A firewall is a network security device that controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on a set of security rules. It protects internal networks from unauthorized external access. There are three main types of firewalls: network layer firewalls that filter traffic at the IP level, application layer firewalls that filter traffic by application, and proxy firewalls that intercept traffic and act as an intermediary. Firewalls use packet filtering, proxy services, or stateful inspection to screen traffic and enforce the security policy of an organization. They help control access between networks with different trust levels, such as between the highly trusted internal network and the less trusted internet.
There are two basic types of firewalls:
1. Network layer firewalls make decisions based on source/destination addresses and ports in IP packets. They route traffic directly and are fast but can be fooled more easily.
2. Application layer firewalls use proxy servers and perform logging/auditing of all traffic passing through. They are more secure but can impact performance and transparency.
The distinction between the two types is blurring as technologies advance to incorporate aspects of both approaches. The appropriate type depends on individual network needs.
A firewall is a network security system that controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on rules. It establishes a barrier between an internal trusted network and an external untrusted network like the Internet. Firewalls exist as both software and hardware. Hardware firewalls are standalone devices that provide network-level protection, while software firewalls install on individual devices. Common firewall techniques include packet filtering, application gateways, proxy servers, and network address translation. Firewalls are customizable and can filter traffic based on IP addresses, domains, protocols, ports, and specific words. They provide security against threats like remote access, backdoors, denial of service attacks, viruses, and spam.
This document discusses firewalls and their types. It begins by explaining that firewalls protect networks by guarding entry points and are becoming more sophisticated. It then defines a firewall as a network security system that controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on rules. The document outlines different generations of firewalls and describes four main types: packet filtering, stateful packet inspection, application gateways/proxies, and circuit-level gateways. It details the characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of each type. Finally, it emphasizes that networks are still at risk of attacks and that firewalls have become ubiquitous, so choosing the right solution depends on needs, policies, resources.
This document provides an overview of firewalls, including what they are, their history, types, and basic concepts. A firewall is a program or hardware device that filters network traffic between the internet and an internal network or computer. There are different types, including packet filtering routers, application-level gateways, and circuit-level gateways. Firewalls aim to only allow authorized traffic according to a security policy while protecting systems from outside penetration. They provide advantages like concentrating security but also disadvantages like potentially blocking some network access.
This document provides an introduction to firewalls, including the different generations, types, topologies, and rules of firewalls. It discusses first, second, and third generation firewalls such as static packet filters, stateful packet inspection, and proxy services. The document also outlines common firewall topologies like screened subnet and dual firewalls, and describes how firewalls work using IP addresses, domain names, and ports to filter network traffic according to a set of rules. Finally, it discusses some popular firewall products and the limitations of firewall security.
Firewall technology emerged in the late 1980s and has evolved through three generations. The first generation used packet filters that inspected packets to block or allow them. The second generation added stateful inspection to track the state of connections. The third generation filters at the application layer to understand application protocols. There are different types of firewalls including network layer filters, application layer firewalls, proxies, and network address translation (NAT) which hides protected addresses.
Whenyour computer isconnected to the Internet, you expose your computer to a variety of potentialthreats. The Internet isdesigned in such a waythat if you have access to the Internet, all other computers on the Internet canconnect to yourcomputer.Thisleavesyouvulnerable to variouscommonattacks. This isespeciallytroubling as severalpopular programs open services on your computer thatallowothers to view files on your computer! Whilethisfunctionalityisexpected, the difficultyisthatsecurityerrors are detectedthatalwaysallow hackers to attackyour computer with the ability to view or destroy sensitive information stored on your computer. To protectyour computer fromsuchattacksyouneed to "teach" your computer to ignore or resistexternaltestingattempts. The commonname for such a program is Firewall. A firewall is software thatcreates a secureenvironmentwhosefunctionis to block or restrictincoming and outgoing information over a network. These firewalls actually do not work and are not suitable for business premises to maintain information securitywhilesupporting free exchange of ideas. Firewall are becoming more and more sophisticated in the day, and new features are beingadded all the time, sothat, despitecriticism and intimidatingdevelopmentmethods, they are still a powerfuldefense. In thispaper, weread a network firewall thathelps the corporateenvironment and other networks thatwant to exchange information over the network. The firewall protects the flow of trafficthrough the internet and limits the amount of external and internal information and provides the internal user with the illusion of anonymous FTP and www online communications.
There are two basic types of firewalls:
1. Network layer firewalls make decisions based on source/destination addresses and ports in IP packets. They route traffic directly and are fast but can be fooled more easily.
2. Application layer firewalls use proxy servers and perform logging/auditing of all traffic passing through. They are more secure but can impact performance and transparency.
The distinction between the two types is blurring as technologies advance to incorporate aspects of both approaches. The appropriate type depends on individual network needs.
A firewall is a network security system that controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on rules. It establishes a barrier between an internal trusted network and an external untrusted network like the Internet. Firewalls exist as both software and hardware. Hardware firewalls are standalone devices that provide network-level protection, while software firewalls install on individual devices. Common firewall techniques include packet filtering, application gateways, proxy servers, and network address translation. Firewalls are customizable and can filter traffic based on IP addresses, domains, protocols, ports, and specific words. They provide security against threats like remote access, backdoors, denial of service attacks, viruses, and spam.
This document discusses firewalls and their types. It begins by explaining that firewalls protect networks by guarding entry points and are becoming more sophisticated. It then defines a firewall as a network security system that controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on rules. The document outlines different generations of firewalls and describes four main types: packet filtering, stateful packet inspection, application gateways/proxies, and circuit-level gateways. It details the characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of each type. Finally, it emphasizes that networks are still at risk of attacks and that firewalls have become ubiquitous, so choosing the right solution depends on needs, policies, resources.
This document provides an overview of firewalls, including what they are, their history, types, and basic concepts. A firewall is a program or hardware device that filters network traffic between the internet and an internal network or computer. There are different types, including packet filtering routers, application-level gateways, and circuit-level gateways. Firewalls aim to only allow authorized traffic according to a security policy while protecting systems from outside penetration. They provide advantages like concentrating security but also disadvantages like potentially blocking some network access.
This document provides an introduction to firewalls, including the different generations, types, topologies, and rules of firewalls. It discusses first, second, and third generation firewalls such as static packet filters, stateful packet inspection, and proxy services. The document also outlines common firewall topologies like screened subnet and dual firewalls, and describes how firewalls work using IP addresses, domain names, and ports to filter network traffic according to a set of rules. Finally, it discusses some popular firewall products and the limitations of firewall security.
Firewall technology emerged in the late 1980s and has evolved through three generations. The first generation used packet filters that inspected packets to block or allow them. The second generation added stateful inspection to track the state of connections. The third generation filters at the application layer to understand application protocols. There are different types of firewalls including network layer filters, application layer firewalls, proxies, and network address translation (NAT) which hides protected addresses.
Whenyour computer isconnected to the Internet, you expose your computer to a variety of potentialthreats. The Internet isdesigned in such a waythat if you have access to the Internet, all other computers on the Internet canconnect to yourcomputer.Thisleavesyouvulnerable to variouscommonattacks. This isespeciallytroubling as severalpopular programs open services on your computer thatallowothers to view files on your computer! Whilethisfunctionalityisexpected, the difficultyisthatsecurityerrors are detectedthatalwaysallow hackers to attackyour computer with the ability to view or destroy sensitive information stored on your computer. To protectyour computer fromsuchattacksyouneed to "teach" your computer to ignore or resistexternaltestingattempts. The commonname for such a program is Firewall. A firewall is software thatcreates a secureenvironmentwhosefunctionis to block or restrictincoming and outgoing information over a network. These firewalls actually do not work and are not suitable for business premises to maintain information securitywhilesupporting free exchange of ideas. Firewall are becoming more and more sophisticated in the day, and new features are beingadded all the time, sothat, despitecriticism and intimidatingdevelopmentmethods, they are still a powerfuldefense. In thispaper, weread a network firewall thathelps the corporateenvironment and other networks thatwant to exchange information over the network. The firewall protects the flow of trafficthrough the internet and limits the amount of external and internal information and provides the internal user with the illusion of anonymous FTP and www online communications.
