An operating theater is a facility within a hospital where surgical operations are carried out in an aseptic environment. Historically, the term "operating theatre" referred to a non-sterile, tiered theater or amphitheater in which students and other spectators could watch surgeons perform surgery.
Planning & day today management of OT services is very complex and needs to be understood by all Hospital administrators for successfully running a hospital.
Planning & day today management of OT services is very complex and needs to be understood by all Hospital administrators for successfully running a hospital.
the ot nursing is an essential concept that every student nurse must have an adequate knowledge in order to counteract the issues related to OT nursing.
Laundry services in hospitals –linen handling
During any given hospital stay, patients spend most, if not all, of their time in bed.
•That means they are surrounded all day with hospital linens.
•From their gown to their sheets and blankets patients have more contact with these items than anything else in the hospital.
•Adequatesupplyofcleanlinensufficientforcomfortandsafteyofpatientandpersonalappereance&pleasant,neatlyattiredemployeesattendingpatientsinfreshcrispuniformdomuchsellthehospitaltothepublic
•Thereforeitmakessensetoensurethattheyareproperlycleaned,driedandtransportedtoavoidcrosscontamination
the ot nursing is an essential concept that every student nurse must have an adequate knowledge in order to counteract the issues related to OT nursing.
Laundry services in hospitals –linen handling
During any given hospital stay, patients spend most, if not all, of their time in bed.
•That means they are surrounded all day with hospital linens.
•From their gown to their sheets and blankets patients have more contact with these items than anything else in the hospital.
•Adequatesupplyofcleanlinensufficientforcomfortandsafteyofpatientandpersonalappereance&pleasant,neatlyattiredemployeesattendingpatientsinfreshcrispuniformdomuchsellthehospitaltothepublic
•Thereforeitmakessensetoensurethattheyareproperlycleaned,driedandtransportedtoavoidcrosscontamination
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired. This typically includes a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history, but not deeper investigation such as neuroimaging.
First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery.
Nurse Managers are required to be aware of the techniques that can help them ensure effective management of educational/service unit. Communication is one of the most important activities in the nursing management. It is the foundation upon which the manager achieves organizational objectives.
Communication is a process of change. In order to achieve the desired result, the communication necessarily is effective and purposive.
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes, the walls of these blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop. Hemorrhoids are also called piles.
Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) is the pre-eminent resuscitation course for the recognition and intervention of cardiopulmonary arrest or other cardiovascular emergencies.
Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath the liver. The gallbladder holds a digestive fluid called bile that's released into the small intestine.
Pancreatitis is inflammation in the pancreas. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that sits tucked behind the stomach in the upper abdomen. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digestion and hormones that help regulate the way your body processes sugar (glucose).
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
The human eye is an organ that reacts to light in many circumstances. As a conscious sense organ the human eye allows vision; rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision, including color differentiation and the perception of depth. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million colors.
The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. The skin is only a few millimeters thick yet is by far the largest organ in the body. The average person's skin weighs 10 pounds and has a surface area of almost 20 square feet.
Immunity can be defined as a complex biological system endowed with the capacity to recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the self, and to recognize and reject what is foreign.
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
3. Operation Theater
Review Questions:
1.What is OT?
2.Why OT is important?
3.Explain Structure of an Ideal OT?
4.What are the Functions of OT?
4.What are staffing pattern of OT?
5. Types of Surgery
Elective-Performed on the basis of client’s
choice; not essential and may not necessary
for health.
Urgent- Necessary for client’ health, may
prevent additional problem from developing
(e.g. tissue destruction);not necessarily
emergency.
Emergent- Must be done immediately to save
life or preserve function of body part.
Required- Has to performed at some point; can
be pre-scheduled.
6. Types of Surgery
• Diagnostic-Allows to confirm diagnosis.
• Corrective- Excision or removal of
diseased body part.
• Reconstructive-Restore function or
appearance to traumatized or
malfunctioning tissues.
7. Types of Surgery
• Procurement for transplant- Removal of
organs and/or tissues from a person
pronounced brain death for
transplantation into another person.
• Constructive- Restores function lost or
reduced as result of congenital anomalies.
• Cosmetic- Performed to improve personal
appearance.
