Routers are network devices that connect different networks and direct data packets between them. They work at the network layer and use routing tables and routing protocols to determine the best path for packets to travel. There are different types of routers for different uses, such as broadband routers for homes/small offices, wireless routers, edge routers at the network boundary, and core routers that connect large networks at high speeds. Routers provide advantages like easily sharing an internet connection between devices and adding security, but also have disadvantages like complicated setup processes and adding data overhead.
Routers are networking devices that forward data packets between computer networks by reading the address information in each packet and determining the ultimate destination. Routers then use information in their routing tables to direct each packet to the next network on its journey until it reaches its destination. Common types of routers include broadband routers for homes/small offices, wireless routers that create wireless signals, core routers for internet backbones, and edge routers that provide access points to core networks. Routers work at the network layer and use routing protocols to share information and select the best paths between networks.
A network switch is a telecommunications device that receives messages and sends them to their intended destinations. It connects network segments or devices and forwards data to one or multiple targets that need to receive it. Switches operate at the data link layer to process and forward data, unlike hubs but similar to routers. They improve network performance by reducing broadcast domains and using hardware to map ports to device addresses.
A gateway is a networking device that connects two different protocol based networks and allows communication between them. In a home network, a gateway provides internet access to other devices on the local network. In an enterprise setting, a gateway provides security and manages traffic between the internal network and external networks like the internet.
This document discusses various network components and their functions. It begins by explaining how data packets are transmitted with header information containing the source and destination addresses. It then describes several common network devices:
Switches inspect packets and forward them to the correct computer, reducing network congestion. Hubs simply transfer all data through their ports, allowing any device to see all network traffic. Wireless access points connect WiFi devices to a network using radio frequencies. Network interface cards and wireless network interface cards allow devices to connect to networks physically or wirelessly.
Routers read address information to determine a packet's destination network and direct the traffic accordingly. Other components discussed include repeaters, gateways, bridges, firewalls, servers,
ATM is a packet-oriented transfer mode. It allows multiple logical connections to be multiplexed over a single physical interface. The information flow on each logical connection is organized into fixed-size packets, called cells. As with frame relay, there is no link-by-link error control or flow control.
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from source to destination using a routing algorithm. The routing algorithm must deal with issues of correctness, stability, fairness, and optimality. The network layer also handles congestion when more packets enter an area than can be processed. When connecting different network technologies, the same problems are present but are worse as packets may travel through many different networks with different formats and technologies.
This document discusses local area networks (LANs) and the use of fiber optic cables in LAN architecture. It describes different LAN topologies including bus, ring, star and their implementations. It compares fiber optic cables favorably to copper cables, noting fiber's higher bandwidth, reliability and longer transmission distances. The document also discusses specific ring-based standards like FDDI that use fiber optic cables to interconnect lower-speed LANs or mainframe computers at speeds up to 100 Mbps. Overall, the document promotes the use of fiber optic cables in LANs for their benefits over copper in supporting growing bandwidth demands.
This presentation is about the introduction to network switch layer technology. A network switch is a device tha is used to connect different segments over the network.This ppt includes introduction to switch,types of switches or layer specification,advantages and disadvantages of switch..
I hope it will be very helpful for the engineering students and the others who are interested to search in deep about network switch.
Routers are networking devices that forward data packets between computer networks by reading the address information in each packet and determining the ultimate destination. Routers then use information in their routing tables to direct each packet to the next network on its journey until it reaches its destination. Common types of routers include broadband routers for homes/small offices, wireless routers that create wireless signals, core routers for internet backbones, and edge routers that provide access points to core networks. Routers work at the network layer and use routing protocols to share information and select the best paths between networks.
A network switch is a telecommunications device that receives messages and sends them to their intended destinations. It connects network segments or devices and forwards data to one or multiple targets that need to receive it. Switches operate at the data link layer to process and forward data, unlike hubs but similar to routers. They improve network performance by reducing broadcast domains and using hardware to map ports to device addresses.
A gateway is a networking device that connects two different protocol based networks and allows communication between them. In a home network, a gateway provides internet access to other devices on the local network. In an enterprise setting, a gateway provides security and manages traffic between the internal network and external networks like the internet.
This document discusses various network components and their functions. It begins by explaining how data packets are transmitted with header information containing the source and destination addresses. It then describes several common network devices:
Switches inspect packets and forward them to the correct computer, reducing network congestion. Hubs simply transfer all data through their ports, allowing any device to see all network traffic. Wireless access points connect WiFi devices to a network using radio frequencies. Network interface cards and wireless network interface cards allow devices to connect to networks physically or wirelessly.
Routers read address information to determine a packet's destination network and direct the traffic accordingly. Other components discussed include repeaters, gateways, bridges, firewalls, servers,
ATM is a packet-oriented transfer mode. It allows multiple logical connections to be multiplexed over a single physical interface. The information flow on each logical connection is organized into fixed-size packets, called cells. As with frame relay, there is no link-by-link error control or flow control.