Firewalls serve to filter network traffic and keep destructive forces from entering a network, similar to how fire barriers contain fires. The first firewalls were created in the 1980s and gained popularity later in the decade. Modern firewalls can be packet filters, circuit-level gateways, application-level gateways, or stateful multilayer inspection firewalls, with each generation building on the previous ones to provide stronger security but at increased complexity and cost.
Passive monitoring to build Situational AwarenessDavid Sweigert
Passive network monitoring techniques can provide valuable situational awareness for network security professionals. The document describes techniques for passively discovering information about nodes on a network, including operating systems, roles, services, and configurations. This contextual information helps analysts by reducing false positives and focusing resources. The passive approach does not disrupt networks and can operate continuously, in contrast to active scanning tools. A network monitoring prototype is being developed to test these passive discovery techniques.
This document discusses security issues related to wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and an overview of security challenges due to limited sensor node capabilities. It then summarizes common attacks on different layers of wireless sensor networks and discusses security objectives. The document outlines key areas of research on sensor network security including key management, secure time synchronization, and secure routing. It provides details on different key management schemes, time synchronization protocols, and discusses vulnerabilities of existing synchronization schemes to various attacks.
This document discusses the development of a novel pattern detection processor using an adaptively divisible dual-port BiTCAM (binary ternary content-addressable memory) to achieve high-throughput, low-power and low-cost pattern detection for mobile devices. The proposed dual-port BiTCAM architecture uses a dual-port AND-type match-line scheme with dual-port active AND gates. This allows for shared storage spaces to reduce power consumption through improved storage efficiency. The divisible BiTCAM also provides flexibility to regularly update the virus database.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET - Implementation of Firewall in a Cooperate EnvironmentIRJET Journal
This document discusses the implementation of firewalls in a corporate environment. It begins with an introduction to computer security and firewalls. Firewalls regulate information flow between computer networks and protect networks by standing between the network and outside world. There are different types of firewalls such as packet filtering, stateful, circuit level gateway, and application proxy firewalls. The document then discusses the need for firewalls in corporate environments and existing firewall systems using IPv4 and IPv6. It proposes a new firewall system based on VLANs which uses virtual LANs to allow authorized groups of computers on the network while restricting unauthorized traffic. It concludes that the proposed VLAN-based firewall scheme enhances network security performance.
The document discusses techniques for bypassing firewall systems. It provides background on firewall systems, describing their evolution, types, state of the art features, and risks. It then outlines various attack techniques hackers use to bypass firewalls, such as compromising external trusted systems, exploiting vulnerabilities in client software, stealing credentials through screen grabbing, and sending malicious content in files or emails that exploit software vulnerabilities when opened. The goal of these attacks is to access internal corporate networks or run attacker code on internal systems.
This document discusses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and its use in intrusion detection systems. It proposes a standardized 64-byte ARP protocol structure to more easily capture ARP packets from a network. The structure includes fields for frame information, destination and source addresses, ARP type details, and sender/target MAC and IP addresses. This standardized structure could be integrated into network monitoring to help detect intrusions without affecting normal data transfer processes. Overall, the document aims to optimize the ARP sequence for use in intrusion detection systems.
This document discusses steganography, which is a method of hiding secret messages within other files or data streams. It provides definitions and examples of different types of steganography, including static steganography which hides messages in digital files, and dynamic steganography which hides messages in protocols like TCP/IP packets as they are transmitted over the internet. The document also discusses uses of steganography, such as watermarking to track copyrighted content, and concerns about potential terrorist use of steganography over the internet through covert channels. Detection of hidden messages, called steganalysis, and technology to help law enforcement monitor covert communications are also mentioned.
HIERARCHICAL DESIGN BASED INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM FOR WIRELESS AD HOC SENS...IJNSA Journal
In recent years, wireless ad hoc sensor network becomes popular both in civil and military jobs. However, security is one of the significant challenges for sensor network because of their deployment in open and unprotected environment. As cryptographic mechanism is not enough to protect sensor network from external attacks, intrusion detection system needs to be introduced. Though intrusion prevention mechanism is one of the major and efficient methods against attacks, but there might be some attacks for which prevention method is not known. Besides preventing the system from some known attacks, intrusion detection system gather necessary information related to attack technique and help in the development of intrusion prevention system. In addition to reviewing the present attacks available in wireless sensor network this paper examines the current efforts to intrusion detection
system against wireless sensor network. In this paper we propose a hierarchical architectural design based intrusion detection system that fits the current demands and restrictions of wireless ad hoc sensor network. In this proposed intrusion detection system architecture we followed clustering mechanism to build a four level hierarchical network which enhances network scalability to large geographical area and use both anomaly and misuse detection techniques for intrusion detection. We introduce policy based detection mechanism as well as intrusion response together with GSM cell concept for intrusion detection architecture.
This paper has provided a basic review of the notion of a network firewall and considerations regarding the requirements for deploying one in a zEnterprise environment. It has also described the internal networking support introduced with the IBM zEnterprise and how, due to its enhanced physical and logical security, in many cases it may eliminate the need for a network firewall to protect network traffic within a zEnterprise environment. Finally, it has described how you can use an external firewall if it is deemed necessary, e.g. for regulatory reasons or due to general mandated corporate policy, to utilize a specific network firewall solution to protect traffic between virtual servers in a zEnterprise environment.
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are collections of self-organizing mobile nodes with dynamic topologies and no centralized authority. Each node participating in the network acts both as host and a router. So each node can participate to transfer data packet to destination node but suppose one node in network is removed at time it is very difficult to maintain the information about all node. The main advantage and disadvantage of MANETs provides large number of degree of freedom and self-organizing capability of that make it completely different from other network. Due to the nature of MANETs, to design and development of secure routing is challenging task for researcher in an open and distributed communication environments. In MANET, the more security is required in comparison to wired network. If source node chooses this fake route, malicious nodes have the option of delivering the packets or dropping them.
Keywords: MANETs, Security, Cryptography.
Analysis of security threats in wireless sensor networkijwmn
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is an emerging technology and explored field of researchers worldwide
in the past few years, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. The sensing technology
combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in
abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of
security threats due to unattended installation of sensor nodes as sensor networks may interact with
sensitive data and /or operate in hostile unattended environments. These security concerns be addressed
from the beginning of the system design. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related
issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless
sensor network with extensive study.
EWSN'15 Industry Session - Francesco Flammini (Ansaldo STS)Francesco Flammini
Ansaldo STS (Francesco Flammini) contribution to the industry session of the European conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN 2015, Porto, Portugal)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a seminar on computer network security given on November 22, 2012. It discusses the OSI model layers and security perspectives for each layer. The layers covered are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Common attacks are listed for each layer such as packet sniffing for the data link layer and SQL injection for the application layer. The document concludes with a reminder that social engineering is also an important security issue.
Digital signatures are used to verify the authenticity and integrity of digital messages or documents. They are generated using public key cryptography with a private key and can be verified by anyone using the corresponding public key. A digital signature encodes the hash of a message with the sender's private key, allowing the recipient to verify that the message was sent by the claimed sender and was not altered.
A firewall is a software or hardware program that protects computers and networks from viruses, worms, and hackers by blocking unauthorized access and data while allowing permitted communications. While firewalls can prevent viruses and attacks from the internet, they cannot stop email viruses or phishing scams that come through email. There are two main types of firewalls - software firewalls like antivirus programs and hardware firewalls that are routers with built-in firewall capabilities to protect entire home networks.
Personal firewalls and routers help protect personal computers and networks from attacks by examining incoming internet packets, identifying the sending IP address and transmission port, and blocking unauthorized access from unknown or unsafe programs and ports. Firewalls log attempted attacks to identify dangerous ports and prevent intrusions that could steal information, damage the computer, or misuse its resources, while routers include hardware firewalls that safeguard home networks from external internet threats. Taking proactive measures to secure devices provides protection from potential hackers and malicious software.
A firewall is a program that blocks certain internet programs and sites from accessing a computer. While a firewall can protect against some online threats, it cannot detect the contents of emails or protect against phishing scams. Firewalls can be either software already installed on a computer or hardware that uses a router and ethernet card to control internet access and filter network traffic.
