1. First aid….. it is better to know it and not
need it than to need it and not know it.
“Whatever can go wrong, will.”
- Murphy Law
2. “Whatever can happen to one man can
happen to every man.”
Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4 B.C.? – A.D.65)
3. What is First Aid?
The first treatment given to a casualty with
the objective of preserving life and to prevent
the condition from deteriorating, until proper
medical treatment/attention is given.
An immediate care given to a person who
has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It
includes self-help and home care if medical
assistance is not available or delayed.
4. Scope and Limitation
• Limited skill range
• Limited medical knowledge
• Minimal or no medical resources
• Legal Concerns
5. Essentials of First Aid
Objectives of First Aid are:
1. To save lives/ To alleviate suffering.
2. To prevent injury from becoming
worse/To prevent added/further injury or
danger.
3. To prolong life/To promote recovery.
6. To Save Lives
First aid should aid the main vital signs like
airway, breathing and heart rate which are
controlled and restored and bleeding is
stopped.
As a whole, first aid is given to save the
life of the person.
7. To Prevent Injury from Becoming Worse
First aid should aid the victim from
further injury, either physically or
mentally.
It should intervene the situations which
prevents the increase of original injury.
8. To Promote Recovery
This is done first by arranging the
transportation of the victim to the hospital
and aiding the doctor to give suitable
treatment also by helping the victim to
recover soon.
9. Essentials of First Aid
Objectives of First Aid are:
4. To seek immediate medical help
5. To provide reassurance
10. According to the Article 12 no. 4 of Act
No. 3815 of the Philippine Revised Penal
Code Book One
“Any person who, while performing a lawful
act with due care, causes an injury by mere
accident without fault or intention of causing
it” is exempt from criminal liability.
11. Essentials of First Aid
Legal Concerns
1. Consent
2. Duty to Act
3. Standard of Care
4. Abandonment
5. Confidentiality
12. According to the Article 275 no. 1 & 2 of
Act No. 3815 of the Philippine Revised
Penal Code Book Two: “Abandonment of
person in danger and abandonment of
one’s own victim.”
1. Anyone who shall fail to render assistance
to any person whom he shall in an
uninhabited place wounded or in danger
of dying, when he can render such
assistance without detriment to himself,
unless such omission shall constitute a
more serious offense.
13. According to the Article 275 no. 1 & 2 of
Act No. 3815 of the Philippine Revised
Penal Code Book Two: “Abandonment of
person in danger and abandonment of
one’s own victim.”
2. Anyone who shall fail to help or render
assistance to another whom he has
accidentally wounded or injured.
14. Characteristics of a Good First Aider
1. Gentle should not cause pain.
2. Resourceful should make the best
use of things at hand.
3. Observant should notice all signs.
4. Tactful should not alarm the victim.
5. Empathy should be comforting.
6. Respectful should maintain a
professional & caring attitude.
15. To asses a situation quickly & safely,
and summon appropriate help.
To protect casualties and others at
the scene from possible danger.
To identify, as far as possible, the
injury or nature of illness affecting a
casualty.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF
THE FIRST AIDER
16. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF
THE FIRST AIDER
To give each casualty early and
appropriate treatment, treating the
most serious conditions first.
To arrange for removal of casualty to
hospital, or to his or her home.
To remain with a casualty until
appropriate care is available.
17. GIVING CARE WITH CONFIDENCE
First Aider can create confidence and
assurance by:
Being in control, both yourself and the
situation.
Acting calmly and logically.
Being gentle, but firm with your hands and
speaking to the casualty kindly but
purposefully.
18. To report your observations to those
taking over care of the casualty, and
to give further assistance if required.
To prevent cross-infection between
yourself and the casualty as much as
possible.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF
THE FIRST AIDER
19. Essentials of First Aid
Health Hazards and Risks
Common Transmittable Diseases
1. Herpes
2. Meningitis
3. Tuberculosis
4. Hepatitis
5. Human Immune Deficiency Virus
(HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)
20. Essentials of First Aid
Transmission of Diseases and The First
Aider
1. Direct Contact – occurs when a
person touches an infected person’s
body fluids.
2. Indirect Contact – Occurs when a
person touches objects that have been
contaminated by the blood or another
body fluid of an infected person.
21. Essentials of First Aid
Transmission of Diseases and The First
Aider
3. Airborne – Occurs when a person
inhales infected droplets that have
become airborne as an infected person
coughs or sneezes.
4. Vector – Occurs when an animal such
as a dog or an insect, such as tick,
transmits a pathogen into the body
through a bite.
22. Essentials of First Aid
Prevention and Protection
Universal Precautions are set of
strategies developed to prevent
transmission of blood borne pathogens.
