Basic modes of mechanical ventilation
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This document discusses various modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by describing the basic components and functions of a ventilator. The document then explains the key parameters that ventilators can control including tidal volume, frequency, pressure, and time settings. Several common ventilation modes are described including controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV), assist-control ventilation, intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV), and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). Each mode is defined by how the ventilator delivers breaths in terms of being time-triggered or patient-triggered and how breaths are cycled. The advantages and disadvantages of different modes are also briefly discussed.
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Basic modes of mechanical ventilation
- 1. Mechanical Ventilation Basic Modes LOKESH TIWARI AIIMS PATNA CME on Mechanical Ventilation: Bench to Bedside AIIMS RAIPUR: 22nd August 2015
- 2. What are ventilators ? A machine that generates a controlled flow of gas into a patient’s airways Supportive role to buy time
- 3. Mechanical ventilation Several models have evolved over time- Negative pressure ventilation Positive pressure ventilation Simple pneumatic system New generation microprocessor controlled systems. The basic function and applications remain common.
- 4. Basic Ventilator Parameters Tidal volume Frequency PIP Plateau Pressure PEEP Inspiratory Time Expiratory time I:E Ratio
- 5. Basic Ventilator Parameters Mode Tidal volume Frequency PIP Plateau Pressure PEEP Inspiratory Time Expiratory time I:E Ratio
- 6. Starting a ventilator: Mode Mode denotes interplay b/w patient and the ventilator Describes the style of breath support based on relationship between the various possible types of breath and inspiratory – phase variables
- 7. Where to Start ? CPAP, IPAP, EPAP, NIV Pressure control, Volume control CMV, Assist Control, IMV, SIMV, PSV, ASV, MMV, APRV PCV, PRVC, PSV, VCIRV, Volume Support, Auto Mode, BiLevel, BiPAP, HFJV, HFOV
- 9. Objective To
- 10. Objectives Understand how ventilators control breath delivery, phase and control variables. Understand the basic modes of ventilation. Combinations, tailor-making, mix and match…
- 12. The ventilator circuit 50 psi air 50 psi O2 Blender Air-O2 mixture of desired FiO2 at 50 psi Stepped down pressure Flow regulator Pressure regulating valve T-piece & ETT tube Insp limb Exp limb
- 13. Flow regulators / PEEP Flow in ventilator circuit- constant Flow in ET & patient airway- keeps changing in magnitude & direction !! T-connection ET T Baby’s airway PEEP PIP Flow sensor
- 14. What does flow sensor do? Flow in ventilator circuit- constant T-connection E T T Flow sensor Insp flow RR = tidal vol Exp flow - insp flow = peri-tube leak
- 16. Ventilatory Phases • Inspiration: Inspiratory valve opens and expiratory valve is closed • Inspiratory pause: inspiratory valve and expiratory valve closed • Expiration: Inspiratory valve closed and expiratory valve open • Expiratory pause: Inspiratory valve and expiratory (or PEEP) valve closed at end of expiration Ti Te 0
- 17. Phase Variables: Trigger, Limit and Cycling
- 18. Phase variables Trigger : ventilator (time)- triggered or patient (pressure or flow) triggered Limit: flow-limited or pressure-limited Cycling: volume, time, flow or pressure cycled.
- 19. Phase variables: Trigger What causes the breath to begin (signal to open the inspiratory valve) Machine (controlled): the ventilator will trigger regular breaths at a frequency which will depend on the set respiratory rate, ie, they will be ventilator time triggered. Patient (assisted): If the patient does make an effort to breathe and the ventilator can sense it (by either sensing a negative inspiratory pressure or an inspiratory flow) and deliver a breath, it will be called a patient- triggered breath.