The Information Technology Act 2000 was enacted in India on May 17, 2000 to provide legal recognition to electronic commerce and transactions carried out by electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication. The Act is based on a model law adopted by the UN on e-commerce. It aims to facilitate electronic governance and filing of documents. Some key components of the Act include provisions around digital signatures, duties of subscribers, penalties for offences, and protection for network service providers. It also defines important terms related to e-commerce and cyber security.
Firewalls serve to filter network traffic and keep destructive forces from entering a network, similar to how fire barriers contain fires. The first firewalls were created in the 1980s and gained popularity later in the decade. Modern firewalls can be packet filters, circuit-level gateways, application-level gateways, or stateful multilayer inspection firewalls, with each generation building on the previous ones to provide stronger security but at increased complexity and cost.
Passive monitoring to build Situational AwarenessDavid Sweigert
Passive network monitoring techniques can provide valuable situational awareness for network security professionals. The document describes techniques for passively discovering information about nodes on a network, including operating systems, roles, services, and configurations. This contextual information helps analysts by reducing false positives and focusing resources. The passive approach does not disrupt networks and can operate continuously, in contrast to active scanning tools. A network monitoring prototype is being developed to test these passive discovery techniques.
This document discusses security issues related to wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and an overview of security challenges due to limited sensor node capabilities. It then summarizes common attacks on different layers of wireless sensor networks and discusses security objectives. The document outlines key areas of research on sensor network security including key management, secure time synchronization, and secure routing. It provides details on different key management schemes, time synchronization protocols, and discusses vulnerabilities of existing synchronization schemes to various attacks.
This document discusses the development of a novel pattern detection processor using an adaptively divisible dual-port BiTCAM (binary ternary content-addressable memory) to achieve high-throughput, low-power and low-cost pattern detection for mobile devices. The proposed dual-port BiTCAM architecture uses a dual-port AND-type match-line scheme with dual-port active AND gates. This allows for shared storage spaces to reduce power consumption through improved storage efficiency. The divisible BiTCAM also provides flexibility to regularly update the virus database.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET - Implementation of Firewall in a Cooperate EnvironmentIRJET Journal
This document discusses the implementation of firewalls in a corporate environment. It begins with an introduction to computer security and firewalls. Firewalls regulate information flow between computer networks and protect networks by standing between the network and outside world. There are different types of firewalls such as packet filtering, stateful, circuit level gateway, and application proxy firewalls. The document then discusses the need for firewalls in corporate environments and existing firewall systems using IPv4 and IPv6. It proposes a new firewall system based on VLANs which uses virtual LANs to allow authorized groups of computers on the network while restricting unauthorized traffic. It concludes that the proposed VLAN-based firewall scheme enhances network security performance.
The document discusses techniques for bypassing firewall systems. It provides background on firewall systems, describing their evolution, types, state of the art features, and risks. It then outlines various attack techniques hackers use to bypass firewalls, such as compromising external trusted systems, exploiting vulnerabilities in client software, stealing credentials through screen grabbing, and sending malicious content in files or emails that exploit software vulnerabilities when opened. The goal of these attacks is to access internal corporate networks or run attacker code on internal systems.
This document discusses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and its use in intrusion detection systems. It proposes a standardized 64-byte ARP protocol structure to more easily capture ARP packets from a network. The structure includes fields for frame information, destination and source addresses, ARP type details, and sender/target MAC and IP addresses. This standardized structure could be integrated into network monitoring to help detect intrusions without affecting normal data transfer processes. Overall, the document aims to optimize the ARP sequence for use in intrusion detection systems.
This document discusses steganography, which is a method of hiding secret messages within other files or data streams. It provides definitions and examples of different types of steganography, including static steganography which hides messages in digital files, and dynamic steganography which hides messages in protocols like TCP/IP packets as they are transmitted over the internet. The document also discusses uses of steganography, such as watermarking to track copyrighted content, and concerns about potential terrorist use of steganography over the internet through covert channels. Detection of hidden messages, called steganalysis, and technology to help law enforcement monitor covert communications are also mentioned.
HIERARCHICAL DESIGN BASED INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM FOR WIRELESS AD HOC SENS...IJNSA Journal
In recent years, wireless ad hoc sensor network becomes popular both in civil and military jobs. However, security is one of the significant challenges for sensor network because of their deployment in open and unprotected environment. As cryptographic mechanism is not enough to protect sensor network from external attacks, intrusion detection system needs to be introduced. Though intrusion prevention mechanism is one of the major and efficient methods against attacks, but there might be some attacks for which prevention method is not known. Besides preventing the system from some known attacks, intrusion detection system gather necessary information related to attack technique and help in the development of intrusion prevention system. In addition to reviewing the present attacks available in wireless sensor network this paper examines the current efforts to intrusion detection
system against wireless sensor network. In this paper we propose a hierarchical architectural design based intrusion detection system that fits the current demands and restrictions of wireless ad hoc sensor network. In this proposed intrusion detection system architecture we followed clustering mechanism to build a four level hierarchical network which enhances network scalability to large geographical area and use both anomaly and misuse detection techniques for intrusion detection. We introduce policy based detection mechanism as well as intrusion response together with GSM cell concept for intrusion detection architecture.
This paper has provided a basic review of the notion of a network firewall and considerations regarding the requirements for deploying one in a zEnterprise environment. It has also described the internal networking support introduced with the IBM zEnterprise and how, due to its enhanced physical and logical security, in many cases it may eliminate the need for a network firewall to protect network traffic within a zEnterprise environment. Finally, it has described how you can use an external firewall if it is deemed necessary, e.g. for regulatory reasons or due to general mandated corporate policy, to utilize a specific network firewall solution to protect traffic between virtual servers in a zEnterprise environment.
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are collections of self-organizing mobile nodes with dynamic topologies and no centralized authority. Each node participating in the network acts both as host and a router. So each node can participate to transfer data packet to destination node but suppose one node in network is removed at time it is very difficult to maintain the information about all node. The main advantage and disadvantage of MANETs provides large number of degree of freedom and self-organizing capability of that make it completely different from other network. Due to the nature of MANETs, to design and development of secure routing is challenging task for researcher in an open and distributed communication environments. In MANET, the more security is required in comparison to wired network. If source node chooses this fake route, malicious nodes have the option of delivering the packets or dropping them.
Keywords: MANETs, Security, Cryptography.
Analysis of security threats in wireless sensor networkijwmn
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is an emerging technology and explored field of researchers worldwide
in the past few years, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. The sensing technology
combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in
abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of
security threats due to unattended installation of sensor nodes as sensor networks may interact with
sensitive data and /or operate in hostile unattended environments. These security concerns be addressed
from the beginning of the system design. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related
issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless
sensor network with extensive study.
EWSN'15 Industry Session - Francesco Flammini (Ansaldo STS)Francesco Flammini
Ansaldo STS (Francesco Flammini) contribution to the industry session of the European conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN 2015, Porto, Portugal)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a seminar on computer network security given on November 22, 2012. It discusses the OSI model layers and security perspectives for each layer. The layers covered are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Common attacks are listed for each layer such as packet sniffing for the data link layer and SQL injection for the application layer. The document concludes with a reminder that social engineering is also an important security issue.
Digital signatures are used to verify the authenticity and integrity of digital messages or documents. They are generated using public key cryptography with a private key and can be verified by anyone using the corresponding public key. A digital signature encodes the hash of a message with the sender's private key, allowing the recipient to verify that the message was sent by the claimed sender and was not altered.
A firewall is a software or hardware program that protects computers and networks from viruses, worms, and hackers by blocking unauthorized access and data while allowing permitted communications. While firewalls can prevent viruses and attacks from the internet, they cannot stop email viruses or phishing scams that come through email. There are two main types of firewalls - software firewalls like antivirus programs and hardware firewalls that are routers with built-in firewall capabilities to protect entire home networks.
Personal firewalls and routers help protect personal computers and networks from attacks by examining incoming internet packets, identifying the sending IP address and transmission port, and blocking unauthorized access from unknown or unsafe programs and ports. Firewalls log attempted attacks to identify dangerous ports and prevent intrusions that could steal information, damage the computer, or misuse its resources, while routers include hardware firewalls that safeguard home networks from external internet threats. Taking proactive measures to secure devices provides protection from potential hackers and malicious software.