Body Substance Isolations (BSI) are
precautions taken to isolate or prevent
risk of exposure from body secretions
and any other type of body substance
such as urine, vomit, feces, sweat or
sputum.
23. Essentials of First Aid
Prevention and Protection
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is
specialized clothing equipment and
supplies that keep you from directly
contacting infected materials.
24. Essentials of First Aid
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
1. Basic Equipment
Spine Board
25. Essentials of First Aid
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
1. Basic Equipment
Short spine board or Kendrick’s
26. Essentials of First Aid
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
1. Basic Equipment
Extrication Device
27. Essentials of First Aid
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
1. Basic Equipment
Sets of Splints
28. Essentials of First Aid
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
1. Basic Equipment
Poles
Blankets
29. Essentials of First Aid
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
2. Suggested First Kit Contents (Basic)
Rubbing alcohol Gloves
Providone Iodine Scissors
Cotton Forceps
Gauze Pads Bandage
(Triangular)
Tongue depressor Elastic Roller
Bandage
Penlight Occlusive dressing
Band aid Plaster
30. Essentials of First Aid
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
23. Clothe materials commonly used in First
Aid
Dressing – Any sterile cloth material used
to cover the wound
31. Essentials of First Aid
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
3. Clothe materials commonly used in First Aid
Bandages – any clean cloth material sterile
or not use hold the dressing in place.
32. What are the Golden Rules to be
considered for First Aid?
1. Be calm and active. Be systematic,
consciously find out all the major injuries,
fracture, wounds and treat or aid them
accordingly. At the same time, exploit the
crowd.
2. In case of absence of breathing, start
airways, breathing, circulating (ABC).
33. What are the Golden Rules to be considered
for First Aid?
3. Stop the bleeding as early as possible by
applying a pressure onto the pressure
points.
4. Tell the patient to breathe deeply if he or
she is conscious to avoid shock. If
possible, take the victim to a nearby
hospital or a clinic.
34. What are the Golden Rules to be
considered for First Aid?
5. Keep the victim warm and do not
move the patient unnecessary
6. Work accordingly, do not act.
35. What are the Golden Rules to be considered
for First Aid?
7. Reassure the victim through
encouraging words, call their relatives
to obtain the help and to aid the victim
in emergency.
8. Remove the cloth by cutting with
scissors or knife or blade see that it will
not injure the victim and transport to the
hospital, inform the police as soon as
possible.
38. First Do No Harm
Do no harm does not mean do nothing.
The wisdom is not just to know what to do,
but what NOT to do
Sometimes the best thing you can do for a
casualty is to call for help.
Provide comfort and assurance to the
casualty may be the only thing you can do
39. First Do No Harm
Use treatments you know of that are most
likely to benefit a casualty
Do not use a treatment that you are not
sure about “just for the sake of trying”
41. First Aid Is Not An Exact Science
First aid is practiced by people from all
walks of life
Therefore there are great variations in
terms of methods and practice
A casualty may not respond as you hoped
no matter how good and how hard you try
42. First Aid Is Not An Exact Science
Don’t feel bad if the casualty don’t respond
as you would like him to.
If you have done your best, your
conscience should be clear.
You may also have to deal with your own
fear in real life situations
44. First Things First
Get your priority right
If there are too many injuries in a casualty,
treat the most urgent injuries first
If there are too many casualties
◦ First, call for help
◦ Treat the ones with the highest chance of
survival
45. The first step to get our priority right is to
know and recognize what is an emergency
and what is not an emergency!
Sometimes it is very difficult, e.g. heart
attack can be silent
Hollywood emergencies don’t always exist
in real life
First Things First
46. Recognize An Emergency
Factors that determine whether bystander
recognize an emergency:
Severity: motor-vehicle crash
Physical distance: the closer, the more
noticeable
Relationship: knowing the victim, the more
noticeable, e.g. mother and child
Time exposed: the longer exposed, the
more noticeable
48. Why Some Bystander Refuse To
Help?
Ignorance
◦ Hiding own fear and incompetency
Confused about what is an emergency
◦ Too much Hollywood movies
Characteristics of the emergency situation
◦ The blood, smell, vomitus
Fear it may be fake
◦ Fear own safety; disguised as emergency
49. One important strategy that people use to
avoid action is to refuse (consciously or
unconsciously) to acknowledge the
emergency situation
50. Other Excuses
It could be harmful
◦ HIV infection
Helping doesn’t matter
◦ Victim is drunk
Obstacles may prevent helping
◦ Drowning victim in a mining pool (bystander
doesn’t know how to swim)
51. Decide to help
If you decide to help, you must:
Feel confident to help
Take time to help
Put the potential risks of helping in
perspective
Take charge at an emergency scene
Comfortable in seeing a victim who is
bleeding or vomiting