8. Types of Surgery
• Extent of surgery :
Simple- Only the most overtly affected areas
involved in the surgery.
Radical- Extensive surgery beyond the area
obviously involved; is directed at finding a root
cause.
• Location: Based on the area of the body on
which the surgery occurs (e.g. abdominal,
heart surgery).
9. Purpose of Surgery
• Diagnostic
– Determine or confirm a diagnosis
(breast biopsy, bronchoscopy)
• Cure/Curative
– Removal of diseased tissue, organ, or
extremity (appendectomy, amputation)
• Constructive
– Build tissues or organs that are absent;
congenital anomalies (cleft lip repair)
• Prevention/Preventive
– (e.g. removal of mole)
10. Purpose of Surgery
• Reconstructive
– Rebuild tissue or organ that has
been damaged (skin graft after a
burn, total joint replacement
• Exploration – Surgical examination
to determine the nature or extent of
a disease (Laparotomy)
• Cosmetic Improvement –
(repairing a burn scar, or changing breast
shape)
11. Purpose of Surgery
• Palliative
– Alleviate symptoms of a
disease (not curative)
(bowel resection in client
with terminal cancer)
• Transplant
– Replace organ or tissue to
restore function (Heart lung
liver kidney transplant)
13. Types of Surgeries Performed in
an Inpatient Setting
• Amputations
• Transplants
• Total Joint Replacement
• Colostomy
• Nephrectomy
• Heart Bypass Surgery
• C-sections
• Ruptured Aneurysm
• Life-threatening Trauma
14. Types of Surgeries Performed in
an Outpatient Setting
• Breast Biopsy
• Bronchoscopy
• Appendectomy?
• Removal of Skin Lesion
• Cataract Extraction?
• Cosmetic Surgery ?
• Hernia Repair ?
• Tubal Ligation
• Vasectomy
• Dilation and Curettage
• Hemorrhoidectomies ?
Minor OT?
15. Inpatient Surgery-Advantages
• More time for rapport
• More time to assess for risks
and needs
• More time to teach
• Increased availability of:
– Professional care and
assistance
– Treatment and diagnostic
facilities
– Medications and blood
16. Inpatient Setting: Disadvantages
• Higher cost
• Higher risk of hospital
acquired infection
• Interruption of family
routine
• Interruption of work and
responsibilities
• More stressful for the
patient and family
17. Outpatient Setting: Advantages
• Lower cost
• Less risk for hospital acquired
infection
• Less interruption of family
routine
• Possible reduction in time lost
from work and other
responsibilities
• Less physiologic stress to the
patient and family
21. Definition
Specialized facility in hospital
where invasive treatment is given
under strict aseptic controlled
environment by trained personnel
22. An OT is that specialized facility of the
hospital where life saving or life
improving procedures are carried out
on human body by invasive methods
under strict aseptic conditions in a
controlled environment by specially
trained personnel to promote healing
and cure with maximum safety,
comfort and economy.
23. OPERATING ROOM
• The identification of physiological &
sociological needs of the client, & the
implementation of an individualized
program of care in order to restore
or maintain the health & welfare of
the patient before, during & after
surgical intervention.
24. PHILOSOPHY :
• To give service that aims to provide
comprehensive support physically,
morally, psychologically, spiritually, &
socially to a patient undergoing
surgery.
25. Support services play a large part in
maximizing efficiency by providing:
• Pre-operative preparation and assessment
•Available beds
•Sterile theatre equipment
•Portering, cleaning and maintenance staff.
26. Goals
Key elements to efficient use of operating
theatres are:
• Effective management
• Good communication
• Well trained staff
• Appropriate facilities and equipment
• Operational layout that allows flow of patients
27. Fundamental purposes of the O.R. :
It is a place. . .
1. Tocorrelate theory & practice.
2. Todevelop skills in assisting the surgeon in
the operation.
3. Tocreate a suitable sterile field for surgical
procedures to prevent complications.
28. OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING
• Promote high standards of asepsis
• Ensure maximum standard of safety
• Optimum utilization of OT and staff time
• Optimize working conditions
• Patient and staff comfort in terms of
thermal, acoustic and lighting
requirements
29. OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING………
• Allow flexibility
• Facilities coordinated services
• Minimize maintenance
• Ensures functional separation of spaces
• Provide a smoothing environment
• Regulate the flow of traffic
30. DESIGN PARAMETERS
• Avoidance of unrelated hospital traffic flow
• Convenient functional flow between related
departments like ICU,CCU etc
• Avoidance of outdoor noise
• Provision for future expansion
• Sliding doors
• Desirable floors to be smooth and non-
slippery
• Ceilings to be painted with washable paints
31. DESIGN PARAMETERS………..
• Taps in scrub room should be knee/elbow
operated /infrared operated.
• Provisions of high speed autoclaves
• Essential pharmaceutical storage
• X-ray films illuminators
• Emergency communicators that can be
activated without the use of hand
• Toilets
38. PHYSICAL EVIRONMENT
•Air – supply, direction of flow, pressure
changes in areas, air changes, monitoring
of quality
•Temperature and humidity – 21-24 centi,
45-60% humidity
•Lighting – at incision area 50 to 125K lux
with intensity cntrl, non-shadow ,blue-
white color of daylight, heat cntrl
39. Areas with higher hygienic
requirements for air quality.
• Areas with high clean-air requirements include the
operating theatre, any sterile preparation and pre-
operative areas, sterile storage, the anesthesia and
equipment storerooms and the entrances and the
exits.
• The highest clean-air requirements apply to the
operation area and the sterile preparation area.
• With respect to air treatment, the operating theatre
and a number of adjacent areas have to comply with
the provisions of the working conditions policy
regulation.
42. Number of OT beds:
1. According to Rao committee (India) : One
operation theatre for 50 surgical beds
2. American pattern One operation theatre for
25 surgical beds
3. European countries One operation theatre for
50 surgical beds
43. Number of OTs required for 600
bedded hospital.
•For 600 bedded hospital (300 Surg. Beds)
•Out of Surgical Beds, 50% of Pts are expected
to undergo the surgery as such
•For 8 Hrs working for 6 days a week
–No of surgeries= Surg Beds x Bed Occupancy
x Working days/Average Length of stay
=300 beds x 60% x 250 days/10 days(ALS)
=4500 surgeries/ year
44. Important Zones of OT:
1. Outer Zone - include: administrative area,
reception, control-area, class-room,
conference-room, staff locker area, patient
holding area.
• Space is necessary for reception, paper work,
clinical instruction, offices of: anesthesiology,
surgeon, dictate and write medical note,
locker, toilet, coffee etc.
45. Outer Zone……………
• A main access door
• An accessible area for the removal of waste
• A sluice
• Storage for medical and surgical supplies
• An entrance to the changing facilities
46. 2. RESTRICTED ZONE OR CLEAN ZONE
• Changing room
• Patient transfer area
• Stores room
• Nursing staff room
• Anaesthetist room
• Recovery room.
• The sterile supplies store
• A clean corridor
• Rest rooms for the staff.
47. 3. The intermediate zone- Large area, out
patient delivery, supplies and materials,
post-operative room.
• Store large number of CSSD and
autoclave supplies, linen pack, gloves,
bandages, linen, post anesthetic room.
48. 4. The Inner Zone/ ASEPTIC ZONE :
Actual operation room, scrub
area, patient induction area, Area
for instrument packing and
sterilization.
• The highest level of cleanliness
and sterile condition should be
maintained.
49. 5. DISPOSAL ZONE
• Area where used equipment are cleaned and
biohazardous waste is disposed
50. Recovery Room
• Charting Facilities, medication, hand
washing facilities, link provision,
bedpan, laboratory.
51. OT Zones: Summary
ZONE 1
– PROTECTIVE - reception, waiting, trolley bay, change rooms
ZONE 2
– CLEAN AREA –preoperative, recovery, plaster room,
staff lounges, stores
ZONE 3
– STERILE AREA – operating room, scrub room, anesthesia room,
setup room
ZONE 4
– DISPOSAL AREA – dirty utility, disposal corridor
54. Layout
• Room Size: 7.5 x 7.5 Meter
• standard size is 20 X 20 X 10 with a minimum floor
space of 360 square feet.
• Corridors: 10-12” wide: two stretcher can pass at a
time.
• Light: 3 meter from furnished floor
• Lighting: high level, special ceiling mounted light to
illuminate operating area, light control system.