A firewall is a program that blocks certain internet programs and sites from accessing a computer. While a firewall can protect against some online threats, it cannot detect the contents of emails or protect against phishing scams. Firewalls can be either software already installed on a computer or hardware that uses a router and ethernet card to control internet access and filter network traffic.
The Information Technology Act 2000 was enacted in India on May 17, 2000 to provide legal recognition to electronic commerce and transactions carried out by electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication. The Act is based on a model law adopted by the UN on e-commerce. It aims to facilitate electronic governance and filing of documents. Some key components of the Act include provisions around digital signatures, duties of subscribers, penalties for offences, and protection for network service providers. It also defines important terms related to e-commerce and cyber security.
A digital signature is an electronic signature that can authenticate the identity of the sender of a message and ensure that the message has not been altered. Digital signatures are easily transportable, cannot be imitated, and are automatically time-stamped. A digital signature can be used with any message, whether encrypted or not, to verify the sender's identity and that the message was not changed. Digital certificates contain the digital signature of the certificate authority to verify that the certificate is authentic.
This document discusses Trojan horses, which are unauthorized programs that perform unwanted functions on a user's computer. It defines Trojans and explains how they work, providing examples of common Trojans like remote access Trojans and password stealing Trojans. The document also outlines how Trojans are transmitted and describes ways for users to obtain and install a Trojan on another person's computer without their consent.
Firewalls control incoming and outgoing network traffic by analyzing data packets and determining whether to allow or block them based on rules. They filter traffic based on protocol, source/destination addresses and ports, schedule, users, and content. A case study describes a small organization using email, FTP, and internet with a firewall policy prohibiting external-internal interaction except for email, ping, DNS, and limited FTP. Only the marketing and sales department can access the internet from internally. Firewalls alone do not ensure network safety - procedural defenses are also needed. Attack scenarios and recommendations include comprehensively analyzing risks, blocking all inbound/outbound traffic by default with exceptions, and considering source, destination, and content in policies. Organizations should determine
A digital signature allows one to verify the identity of the sender of a message and that the message content has not been altered. It involves a key generation algorithm that produces a private key and public key pair. The signing algorithm uses the private key to generate a signature for a message. The signature verification algorithm uses the public key to verify the signature and authenticity of the message. Digital signatures provide security as long as the private key remains confidential to the owner.
Presentation about UserGate Proxy 7 Firewall, which is a complex solution for sharing Internet access among employees in your company, making traffic calculations, and protecting your local network against malicious activity and software, such as hacker attacks, viruses and Trojans. UserGate is a flexible yet very powerful program that can be used in small- and mid-sized companies instead of relying on large and expensive hardware or software alternatives.
Digital signatures provide authentication, integrity and non-repudiation for electronic documents. They rely on encryption and authentication processes where a document is signed using a sender's private key and verified by the recipient using the sender's public key. This ensures the document comes from a trusted source and has not been altered. Digital signatures are unique numbers dependent on the document content. They offer advantages over paper signatures like inability to forge and providing error-free authentication for any computer user. The digital signature process involves key generation, signature generation by encrypting a message digest with a private key, attaching the signature to the message, and verification by decrypting the signature using the public key.
The Information Technology Act 2000 provides legal recognition for electronic records and digital signatures. It facilitates electronic governance and commerce by recognizing the validity of electronic contracts, attributions, and signatures. The Act establishes a regulatory framework and penalties for cyber crimes. It amends other related laws around electronic evidence and banking.
Digital signatures provide authentication of digital documents through encryption with a private key. They offer advantages over physical signatures like non-repudiation and integrity verification by checking that the document contents have not changed. Digital signatures are created by running a hash function over a message to generate a message digest, then encrypting the digest with a private key. They can be used for a variety of applications including e-voting, online money transfers, and filing government forms electronically.
A firewall controls traffic flow between two networks and is commonly a specially configured Unix system or a system designed specifically for firewall use. The most common commercial firewall is CheckPoint FireWall-1, though Cisco's PIX firewall is gaining popularity. There are four main types of firewalls: packet filtering, which examines packets' source/destination addresses and ports and protocol; application proxy, which acts as an intermediary between internal and external networks; application gateway, which controls access between networks; and SOCKS, which provides secure connections through firewalls.
Digital signatures provide authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation for electronic documents by using asymmetric cryptography with a signing key and verification key. The digital signature process involves key generation, signing a message digest with the private key, and verifying the signature with the public key. Digital signatures are used for authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation services and are vulnerable to attacks like key-only attacks and existential or selective forgeries if the private key is compromised.
The document discusses the objectives and key provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000 in India. The key points are:
1) The Act aims to provide legal recognition for electronic commerce and electronic records on par with paper documents. It also aims to facilitate e-governance and electronic filing of documents.
2) The Act defines important terms related to digital infrastructure and transactions. It also establishes authorities like the Controller of Certifying Authorities to regulate digital signature certificates.
3) The Act addresses issues like legal recognition of electronic documents and digital signatures to support e-commerce. It also establishes mechanisms for offenses and justice systems related to cybercrimes.
This document provides an overview of cyber crime. It begins with an introduction to the growth of internet usage in India and the corresponding rise of cyber crime. It then defines cyber crime and discusses the history and categories of cyber crime. Specific cyber crimes discussed include phishing and botnets. The document also examines cyber criminals, IT and cyber law, cyber attack statistics, and prevention techniques. It concludes by noting the impact of cyber crime and need for international cooperation to combat it.
Digital signatures provide authenticity, integrity and non-repudiation to electronic documents by using public key infrastructure. Under PKI, each individual has a public/private key pair, and certification authorities verify and certify individuals' public keys. Digital signatures are generated by encrypting a document hash with an individual's private key and can be verified by decrypting with the corresponding public key.
The document provides an overview of the Information Technology Act 2000 in India. Some key points:
- The Act was enacted in 2000 to provide legal recognition to electronic records and digital signatures. It is based on the UNCITRAL Model Law on E-Commerce.
- The objectives are to facilitate electronic governance and commerce. It defines electronic records, digital signatures, secure systems, etc. and recognizes their legal validity.
- It applies to the whole of India and any offenses committed outside India involving computers in India. Various cybercrimes are punishable under the Act.
- It establishes provisions for public key infrastructure, digital signature certificates, duties of subscribers, and regulates certifying authorities to facilitate
The document discusses how the Information Technology Act was intended to facilitate e-commerce but instead has given rise to more cyber crimes. It notes that rather than providing information and technology, the Act has led to increased criminal activity online. The summary highlights how the Act focused on enabling electronic transactions and records but that the amendments focused more on cyber terrorism and cyber crime.
This document provides an overview of firewalls, including what they are, how they work, types of firewalls, and their history. A firewall is a program or device that filters network traffic between the internet and an internal network based on a set of rules. There are different types, including packet filtering routers, application-level gateways, and circuit-level gateways. Firewalls aim to only allow authorized traffic according to a security policy while protecting internal systems. They provide advantages such as restricting access and hiding internal network information but can also limit some network connectivity.
This document provides an overview of firewalls, including what they are, different types, basic concepts, their role, advantages, and disadvantages. It defines a firewall as a program or device that filters network traffic between the internet and a private network based on a set of rules. The document discusses software vs hardware firewalls and different types like packet filtering, application-level gateways, and circuit-level gateways. It also covers the history of firewalls, their design goals, and how they concentrate security and restrict access to trusted machines only.
This document discusses firewalls, including their definition, history, types, and purposes. A firewall is a program or hardware device that filters network traffic between the internet and an internal network based on a set of security rules. There are different types of firewalls, including packet filtering routers, application-level gateways, and circuit-level gateways. Firewalls aim to restrict network access and protect internal systems by only allowing authorized traffic according to a security policy.
This document provides an overview of firewalls, including what they are, different types, basic concepts, their role, advantages, and disadvantages. It defines a firewall as a program or device that filters network traffic between the internet and a private network based on a set of rules. The document discusses software vs hardware firewalls and different types like packet filtering, application-level gateways, and circuit-level gateways. It also covers the history of firewalls, their design goals, and how they concentrate security and restrict access to trusted machines only.
