 39. Decide to help Ifyou decide to help, you must: • Feel confident to help • Take time to help • Put the potential risks of helping in perspective • Take charge at an emergency scene • Comfortable in seeing a victim who is bleeding or vomiting
- 40.
- 41. RECOGNITION Is this anemergency condition? DECIDE TO HELP CONTACT EMS if needed or if not sure ASSESS SCENE AND VICTIM FIRST AID NOYES MEDICAL CARE ARRIVED CHANCE OF RECOVERY WITHOUT MEDICAL CARE ASSURED
- 42. Scene Survey • Scenesafety • Mechanism of injury • Number of patients
- 43. RECOGNITION Is this anemergency condition? DECIDE TO HELP CONTACT EMS if needed or if not sure ASSESS SCENE AND VICTIM FIRST AID NOYES MEDICAL CARE ARRIVED CHANCE OF RECOVERY WITHOUT MEDICAL CARE ASSURED
- 44. Need EMS? Call EMSif 1. The victim’s condition life threatening or could get worse 2. The victim need the skills or equipment of EMS 3. Distance or traffic could cause a delay in getting to hospital 4. If you are not sure
- 45. What Information ToRelay • Identify yourself • E: Exact Location • T: Type of event • H: Hazard • A: Access • N: Number of casualties involved • E: Existing emergency services • Put down phone only if asked to
- 46. History • Symptoms • Allergies •Medicatios • Past Medical History • Last oral intake • Events leading up to the illness or injury
- 47. Physical Examination • Deformity •Open wound • Tenderness • Swelling • For extremities • Remember to add Pulses, Movement, Sensation (PMS)
- 48. Seven Essential FirstAid Interventions 1. Call for ambulance 2. DO NOT move and DO NOT allow movement unnecessarily of a trauma casualty 3. Perform chin lift or head tilt chin lift 4. Mouth-to-mouth breathing (if willing) especially in children, drowning or poisoning
- 49. 5. Chest compression 6.Operate an automated external defibrillator 7. Stop any bleeding Seven Essential First Aid Interventions
Editor's Notes
- #8 It consists only of furnishing temporary assistance until competent medical care, if needed, is obtained or until the chance of recovery without medical care is assured.