This document discusses fire and electrical hazards in industrial plants. It defines fire and explains the three factors required for combustion. Electrical hazards are also defined, including how shocks occur through direct or indirect contact with energized circuits. The document outlines different types of electrical circuits and provides tips to prevent hazards, such as grounding equipment, inspecting for defects, and using insulated tools. Fire hazards are controlled through plant layout, isolation of operations, fire-resistant construction, and installation of alarms and extinguishing equipment.

1. FIRE AND ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
PRESENTED BY
RESHMA FATHIMA.K
FIRST YEAR M.PHARM
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS
 CONTROL OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION
 INDUSTRIAL PLANT
 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
 HOW SHOCK OCCUR
 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
 PREVENTION OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

3. INTRODUCTION
Hazard is a term associated with a substance that is
likelihood to cause an injury in a given environment
or situation.
Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition
produced by industries that may cause injury or
death to personnel or loss of product or property
safety in simple terms means freedom from the
occurrence of risk or injury or loss.

4. Industrial safety or employee safety
It refers to the protection of workers from the
danger of industrial accidents.
Safety hazards
Toxic and corrosive chemicals,fire,explosions and
personnel falling into accidents are the major
health and safety hazards encountered in the
operations of chemical and pharmaceutical related
industries.

5. Accident prevention needs systemic and technical
study of every aspect of the plant design and
operation. Todays industry employs user friendly
machinery, which can withstand human error and
equipment failure.

6. FIRE OR COMBUSTION
Combustion may be defined as a chemical reaction
accompanied by the emission of light and heat
Three factors are essential for combustion namely
 Combustible materials
 Oxygen
 Temperature
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS

7. Spontaneous combustion and non explosion proof
electrical equipment is the potential ignition
source.
Fire occur in industry is more frequently than
explosions and toxic release, although the
consequences in terms of loss of life are generally
less. Therefore fire might be less hazardous.
Fire can take several different forms including
 Jet fires
 Pool fires
 Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion.

8. CONTROL OF FIRE AND
EXPLOSION
Fire protection provisions are applicable to
bulk drug industries, whether
synthetic,biological or microbiological.
Government regulations are available for
safety in fire protection.

9.  Careful plant layout and judicious choice of constructional
materials can reduce fire and explosion hazards.
 Hazards operations should be isolated by conducting them in
separate buildings.
• Fire resistance brick walls or reinforced concrete walls can
limit the effect of an explosion.
 The roof is designed to left easily under an explosive force
 Possible sources of fire are reduced by eliminating ignition
sources.
 Installation of fire alarms temperature alarms fire fighting
equipment and sprinkler system must be specified in design

10. INDUSTRIAL PLANT
 Location
 Arrangement of buildings
 Fire mains, hydrants and hoses
 Fire alarm equipment
BUILDINGS
 Type of construction
 Exits
 Lighting
 Color in industry

11.  Ventilation
 Sanitation
 Automatic sprinkler system
 First aid
 Fire extinguisher
 Equipment
 Avoiding of general machinery
 Flammable liquids

12. Fires are divided into three categories
Class A fires – originated from ordinary combustible
materials
Class B fires-originated from oils , greases,
flammable liquids etc.
Class C fires – originated from electrical equipments

13. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
 Soda acid extinguisher
 Water gas extinguisher
 Foam extinguisher
 Carbon dioxide extinguisher
 Dry powder chemical extinguisher

14. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
Electrical hazards are 1 of the 4 main hazards in construction
causing serious injury or death. Approximately 350
electrically related fatalities occur each year. That’s 350
deaths that could be prevented
Many people working with electricity do not understand how
it works. Operating an electrical switch is like turning on a
water faucet. Behind the faucet (or)switch there is a source
of water (or electricity), a way to transport it, and pressure
to make it flow. The faucet’s water source is a reservoir or
pumping station.

15.  A pump provides enough pressure for the water to
travel through the pipes. The switch’s electrical
source is a power generating station. A generator
provides the pressure for the electrical current to
travel through electrical conductors, or wires.
 Three factors determine the resistance of a
substance to the flow of electricity:
 What is made of
 Its temperature , its size

16. HOW SHOCKS OCCUR
 Electricity travels in closed circuits, normally
through a conductor. Shock results when the body
becomes part of the electrical circuit; current
enters the body at one point and leaves at
another. Typically, shock occurs when a person
contacts:
 Both wires of an energized circuit
 One wire of an energized circuit and the ground

17.  A metallic part in contact with an energized wire while the
person is also in contact with the ground.
The most frequent causes of electrical injury/death are:
 Contact with power lines
 Lack of ground-fault protection
 Path to ground missing or discontinuous
 Equipment not used in manner prescribed
 Improper use of extension and flexible cords

18. TYPES OF ELECTRICAL
HAZARDS
SHORT CIRCUIT
SERIES CIRCUIT
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
SHORT CIRCUIT
A short circuit is a low resistance path usually made
unintentionally that bypasses the part of a circuit.
This can happen when two base coils in a circuit
touch each other.

19. SERIES CIRCUIT
The same current flows through all the components.
The total voltage across the circuit is the sum of
voltages across each components and the total
resistance is the sum of the total resistances of
each components
V=V1 + V2+ V3
R = R1 + R2 + R3

20. PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Smaller wires connected parallel with same voltage but
different amount of current flowing through them
depends upon the resistance of the individual wires.
TO AVOID HAZARDS
 Look for overhead power lines and buried power line
indicators. Post warning signs.
 Contact utilities for buried power line locations.
 Stay at least 10 feet away from overhead power lines

21.  Use double-insulated tools and equipment, distinctively
marked.
 Use tools and equipment according to the instructions
included in their listing, labeling or certification.
 Ground all power supply systems, electrical circuits,
and electrical equipment.
 Frequently inspect electrical systems to ensure that the
path to ground is continuous.
 Visually inspect all electrical equipment before use.
Take any defective equipment out of service

22. Frequently inspect electrical systems to ensure
that the path to ground is continuous.
Visually inspect all electrical equipment before
use. Take any defective equipment out of service
Use non conducting wood
Use only extension cords that are three wire type