- 22. Phase variables: Limit Factor which controls the inspiration inflow Flow Limited: a fixed flow rate and pattern is set and maintained throughout inspiration. An adequate tidal volume (Ti dependent) Pressure will be variable (comp and resistance dependent) Pressure limited: the pressure is not allowed to go above a preset limit. The tidal volume will be variable (comp and resistance dependent)
- 23. Phase variables: Cycling Signal that stops the inspiration and starts the expiration. Without inspiratory pause: one signal With inspiratory pause: two cycling signals (one to close inspiratory valve and the second to open the expiratory valve) Volume Time Flow Pressure : back-up form of cycling when the airway pressure reaches the set high-pressure alarm level
- 24. The ventilatory cycle Ti Te PIP PEEP 0.35 sec 0.65 sec 1 resp cycle= Ti + Te
- 25. Mechanical Time (sec) SpontaneousPaw (cm H2O) Inspiration Expiration Expiration Inspiration Breath type: Spontaneous vs Mechanical vs assisted Assisted
- 26. Control variables Pressure: Pressure signal is the feedback signal (Pressure Preset) Volume: Volume signal is the feedback signal. usually measure the flow and turn it into volume signal electronically. (volume preset) Time Flow Combinations
- 27. Volume Control Ventilation Pressure Volume FlowPreset Peak Flow Preset Vt Dependent on Cl & Raw Time (sec)
- 28. Pressure Control Ventilation Flow Pressure Volume Cl Cl Set PC level Time (sec)
- 29. Basic Modes of Ventilation Controlled Mechanical Ventilation Assist Control Ventilation Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Pressure Support Combinations
- 30. Controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV) The ventilator delivers Preset tidal volume (or pressure) at a time triggered (preset) respiratory rate. As the ventilator controls both tidal volume (pressure) and respiratory rate, the ventilator “controls” the patients minute volume. Pressure
- 31. Controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV) Volume controlled Pressure controlled
- 32. Preset VT Volume Cycling Dependent on CL & Raw Time (sec) Flow (L/m) Pressure (cm H2O) Volume (mL) Preset Peak Flow Time triggered, Flow limited, Volume cycled Ventilation Controlled mandatory ventilation (Volume- Targeted)
- 33. Pressure Flow Volume (L/min) (cm H2O) (ml) Time (sec) Time-Cycled Set PC level Time Triggered, Pressure Limited, Time Cycled Ventilation Controlled mandatory ventilation (Pressure- Targeted)
- 34. Controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV) Patient can not breath spontaneously Patient can not change the ventilator respiratory rate Suitable only when patient has no breathing efforts Disease or Under heavy sedation and muscle relaxants
- 35. Controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV) Asynchrony and increased work of breathing. Not suitable for patient who is awake or has own respiratory efforts Can not be used during weaning
- 37. Time (sec) Control ventilation (CMV) Assist / control ventilation Pressure Control Control Assisted Assist Control Ventilation
- 38. Control ventilation (CMV) Assist / control ventilation Pressure Assist Control Ventilation A set tidal volume (volume control) or a set pressure and time (pressure control) is delivered at a minimum rate Additional ventilator breaths are given if triggered by the patient Mandatory breaths: Ventilator delivers preset volume and preset flow rate at a set back-up rate Spontaneous breaths: Additional cycles can be triggered by the patient but otherwise are identical to the mandatory breath.
- 39. Assist Control Ventilation Tidal volume (VT) of each delivered breath is the same, whether it is assisted breath or controlled breath Minimum breath rate is guaranteed (controlled breaths with set VT) Control ventilation (CMV) Assist / control ventilation Pressure
- 40. Assist Control Ventilation (volume) Assist Control Ventilation (Pressure) Assist Control Ventilation
- 41. Time (sec) Patient / TimeTriggered, Pressure Limited, Time Cycled Ventilation Pressure Flow Volume Set PC level Time-Cycled Pt triggered Time triggered Assist Control Ventilation (Pressure)
- 42. Patient / Time triggered, Flow limited, Volume cycled Ventilation Assist Control Ventilation (Volume) Time (sec) Flow Pressure Volume Preset VT Volume Cycling
- 43. Assist Control Ventilation Asynchrony taken care of to some extent Low work of breathing, as every breath is supported and tidal volume is guaranteed. Hyperventilation Respiratory alkalosis. Natural breaths are not allowed Breath stacking High volumes and pressures Control ventilation (CMV) Assist / control ventilation Pressure
- 44. Assist Control Ventilation Hyperventilation and breath stacking can usually be overcome by choosing optimal ventilator settings and appropriate sedation. Control ventilation (CMV) Assist / control ventilation Pressure
- 45. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) Pressure Machine breaths are delivered at a set rate (volume or pressure limit) Time (sec)
- 46. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) Pressure Machine breaths are delivered at a set rate (volume or pressure limit) Patient is allowed to breath spontaneously from either a demand valve or a continuous flow of gases but not offering any inspiratory assistance. Time (sec)
- 47. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) Pressure Patient’s capability determines Tidal volume of spontaneously breaths Some freedom to breath naturally even on mechanical ventilator Time (sec)
- 48. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) Pressure Random chance of breath stacking and asynchrony: Increased WOB Uncomfortable feeling Time (sec)
- 49. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) Pressure controlled IMV Volume controlled IMV
- 50. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) Pros: Freedom for natural spontaneous breaths even on machine Lesser chances of hyperventilation Cons: Asynchrony Random chance of breath stacking. Increase work of breathing Random high airway pressure (barotrauma) and lung volume (volutrauma) Setting appropriate pressure limit is important to reduce the risk of barotrauma
- 52. Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Ventilator delivers either patient triggered assisted breaths or time triggered mandatory breath in a synchronized fashion so as to avoid breath stacking If the patient breathes between mandatory breaths, the ventilator will allow the patient to breathe a normal breath by opening the demand (inspiratory) valve but not offering any inspiratory assistance.