In computing, a firewall is a software or hardware-based network security system that controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic based on applied rule set. A firewall establishes a barrier between a trusted, secure internal network and another network (e.g., the Internet) that is not assumed to be secure and trusted.
Many personal computer operating systems include software-based firewalls to protect against threats from the public Internet. Many routers that pass data between networks contain firewall components and, conversely, many firewalls can perform basic routing functions.
Firewall technology emerged in the late 1980s in response to growing threats on the internet. The first generation of firewalls were packet filters that inspected packets at the network layer based on information like source/destination addresses and port numbers. The second generation introduced stateful packet inspection, which tracked the state of network connections. The third generation analyzed traffic at the application layer to better understand application protocols and detect attacks. Modern firewalls incorporate various techniques from these generations including deep packet inspection, intrusion prevention, and application-specific rules.
A firewall is hardware or software that filters network traffic by allowing or denying transmission based on a set of rules to protect networks from unauthorized access. There are two main types - network layer firewalls which filter at the IP address and port level, and application layer firewalls which can filter traffic from specific applications like FTP or HTTP. A DMZ (demilitarized zone) is a physical or logical sub-network exposed to an untrusted network like the internet that contains external-facing services, protected from internal networks by firewalls. Firewalls provide security benefits like restricting access to authorized users and preventing intrusions from untrusted networks.
ppt consists of history, generations of firewalls, types, architectures, advantages & disadvantages.
very basic ppt- can be used for college & paper presentation seminars.
This document discusses firewall design and implementation issues. It begins by explaining the origin of firewalls as a response to growing security concerns online. It then defines what a firewall is and discusses the need for firewalls to block unauthorized access and protect networks. The document outlines the history of firewalls and describes the main types: packet filtering, circuit-level gateways, and application-level firewalls. It addresses design considerations like policy, traffic control, and costs. In conclusion, it stresses the importance of firewalls for all connected organizations and choosing a solution tailored to needs.
Lakshmi.S presents information on firewalls including definitions, types, and concepts. A firewall filters internet access to protect private networks. There are software and hardware firewalls. Types include packet filtering routers, application-level gateways, and circuit-level gateways. Firewalls concentrate security, filter unnecessary protocols, hide internal information, and require connections through the firewall. While firewalls improve security, they can hamper some network access and concentrating security in one location means compromising the firewall poses risks.
1) Firewalls act as barriers to protect networks and computers from threats on the internet. They control incoming and outgoing network traffic by analyzing data packets and determining if they should be allowed or blocked based on rules.
2) There are different types of firewalls including software-based, hardware-based, network layer, and application layer. Network layer firewalls include packet filters and circuit level filters. Application layer firewalls can understand applications and protocols.
3) Techniques used by firewalls include packet filtering, stateful packet inspection, and application proxies. Choosing a firewall depends on ensuring security of ports, monitoring systems, and not slowing performance. Users can check if their firewall is working by performing a port scan
Firewalls have evolved from metal sheets used in the 19th century to protect buildings from fire, to software and hardware used today to filter network traffic and protect computers and networks. Key developments included the growth of the internet in the 1980s which led to the implementation of firewalls in routers to control network data traffic and allocate networks. Different types of firewalls evolved to suit various network sizes, from personal firewalls on individual computers to enterprise firewalls capable of handling thousands of users across multiple firewalls. Future firewalls may be integrated directly into devices like personal computers and supercomputers.
The document discusses firewalls and their implementation, providing details on different types of firewalls like network layer packet filters, application layer proxies, and network address translation firewalls. It also describes different implementations of firewalls including transparent/bridging firewalls, sandwich firewalls, and VLAN switch implementations. The document then focuses on Cisco PIX firewalls, providing details on their architecture, operation, and hardware.
Firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and filters it based on predefined security rules. It establishes a barrier between internal secure networks and external untrusted networks like the internet. There are different types of firewalls including packet filtering, stateful inspection, and application-level firewalls. Firewalls provide advantages like network reliability, simplicity of implementation, and cost-effectiveness. However, they also have disadvantages such as potential performance issues and not providing other security features like antivirus. Education is needed on firewall security automation and processes to improve business efficiency.
A firewall monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and blocks or permits data packets based on security rules. There are several types of firewalls including packet-filtering firewalls, circuit-level gateways, stateful inspection firewalls, application-level gateways, next-gen firewalls, software firewalls, and hardware firewalls. Cloud firewalls provide firewall services through a cloud-based solution and are easy to scale with organizational needs.
A firewall is a system or set of rules designed to permit or deny computer applications access to networks based on a set of rules. Firewalls can be implemented through software or hardware and work by examining network packets and blocking or allowing passage based on the packet's contents. There are several types of firewalls including network layer, application layer, circuit layer, and stateful multi-layer inspection firewalls. Firewalls help secure private networks from unauthorized access from other networks like the internet.
The document discusses different types of firewalls including hardware and software firewalls, and describes their purposes and functions. It outlines the history of firewalls from their origins in the late 1980s to prevent unauthorized access. The document also defines various firewall techniques like packet filtering, application gateways, and proxy servers; and types such as stateful inspection firewalls, unified threat management firewalls, and next-generation firewalls.
The document discusses data security in local networks using distributed firewalls. It describes how distributed firewalls work to overcome issues with traditional firewalls, which rely on a single entry point. Distributed firewalls are centrally managed from a network server but installed on endpoints throughout the network. This allows security policies to be defined and pushed centrally while filtering traffic both from the internet and internally. It also discusses how distributed firewalls use pull and push techniques to update endpoints with the latest security policies from the central management server.
Firewalls monitor and filter network traffic based on security policies. There are different types of firewalls that use various methods like packet filtering, application-level gateways, stateful inspection, and more. Firewalls are necessary to protect networks from threats and work by allowing approved traffic while blocking dangerous traffic according to pre-set policies. They defend networks by detecting and responding to malware and other attacks across the entire system.
Bharti Airtel is the largest cellular service provider in India with a 21% market share. Founded in 1995, it has over 261 million subscribers across 20 countries. As the leading cellular service provider in India, Airtel offers 2G, 3G, and other services. It provides national and international long distance services for carriers and has launched initiatives like Airtel Money for mobile payments. The document discusses Airtel's products, competitors in the Indian market, network infrastructure, and potential acquisitions.
Bharti Airtel is the largest cellular service provider in India with a 21% market share. Founded in 1995, it has over 261 million subscribers across 20 countries. As the leading cellular service provider in India, Airtel offers 2G, 3G, and other services. It provides national and international long distance services for carriers and has launched initiatives like Airtel Money for mobile payments. The document discusses Airtel's products, competitors in the Indian market, network infrastructure, and potential acquisitions.
MDAC is a framework that allows developers to access data stores uniformly. It consists of ADO, OLE DB, and ODBC components. MDAC architecture includes three layers: a programming interface (ADO/ADO.NET), a database access layer provided by vendors, and the database. OLE DB allows uniform data store access. ODBC provides a native interface through which drivers access specific databases. ADO is a high-level interface that uses OLE DB. It consists of objects and collections that allow creating, retrieving, updating and deleting data.
This document provides an overview of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and several routing protocols used in MANETs. It defines MANETs and their characteristics. It then describes several representative routing protocols, including reactive (AODV, DSR), proactive (DSDV, TBRPF) protocols. It compares these protocols through simulations on metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, routing overhead under different traffic loads and node mobility. It finds that no single protocol performs best under all conditions and that fundamental open questions around scalability, energy efficiency and security remain.
This document provides a summary of routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and their characteristics. It then discusses why traditional routing protocols are not suitable for MANETs and describes some common MANET routing protocols, classifying them as proactive (table-driven) or reactive (on-demand). Specifically, it provides detailed descriptions of the reactive protocols DSR and AODV, covering topics like route discovery, maintenance, and deletion. Finally, it compares these protocols and discusses which may be better suited under different network conditions.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is a networking protocol for querying and modifying directory services running over TCP/IP. LDAP was designed to provide directory services in a simpler way than X.500 by running directly over TCP and using simplified data representations. The core LDAP operations include search, add, delete, modify, modify RDN, bind, unbind, and abandon. LDAP follows the X.500 model of a hierarchical tree structure of directory entries made up of attributes.