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from source to destination using a routing algorithm. The routing algorithm must deal with issues of correctness, stability, fairness, and optimality. The network layer also handles congestion when more packets enter an area than can be processed. When connecting different network technologies, the same problems are present but are worse as packets may travel through many different networks with different formats and technologies.
This document discusses local area networks (LANs) and the use of fiber optic cables in LAN architecture. It describes different LAN topologies including bus, ring, star and their implementations. It compares fiber optic cables favorably to copper cables, noting fiber's higher bandwidth, reliability and longer transmission distances. The document also discusses specific ring-based standards like FDDI that use fiber optic cables to interconnect lower-speed LANs or mainframe computers at speeds up to 100 Mbps. Overall, the document promotes the use of fiber optic cables in LANs for their benefits over copper in supporting growing bandwidth demands.
This presentation is about the introduction to network switch layer technology. A network switch is a device tha is used to connect different segments over the network.This ppt includes introduction to switch,types of switches or layer specification,advantages and disadvantages of switch..
I hope it will be very helpful for the engineering students and the others who are interested to search in deep about network switch.
This document discusses various networking devices used to connect electronic devices and share resources in a computer network. It describes network interface cards (NICs) that provide the physical interface between a computer and cabling. It also covers repeaters that regenerate signals to extend distances, modems that modulate and demodulate signals for internet connections, hubs and switches that connect multiple devices either by broadcasting or selectively forwarding, bridges that segment networks while filtering traffic, and routers that intelligently connect different network types and choose optimal paths between them. The document provides details on the function and layer (physical, data link, network) of operation for each type of networking device.
This document describes different types of antennas used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. It discusses transmitter and receiver antennas. Specific antenna types covered include Yagi-Uda antennas, log-periodic antennas, helix antennas, parabolic antennas, loop antennas, and antenna arrays. Each antenna type has distinct characteristics that make it suitable for different frequency ranges and applications.
Network switches, functions & role in networksIT Tech
A network switch connects multiple computers together on a local area network (LAN) and operates at the data link layer of the OSI model. It receives messages and transmits them only to the intended device, unlike a hub. Switches create separate collision domains to allow connected devices to transfer data simultaneously without interference. They can operate at different layers, with layer 3 switches having additional routing capabilities. Switches establish network connectivity and performance within a LAN.
Fisheye State Routing (FSR) - Protocol OverviewYoav Francis
Overview of the Fisheye State Routing (FSR) for cellular networks, IDC 2012
By Yoav Francis and Nir Solomon
(Part of a performance comparison of various routing algorithms in cellular networks)
This document discusses different types of routing protocols. It describes static routing protocols where routes are manually configured by an administrator. It then covers dynamic routing protocols which automatically update routing tables. The main dynamic routing protocols covered are RIP, RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP. RIP is a distance vector protocol that exchanges full routing tables every 30 seconds. RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP are also discussed with their key characteristics.
This document discusses network management for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to traditional network management models and then discusses key design issues for network management in WSNs including power efficiency, scalability, and simplicity. It provides MANNA as an example management architecture for WSNs and discusses other related issues like naming, localization, and fault tolerance. The document also outlines applications of WSNs such as habitat monitoring, structural monitoring, and smart roads.
1. Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the motion of planets and satellites in orbit. The orbital period is determined by the semimajor axis of the elliptical orbit.
2. A geostationary orbit is circular, at an altitude that matches the orbital period to Earth's sidereal day, and in the equatorial plane. A geosynchronous orbit has the correct period but may have eccentricity or inclination.
3. Orbital elements like eccentricity, semimajor axis, inclination and nodes define the characteristics of Earth-orbiting satellites. Perturbations from factors like the Sun and Moon cause the orbital elements and position to change over time.
This document defines and discusses different types of computer networks. It begins by defining a computer network as an interconnection of two or more computers that allows them to communicate and share resources. It then lists some common applications of computer networks such as sharing printers, software, databases, exchanging data and information, and sharing information over large geographic areas. The rest of the document discusses and compares different types of computer networks including personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and campus area networks (CANs). It also covers the components, benefits, and classifications of computer networks based on geography.
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. There are two main types: wired routers that use physical connections like cables, and wireless routers that use radio frequencies to transmit data wirelessly. Routers contain routing tables that determine the best path to send data to its destination network, whether it is on the same local area network or a different remote network. Routers allow devices on different networks to communicate by directing traffic to the appropriate destination.
Sensor node hardware and network architectureVidhi603146
The document discusses the hardware components and architecture of sensor nodes. It describes the main components as the controller module, memory module, communication module, sensing modules, and power supply module. The controller is the core and processes data from sensors. Memory stores programs and data. The communication device allows nodes to exchange data wirelessly. Sensors interface with the physical environment. Power is stored and replenished through batteries or energy scavenging from the environment. TinyOS was developed as an operating system for sensor networks since traditional OSes were not suitable due to constraints like limited memory and power.