- 53. Synchronization windowPressure Time interval just prior to time triggering in which the ventilator is responsive to the patient’s inspiratory effort. Time (sec) Time trigerring
- 54. SIMVPressure Patient trigerred synchronized breath If the patient makes a spontaneous inspiratory effort that falls in sync window, the ventilator is patient triggered to deliver an assisted breath and will count it as mandatory breath Time trigerred mandatory breath
- 55. SIMVPressure Patient trigerred synchronized breath if patient does not make an inspiratory effort then ventilator will deliver a time triggered mandatory breath. Time trigerred mandatory breath
- 56. SIMVPressure Patient trigerred synchronized breath if patient does not make an inspiratory effort then ventilator will deliver a time triggered mandatory breath. Time trigerred mandatory breath If the pt triggers outside this window, vent will allow this spontaneous breath to occur by opening the demand (inspiratory) valve but does not offer any inspiratory assistance.
- 57. Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Pressure 3 types of breathing: 1. Patient initiated assisted ventilation, 2. Ventilator generated controlled ventilation, 3. Unassisted spontaneous breath.
- 59. Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV) It allows patients to assume a portion of their ventilatory drive: Weaning is possible Greater work of breathing than AC ventilation and therefore some may not consider it as the initial ventilator mode Friendly cardiopulmonary interaction: Negative inspiratory pressure generated by spontaneous breathing leads to increased venous return, which theoretically may help cardiac output and function
- 60. Pressure Support Ventilation Pressure (or Pressure above PEEP) is the setting variable No mandatory breaths Applicable on Spontaneous breaths: a preset pressure assist, Flow cycling: terminates when flow drops to a specified fraction (typically 25%) of its maximum. Patient effort determines size of breath and flow rate.
- 61. Pressure Support Ventilation Pressure (or Pressure above PEEP) is the setting variable No mandatory breaths Applicable on Spontaneous breaths: a preset pressure assist, Flow cycling: terminates when flow drops to a specified fraction (typically 25%) of its maximum. Patient effort determines size of breath and flow rate
- 62. Pressure Support Ventilation Pressure (or Pressure above PEEP) is the setting variable No mandatory breaths Applicable on Spontaneous breaths: a preset pressure assist, Flow cycling: terminates when flow drops to a specified fraction (typically 25%) of its maximum. Patient effort determines size of breath and flow rate.
- 63. Pressure Support Ventilation It augments spontaneous VT decreases spontaneous rates and WOB Used in conjunction with spontaneous breaths in any mode of ventilation. No guarantee of tidal volume with changing respiratory mechanics, No back up ventilation in the event of apnea.
- 64. Pressure Support Ventilation Provides pressure support to overcome the increased work of breathing imposed by the disease process, the endotracheal tube, the inspiratory valves and other mechanical aspects of ventilatory support Allows for titration of patient effort during weaning. Helpful in assessing extubation readiness
- 65. SIMV + PS VentilationPressure Spontaneous breath with PS
- 66. Summary
- 67. Time (sec) Control ventilation (CMV) Assist / control ventilation Pressure Control Control Assisted PressurePressure
- 68. Thank you!! You have done it!!!
Editor's Notes
- Inspiration: the change from expiration to inspiration. Inspiratory valve opens and expiratory valve is closed Inspiratory pause: inspiratory valve and expiratory valve closed Expiration: Inspiratory valve closed and expiratory valve open Expiratory pause: Inspiratory valve and expiratory (or PEEP) valve closed at end of expiration
- When the inspiratory valve is opened, gas from the compressor will rush into the lung (at a compressed pressure of 60 lb/in2) unless limited by some ventilator mechanism. The term 'limit' denotes the factor which controls the inspiration inflow. It implies that the set limit cannot be overcome and yet, on reaching this The ventilator can either deliver gas at a fixedflow rate and pattern or at a fixed pressure during inspiration. In flow-limited breathing, a fixed inspiratory flow rate and pattern is set by the clinician and maintained throughout inspiration. As the flow is assured, the patient will receive an adequate tidal volume for a given inspiratory time. However, the airway pressure will rise to whatever level is required to deliver the flow and there is therefore an increased likelihood of
- The ventilator delivers the preset tidal volume at a time triggered (preset) respiratory rate. As the ventilator controls both tidal volume and respiratory rate, the ventilator “controls” the patients minute volume. The patient can not change the ventilator respiratory rate or breath spontaneously. Thus this mode should be applied only when patient has no breathing efforts either due to disease or under heavy sedation and muscle relaxants otherwise it will lead to asynchrony and increased work of breathing.
- Tidal volume (VT) of each delivered breath is the same, whether it is patient triggered (assist) or ventilator triggered (control) If the patient does not initiate a breath before a requisite period of time determined by the set respiratory rate (RR), the ventilator will deliver the set VT Regardless of whether the breath is patient-triggered or time-triggered, the exhalation valve closes and the ventilator generates inspiratory flow at a set rate and pattern (flow limited). Inspiratory flow lasts until the set VT is delivered at which time the breath is cycled-off (volume-cycled). Thus, the AC mode is patient- or time-triggered, flow-limited, and volume-cycled. The airway pressures generated by chosen ventilator settings are determined by the compliance of the respiratory system and the resistance of the airways.
- tachypnea could lead to hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis. Breath stacking can occur when the patient initiates a second breath before exhaling the first. The results are high volumes and pressures in the system.