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a tunneling protocol used to enable virtual private networks over the public Internet. L2TP merges features of PPTP and L2F to encapsulate PPP frames for transmission over an IP network. The L2TP Access Concentrator terminates the user connection and tunnels individual PPP frames to the L2TP Network Server, which processes the PPP session separately from the physical connection termination point. L2TP allows VPN endpoints to be located on different machines and eliminates possible long-distance charges.
The document discusses interactive voice response (IVR) systems. It provides an overview of what an IVR system is and how it allows callers to interact with automated menus and retrieve information from databases without speaking to a human agent. It describes the key components of an IVR system, including its call handling engine and application generator software. It also lists some of the main features and benefits that Insight IVR systems provide, such as web-based reporting, unlimited call flows, text-to-speech, and speech recognition capabilities.
IPsec is a standardized framework that provides security (encryption, authentication, integrity) for IP communications. It has two modes - Transport mode which encrypts only the payload, and Tunnel mode which encrypts both the header and payload. IPsec uses protocols like AH (Authentication Header) which provides authentication and integrity, and ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) which provides confidentiality, authentication, and integrity. IPsec implementations can be in end hosts or routers depending on network requirements.
The iPod is Apple's popular digital audio player introduced in 2001. It uses a central scroll wheel interface and stores music on an internal hard drive or flash memory. The iPod plays many audio formats and works with the iTunes software to transfer music from computers. Later models added video playback. While very popular, the iPod has faced some criticism around non-replaceable batteries, potential hearing loss from loud volumes, and reports of worker exploitation in its manufacturing facilities.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet began as a US military program called ARPANET in the 1960s and expanded to include academic and research networks. By the 1980s, the TCP/IP protocol allowed different networks to interconnect, and the term "Internet" was adopted. In the 1990s, the World Wide Web brought the Internet to the general public. The document also describes the basic infrastructure of the Internet including protocols, network structures, and governance organizations like ICANN.
The document provides information on various techniques for image compression, including lossless and lossy compression methods. For lossless compression, it describes run-length encoding, entropy coding, and area coding. For lossy compression it discusses reducing the color space, chroma subsampling, and transform coding using DCT and wavelets. It also covers segmentation/approximation methods, spline interpolation, fractal coding, and bit allocation techniques for optimal compression.
This document discusses Intel's Hyper-Threading Technology, which allows a single physical processor core to appear and function as two logical processors to the operating system. It does this by duplicating the core's architectural state and partitioning its execution resources between the two logical processors. This allows both logical processors to execute instructions simultaneously by sharing execution units, caches, and other resources. The document provides details on how the front-end, execution engine, registers, buffers, caches and other components function for both logical processors simultaneously through partitioning, duplication, and alternating access between the two threads.
- HTML was created by Tim Berners-Lee in the late 1980s and early 1990s to allow information sharing through hypertext links on the then-emerging World Wide Web. It uses tags to define the structure and layout of webpages and allows multimedia content.
- The basic structure of an HTML document involves tags like <html> to open and close the HTML document, <head> to contain metadata, <title> to define the title, and <body> to contain the visible page content.
- Common text formatting is done using tags like <h1> for main headings, <p> for paragraphs, and <font> to specify font attributes. Lists are created with <ul> for unordered
This document provides an overview of HTML and DHTML. It discusses the history of HTML, including its creation by Tim Berners-Lee in the 1980s using SGML. It defines HTML as a language used to structure and format web pages through markup tags. The document lists some popular HTML editors and covers basic HTML topics like creating web pages, URLs, and viewing pages in browsers. It concludes with definitions of HTML as a markup language rather than a programming language, used to format text and information with tags.
The document discusses the role of a database administrator (DBA). A DBA is responsible for managing an organization's database structure, including physical database design, security, performance, backups and recovery. Key responsibilities of a DBA include establishing data policies and standards, planning the database infrastructure, resolving data conflicts, promoting data standards internally, and managing the information repository and selection of hardware/software.
1. Display systems are used in a wide variety of consumer electronics and industrial applications ranging from small devices like watches to large displays used in public spaces.
2. There are two main types of display systems - direct view systems which users view directly, and projection systems which first create an image on an internal screen and project it onto a larger external screen.
3. The display industry in India is growing but there is still a need for increased public awareness of the technology and its uses across different industries.
This document discusses honeypots, which are fake computer systems designed to attract hackers. Honeypots monitor the activity of hackers and collect data on their tactics. They are classified based on their level of interaction (low or high) and implementation environment (research or production). Honeypots provide advantages like detecting new hacking tools and minimizing resources needed. They also have disadvantages like limited visibility and risk of being hijacked. The document discusses practical applications of honeypots for preventing attacks, detecting intrusions, and conducting cyber forensics investigations.
Honeypots are security tools that allow systems to be monitored, analyzed and defended. They work by emulating vulnerabilities to attract hackers and observe their behavior without exposing real systems to harm. There are different types of honeypots based on level of interaction, from low to high. Low interaction honeypots like Honeyd emulate services with limited functionality while high interaction ones like Honeynets create fully functional virtual systems. Honeypots provide benefits like reduced false alarms, new threat intelligence and forensic data but also have drawbacks like single data points and fingerprinting risks. They are useful for research, detection and prevention when used carefully alongside other security practices.
The document discusses honeypots, which are decoy computer systems used to detect cyber attacks. It describes two main types of honeypots: low-interaction honeypots, which emulate services and operating systems, and high-interaction honeypots, which use real systems and software. Low-interaction honeypots are easier to deploy but provide limited information, while high-interaction honeypots provide more complete data but also higher risks if not isolated properly. Specific honeypot examples discussed include Honeyd, a low-interaction honeypot, and Honeynets, which use entire decoy networks of high-interaction systems.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
1. FIREWALL
Introduction
A firewall is an information technology (IT) security device which is configured to
permit, deny or proxy data connections set and configured by the organization's security
policy. Firewalls can either be hardware and/or software based.
A firewall's basic task is to control traffic between computer networks with different
zones of trust. Typical examples are the Internet which is a zone with no trust and an
internal network which is (and should be) a zone with high trust. The ultimate goal is to
provide controlled interfaces between zones of differing trust levels through the
enforcement of a security policy and connectivity model based on the least privilege
principle and separation of duties.
A firewall is also called a Border Protection Device (BPD) in certain military contexts
were a firewall separates networks by creating perimeter networks in a DMZ. In a BSD
context they are also known as a packet filter. A firewall's function is analogous to
firewalls in building construction.
Proper configuration of firewalls demands skill from the firewall administrator. It requires
considerable understanding of network protocols and of computer security. Small mistakes
can render a firewall worthless as a security tool.
History
Firewall technology emerged in the late 1980s when the Internet was a fairly new
technology in terms of its global use and connectivity. The original idea was formed in
response to a number of major internet security breaches, which occurred in the late
1980s. In 1988 an employee at the NASA Ames Research Center in California sent a
memo by email to his colleagues that read, "We are currently under attack from an
Internet VIRUS! It has hit Berkeley, UC San Diego, Lawrence Livermore, Stanford, and
1
2. NASA Ames." This virus known as the Morris Worm was carried by e-mail. The Morris
Worm was the first large scale attack on Internet security; the online community was
neither expecting an attack nor prepared to deal with one.
First generation - packet filters
The first paper published on firewall technology was in 1988, when Jeff Mogul from
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) developed filter systems known as packet filter
firewalls. This fairly basic system was the first generation of what would become a
highly evolved and technical internet security feature. At AT&T Bill Cheswick and Steve
Bellovin were continuing their research in packet filtering and developed a working
model for their own company based upon their original first generation architecture.
Second generation - circuit level
From 1980-1990 two colleagues from AT&T Bell Laboratories, Dave Presetto and
Howard Trickey, developed the second generation of firewalls known as circuit level
firewalls.