• Operative microscope: enough space area: vascular
surgery requires microscope.
55. Layout………
• Sore: CSSD, Main equipment, disposable hold,
medical gases, blood (freeze).
• Orthopedic surgery store: splint, traction,
plaster of peris room, plaster sink etc.
56. Facilities and space requirement:
• Control station:
located as to permit visual observation of all
traffic in to and in the departure.
• Supervisor’s office
• Pre-operative holding area
• Induction area
• Recovery room
• Sterilization facilities
• Area for portable x-ray
57. Facilities and space requirement…..
• Medicine store with refrigeration facilities.
• Scrub facilities
• Soiled work room, sink room
• Fluid waste facilities
• Clean work room (duty work room)
• Medical gases facilities room
• Equipment store room
• Staff clothing changing room (M/F): categories=
Nurses, Doctor, Consultant ant, Technician, helper
etc. with toilet and hand washing facilities.
59. OPERATION ROOM: Single
1. Big enough for free circulation
2. Two openings (optional)Towards scrub area/
Towards sterile area
3. Openings fitted with swing doors.
4. Marble or polished stone flooring
5. Glaze tiled walls
6. No false ceiling
65. NUMBER OF OPERTING SUITES
Number and type of surgeons
Type of hospitals
Hospital policy and procedure
Bed strength
Number and type of surgery patients
Number of operations per day
Time a Time allowed for staff breaks
Average time for operations
Time allowed for maintenance of OT
Expected ALOS
Size of an average OT list
66. • LOCATIONG:
- GOUND FLOOR
- TOP FLOOR (best if all the facilities)
- ANYWHERE INTHE HOSPITAL
67. OT Furniture
• OT furniture is important aspect owing to its
specialized design.
• This furniture has certain functions needed to
support patients who have decreased
mobility.
• In such cases the specialized design of OT
furniture serves the need of providing the
required support.
68. O.T. Light
Operation theatre (OT) light comes with the
following features:
• Perfect
• Comfortable
• Lights brilliant
• Exclusive design
• Trouble free
• Mounting is economic
69. Venous OT lights
Shadow less Ceiling Operating light combination that
provides the superior performance for all kinds if
surgeries.
Compact, Light weight and sealed dome made of
aluminium consists of glass diachronic reflector to
provide cool, bright and homogenous illumination.
OT Lights are made to spot light the operation table
area.
They illuminate the area to the right level of
brightness
82. Types of air supply
Air is supplied to the operating theatre by:
1. Plenum Ventilation: This is the most frequently used
system in general purpose operating rooms.
The bacterial counts at the wound site should be no
more than 50 -500 colony forming units (cfu) per cubic
meter.
2. Laminar Flow Ventilation (Ultra Clean Ventilation): This
system is unidirectional and delivers air flow over the
operating table of 300 air changes per hour. A bacterial count
of 10 cfu or less per cubic meter at the wound site is
achieved.
83. 3. Wall Mounted Air Conditioners: These are installed in some
tropical
countries more for comfort than for clean air delivery. They
should not be
used as air delivery systems. The units are usually mounted on
the hot
outside wall and the air is directed down and back onto the unit
itself (towards the wall).
The operating table does not receive any significant air changes
and the bacterial counts remain unaffected.
4. Free-standing Air Conditioners: These are cooling units
with no filtration of air and therefore do not fulfill the
criteria for air delivery systems, especially for an OT.
84. Remember
Windows should remain closed.
The operating theatre should maintain at positive pressure.
Air should be introduced at the ceiling and should be exhausted
near the floor in order to prevent bacterial contamination in the
operative field
Air changes should be at least 20 changes per hour.
Air should first pass through a series of dust filters and then enter
the room through a HEPA filter. Split-unit air conditioning is not
allowed.
Humidity should be controlled and maintained between 50-55%.
Temperature should be controlled and maintained between 18-24
degrees Celsius.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119. Human
anatomical waste
Chemo drugs
Soiled waste
Expired or
Discarded
Medicines,
soiled linen
C)ontaminated
Plastic Waste
(Recyclable
Waste
sharps
including
Metals
Glassware:
Broken or
discarded
&
contaminated
glass including
medicine vials
& ampoules
37
General
waste
3 BINS, 01 CONTAINER, O1 BOX