Third generation - applicaton layer
Publications by Gene Spafford of Purdue University, Bill Cheswick at AT&T
Laboratories and Marcus Ranum described a third generation firewall known as
application layer firewall, also known as proxy based firewalls. Marcus Ranum's work
on the technology spearheaded the creation of the first commercial product. The product
was released by DEC who named it the SEAL product. DEC’s first major sale was on
June 13, 1991 to a chemical company based on the East Coast of the USA.
Subsequent generations
In 1992, Bob Braden and Annette DeSchon at the University of Southern California
(USC) were developing their own fourth generation packet filter firewall system. The
product known as “Visas” was the first system to have a visual integration interface with
2
3. colours and icons, which could be easily implemented to and accessed on a computer
operating system such as Microsoft's Windows or Apple's MacOS. In 1994 an Israeli
company called Check Point Software Technologies built this into readily available
software known as FireWall-1.
A second generation of proxy firewalls was based on Kernel Proxy technology. This
design is constantly evolving but its basic features and codes are currently in widespread
use in both commercial and domestic computer systems. Cisco, one of the largest internet
security companies in the world released their PIX product to the public in 1997.
The new Next Generation Firewalls leverage their existing deep packet inspection engine
by sharing this functionality with an Intrusion-prevention system (IPS).
Types
There are three basic types of firewalls depending on:
1. Whether the communication is being done between a single node and the
network, or between two or more networks.
2. Whether the communication is intercepted at the network layer, or at the
application layer.
3. Whether the communication state is being tracked at the firewall or not.
With regard to the scope of filtered communications there exist:
1. Personal firewalls, a software application which normally filters traffic entering or
leaving a single computer.
2. Network firewalls, normally running on a dedicated network device or computer
positioned on the boundary of two or more networks or DMZs (demilitarized
zones). Such a firewall filters all traffic entering or leaving the connected
networks.
3
4. The latter definition corresponds to the conventional, traditional meaning of "firewall" in
networking.
In reference to the layers where the traffic can be intercepted, three main categories of
firewalls exist:
1. Network layer firewalls. An example would be iptables.
2. Application layer firewalls. An example would be TCP Wrappers.
3. Application firewalls. An example would be restricting ftp services through
/etc/ftpaccess file
These network-layer and application-layer types of firewall may overlap, even though the
personal firewall does not serve a network; indeed, single systems have implemented
both together.
There's also the notion of application firewalls which are sometimes used during wide
area network (WAN) networking on the world-wide web and govern the system software.
An extended description would place them lower than application layer firewalls, indeed
at the Operating System layer, and could alternately be called operating system firewalls.
Lastly, depending on whether the firewalls keeps track of the state of network
connections or treats each packet in isolation, two additional categories of firewalls exist:
1. Stateful firewalls
2. Stateless firewalls
Network layer
Network layer firewalls operate at a (relatively) low level of the TCP/IP protocol stack as
IP-packet filters, not allowing packets to pass through the firewall unless they match the
rules. The firewall administrator may define the rules; or default built-in rules may apply
(as in some inflexible firewall systems).
4
5. A more permissive setup could allow any packet to pass the filter as long as it does not
match one or more "negative-rules", or "deny rules". Today network firewalls are built
into most computer operating systems and network appliances.
Modern firewalls can filter traffic based on many packet attributes like source IP address,
source port, destination IP address or port, destination service like WWW or FTP. They
can filter based on protocols, TTL values, netblock of originator, domain name of the
source, and many other attributes.
Application-layer
Application-layer firewalls work on the application level of the TCP/IP stack (i.e., all
browser traffic, or all telnet or ftp traffic), and may intercept all packets traveling to or
from an application. They block other packets (usually dropping them without
acknowledgement to the sender). In principle, application firewalls can prevent all
unwanted outside traffic from reaching protected machines.
By inspecting all packets for improper content, firewalls can even prevent the spread of
the likes of viruses. In practice, however, this becomes so complex and so difficult to
attempt (given the variety of applications and the diversity of content each may allow in
its packet traffic) that comprehensive firewall design does not generally attempt this
approach.
The XML firewall exemplifies a more recent kind of application-layer firewall.
Proxies
A proxy device (running either on dedicated hardware or as software on a general-
purpose machine) may act as a firewall by responding to input packets (connection
requests, for example) in the manner of an application, whilst blocking other packets.
Proxies make tampering with an internal system from the external network more difficult
and misuse of one internal system would not necessarily cause a security breach
5
6. exploitable from outside the firewall (as long as the application proxy remains intact and
properly configured). Conversely, intruders may hijack a publicly-reachable system and
use it as a proxy for their own purposes; the proxy then masquerades as that system to
other internal machines. While use of internal address spaces enhances security, crackers
may still employ methods such as IP spoofing to attempt to pass packets to a target
network..
Network address translation
Firewalls often have network address translation (NAT) functionality, and the hosts
protected behind a firewall commonly have addresses in the "private address range", as
defined in RFC 1918. Firewalls often have such functionality to hide the true address of
protected hosts.
Management
The Middlebox Communication (midcom) Working Group of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) is working on standardizing protocols for managing firewalls and
other middleboxes.
• Middlebox Communications (MIDCOM) Protocol Semantics
Working Of Firewall
If you have been using the Internet for any length of time, and especially if you work at a
larger company and browse the Web while you are at work, you have probably heard the
term firewall used. For example, you often hear people in companies say things like, "I
can't use that site because they won't let it through the firewall."
6
7. If you have a fast Internet connection into your home (either a DSL connection or a cable
modem), you may have found yourself hearing about firewalls for your home network as
well. It turns out that a small home network has many of the same security issues that a
large corporate network does. You can use a firewall to protect your home network and
family from offensive Web sites and potential hackers.
Basically, a firewall is a barrier to keep destructive forces away from your property. In
fact, that's why its called a firewall. Its job is similar to a physical firewall that keeps a
fire from spreading from one area to the next. As you read through this article, you will
learn more about firewalls, how they work and what kinds of threats they can protect you
from.
What It Does
A firewall is simply a program or hardware device that filters the Information coming
through the Internet connection into your private network or computer system. If an
incoming packet of information is flagged by the filters, it is not allowed through.
If you have read the article How Web Servers Work, then you know a good bit about how
data moves on the Internet, and you can easily see how a firewall helps protect computers
7
8. inside a large company. Let's say that you work at a company with 500 employees. The
company will therefore have hundreds of computers that all have network cards connecting
them together. In addition, the company will have one or more connections to the Internet
through something like T1 or T3 lines. Without a firewall in place, all of those hundreds of
computers are directly accessible to anyone on the Internet. A person who knows what he
or she is doing can probe those computers, try to make FTP connections to them, try to
make telnet connections to them and so on. If one employee makes a mistake and leaves a
security hole, hackers can get to the machine and exploit the hole.
With a firewall in place, the landscape is much different. A company will place a firewall at
every connection to the Internet (for example, at every T1 line coming into the company).
The firewall can implement security rules. For example, one of the security rules inside the
company might be:
Out of the 500 computers inside this company, only one of them is permitted to
receive public FTP traffic. Allow FTP connections only to that one computer and
prevent them on all others.
A company can set up rules like this for FTP servers, Web servers, Telnet servers and so
on. In addition, the company can control how employees connect to Web sites, whether
files are allowed to leave the company over the network and so on. A firewall gives a
company tremendous control over how people use the network.
Firewalls use one or more of three methods to control traffic flowing in and out of the
network:
1. Packet filtering - Packets (small chunks of data) are analyzed against a set of
filters. Packets that make it through the filters are sent to the requesting system
and all others are discarded.
2. Proxy service - Information from the Internet is retrieved by the firewall and then
sent to the requesting system and vice versa.
3. Stateful inspection - A newer method that doesn't examine the contents of each
packet but instead compares certain key parts of the packet to a database of
8
9. trusted information. Information traveling from inside the firewall to the outside is
monitored for specific defining characteristics, then incoming information is
compared to these characteristics. If the comparison yields a reasonable match,
the information is allowed through. Otherwise it is discarded.
Making the Firewall Fit
1. Firewalls are customizable. This means that you can add or remove filters based
on several conditions. Some of these are:
2. IP addresses - Each machine on the Internet is assigned a unique address called an
IP address. IP addresses are 32-bit numbers, normally expressed as four "octets"
in a "dotted decimal number." A typical IP address looks like this: 216.27.61.137.
For example, if a certain IP address outside the company is reading too many files
from a server, the firewall can block all traffic to or from that IP address.
3. Domain names - Because it is hard to remember the string of numbers that make
up an IP address, and because IP addresses sometimes need to change, all servers
on the Internet also have human-readable names, called domain names. For
example, it is easier for most of us to remember www.howstuffworks.com than it
is to remember 216.27.61.137. A company might block all access to certain
domain names, or allow access only to specific domain names.
4. Protocols - The protocol is the pre-defined way that someone who wants to use a
service talks with that service. The "someone" could be a person, but more often it
is a computer program like a Web browser. Protocols are often text, and simply
describe how the client and server will have their conversation. The http in the
Web's protocol. Some common protocols that you can set firewall filters for
include:
1. IP (Internet Protocol) - the main delivery system for information over the
Internet
2. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - used to break apart and rebuild
information that travels over the Internet
3. HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) - used for Web pages
9
10. 4. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - used to download and upload files
5. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - used for information that requires no response,
such as streaming audio and video
6. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) - used by a router to exchange the
information with other routers
7. SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) - used to send text-based information (e-
mail)
8. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) - used to collect system
information from a remote computer
9. Telnet - used to perform commands on a remote computer
A company might set up only one or two machines to handle a specific protocol and ban
that protocol on all other machines.
Ports - Any server machine makes its services available to the Internet using
numbered ports, one for each service that is available on the server (see How Web
Servers Work for details). For example, if a server machine is running a Web (HTTP)
server and an FTP server, the Web server would typically be available on port 80, and the
FTP server would be available on port 21. A company might block port 21 access on all
machines but one inside the company.
Specific words and phrases - This can be anything. The firewall will sniff (search
through) each packet of information for an exact match of the text listed in the filter. For
example, you could instruct the firewall to block any packet with the word "X-rated" in
it. The key here is that it has to be an exact match. The "X-rated" filter would not catch
"X rated" (no hyphen). But you can include as many words, phrases and variations of
them as you need. Some operating systems come with a firewall built in. Otherwise, a
software firewall can be installed on the computer in your home that has an Internet
connection. This computer is considered a gateway because it provides the only point of
access between your home network and the Internet.
With a hardware firewall, the firewall unit itself is normally the gateway. A good
example is the Linksys Cable/DSL router. It has a built-in Ethernet card and hub.
10
11. Computers in your home network connect to the router, which in turn is connected to
either a cable or DSL modem. You configure the router via a Web-based interface that
you reach through the browser on your computer. You can then set any filters or
additional information.
Hardware firewalls are incredibly secure and not very expensive. Home versions that
include a router, firewall and Ethernet hub for broadband connections can be found for
well under $100.
What It Protects You From
There are many creative ways that unscrupulous people use to access or abuse
unprotected computers:
Remote login - When someone is able to connect to your computer and control it in
some form. This can range from being able to view or access your files to actually
running programs on your computer.
Application backdoors - Some programs have special features that allow for remote
access. Others contain bugs that provide a backdoor, or hidden access, that provides
some level of control of the program.
SMTP session hijacking - SMTP is the most common method of sending e-mail over
the Internet. By gaining access to a list of e-mail addresses, a person can send
unsolicited junk e-mail (spam) to thousands of users. This is done quite often by
redirecting the e-mail through the SMTP server of an unsuspecting host, making the
actual sender of the spam difficult to trace.
Operating system bugs - Like applications, some operating systems have backdoors.
Others provide remote access with insufficient security controls or have bugs that an
experienced hacker can take advantage of.
Denial of service - You have probably heard this phrase used in news reports on the
11
12. attacks on major Web sites. This type of attack is nearly impossible to counter. What
happens is that the hacker sends a request to the server to connect to it. When the server
responds with an acknowledgement and tries to establish a session, it cannot find the
system that made the request. By inundating a server with these unanswerable session
requests, a hacker causes the server to slow to a crawl or eventually crash.
E-mail bombs - An e-mail bomb is usually a personal attack. Someone sends you
the same e-mail hundreds or thousands of times until your e-mail system cannot
accept any more messages.
Macros - To simplify complicated procedures, many applications allow you to
create a script of commands that the application can run. This script is known as a
macro. Hackers have taken advantage of this to create their own macros that,
depending on the application, can destroy your data or crash your computer.
Viruses - Probably the most well-known threat is computer viruses. A virus is a
small program that can copy itself to other computers. This way it can spread quickly
from one system to the next. Viruses range from harmless messages to erasing all of
your data.
Spam - Typically harmless but always annoying, spam is the electronic equivalent
of junk mail. Spam can be dangerous though. Quite often it contains links to Web
sites. Be careful of clicking on these because you may accidentally accept a cookie
that provides a backdoor to your computer.
• Redirect bombs - Hackers can use ICMP to change (redirect) the path
information takes by sending it to a different router. This is one of the ways that a
denial of service attack is set up.
• Source routing - In most cases, the path a packet travels over the Internet (or any
other network) is determined by the routers along that path. But the source
providing the packet can arbitrarily specify the route that the packet should travel.
Hackers sometimes take advantage of this to make information appear to come
from a trusted source or even from inside the network! Most firewall products
disable source routing by default.
Some of the items in the list above are hard, if not impossible, to filter using a firewall.
While some firewalls offer virus protection, it is worth the investment to install anti-virus
12
13. software on each computer. And, even though it is annoying, some spam is going to get
through your firewall as long as you accept e-mail.
The level of security you establish will determine how many of these threats can be
stopped by your firewall. The highest level of security would be to simply block
everything. Obviously that defeats the purpose of having an Internet connection. But a
common rule of thumb is to block everything, then begin to select what types of traffic
you will allow. You can also restrict traffic that travels through the firewall so that only
certain types of information, such as e-mail, can get through. This is a good rule for
businesses that have an experienced network administrator that understands what the
needs are and knows exactly what traffic to allow through. For most of us, it is probably
better to work with the defaults provided by the firewall developer unless there is a
specific reason to change it.
One of the best things about a firewall from a security standpoint is that it stops anyone
on the outside from logging onto a computer in your private network. While this is a big
deal for businesses, most home networks will probably not be threatened in this manner.
Still, putting a firewall in place provides some peace of mind.
Proxy Servers and DMZ
A function that is often combined with a firewall is a proxy server. The proxy
server is used to access Web pages by the other computers. When another computer
requests a Web page, it is retrieved by the proxy server and then sent to the
requesting computer. The net effect of this action is that the remote computer
hosting the Web page never comes into direct contact with anything on your home
network, other than the proxy server.
Proxy servers can also make your Internet access work more efficiently. If you
access a page on a Web site, it is cached (stored) on the proxy server. This means
that the next time you go back to that page, it normally doesn't have to load again
from the Web site. Instead it loads instantaneously from the proxy server.
13
14. There are times that you may want remote users to have access to items on your
network. Some examples are:
• Web site
• Online business
• FTP download and upload area
In cases like this, you may want to create a DMZ (Demilitarized Zone). Although
this sounds pretty serious, it really is just an area that is outside the firewall. Think
of DMZ as the front yard of your house. It belongs to you and you may put some
things there, but you would put anything valuable inside the house where it can be
properly secured.
Setting up a DMZ is very easy. If you have multiple computers, you can choose to
simply place one of the computers between the Internet connection and the firewall.
Most of the software firewalls available will allow you to designate a directory on
the gateway computer as a DMZ.
Once you have a firewall in place, you should test it. A great way to do this is to go
to www.grc.com and try their free Shields Up! security test. You will get immediate
feedback on just how secure your system is!
Conclusion
A firewall is an information technology (IT) security device which is configured to
permit, deny or proxy data connections set and configured by the organization's security
policy. Firewalls can either be hardware and/or software based. A firewall is also called a
Border Protection Device (BPD) in certain military contexts were a firewall separates
networks by creating perimeter networks in a DMZ. In a BSD context they are also
14
15. known as a packet filter. A firewall's function is analogous to firewalls in building
construction.
15