There are two main types of routing protocols: distance vector protocols like RIP and IGRP that determine the best path based on hop count and send the full routing table, and link state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that advertise link information to build a shared topology database and converge faster. EIGRP is a hybrid protocol that behaves like a distance vector protocol. Interior routing protocols like these are used within an autonomous system, while exterior protocols like BGP route between autonomous systems.
Minimize energy per packet (or per bit)
Maximize network lifetime
Routing considering available battery energy
Maximum Total Available Battery Capacity
Minimum Battery Cost Routing (MBCR)
Min– Max Battery Cost Routing (MMBCR)
Conditional Max – Min Battery Capacity Routing (CMMBCR)
Minimize variance in power levels
Minimum Total Transmission Power Routing (MTPR)
This document discusses the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) which provides a loop-free network topology by placing ports into blocking states. It describes how STP elects a root bridge, establishes root and designated ports, and transitions ports between blocking and forwarding states. The document also introduces Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol which speeds up STP's recalculation of the spanning tree when the network topology changes.
The document discusses wireless sensor networks and describes their key characteristics. It notes that wireless sensor networks consist of low-power smart sensor nodes distributed over a large field to enable wireless sensing and data networking. The sensor nodes contain sensors, processors, memory, and radios. Wireless sensor networks can be either unstructured with dense node distribution or structured with few scattered nodes.
This document discusses different network topologies. It describes mesh, star, bus, ring and tree topologies. For each topology it provides details on how the nodes are connected and examples of advantages and disadvantages. The key aspects are that topology refers to the arrangement of nodes and connections in a network, and choosing the right topology is important for network design and performance.
Delay refers to the time taken to transfer a message from sender to receiver. It is calculated based on processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay. Packet loss occurs when a router's queue is full and it must drop packets. Bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer, while throughput is the actual rate of successful data transfer from one point to another.
A LAN is a group of computers and devices connected together over a small area through high-speed, relatively inexpensive connections like Ethernet. A MAN connects multiple nearby LANs over an area of a few dozen kilometers, while a WAN connects networks across larger geographic areas like countries. Wired connections offer faster speeds than wireless but require Ethernet cables, while Wi-Fi is more convenient but can have interference issues. LANs are used to share resources, communicate, and ensure access to information for specified groups. Key LAN components include cables, servers, workstations, and hubs or switches. Common LAN topologies include bus, ring, star, tree and hybrid configurations.
Connection Establishment & Flow and Congestion ControlAdeel Rasheed
On these slides i describe all the detail about Connection Establishment & Flow and Congestion Control. For more detail visit: https://chauhantricks.blogspot.com/
This document summarizes several reactive routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Reactive protocols create routes only when needed by a source. Dynamic Source Routing uses route requests and replies to find paths, while Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm builds and maintains a directed acyclic graph rooted at destinations. Some protocols aim to improve quality of service or support real-time data streams through techniques like bandwidth estimation and mobility prediction. Source Routing with Local Recovery reduces overhead by allowing intermediate nodes to perform local error recovery using route caches when possible.
The document discusses the differences between routers, hubs, and switches. It states that hubs are used to connect network segments and copy packets to all ports. Switches operate at the data link layer and filter and forward packets between network segments. Routers are located at gateways where two or more networks connect, and use headers and tables to determine the best path to forward packets between networks. While routers, hubs, and switches now often combine functions, routers primarily connect and direct traffic between different networks, whereas hubs and switches operate within one network.
Routers connect different computer networks and forward data packets between them by reading the address information in each packet to determine the ultimate destination. A router contains a routing table with information about connected networks and uses this to determine the best path for packets to travel through multiple networks to reach their destination. There are two main types of routers: core routers connect different cities while edge routers connect users and hosts to networks.
This document discusses various networking devices used to connect electronic devices and share resources in a computer network. It describes network interface cards (NICs) that provide the physical interface between a computer and cabling. It also covers repeaters that regenerate signals to extend distances, modems that modulate and demodulate signals for internet connections, hubs and switches that connect multiple devices either by broadcasting or selectively forwarding, bridges that segment networks while filtering traffic, and routers that intelligently connect different network types and choose optimal paths between them. The document provides details on the function and layer (physical, data link, network) of operation for each type of networking device.
This document describes different types of antennas used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. It discusses transmitter and receiver antennas. Specific antenna types covered include Yagi-Uda antennas, log-periodic antennas, helix antennas, parabolic antennas, loop antennas, and antenna arrays. Each antenna type has distinct characteristics that make it suitable for different frequency ranges and applications.
Network switches, functions & role in networksIT Tech
A network switch connects multiple computers together on a local area network (LAN) and operates at the data link layer of the OSI model. It receives messages and transmits them only to the intended device, unlike a hub. Switches create separate collision domains to allow connected devices to transfer data simultaneously without interference. They can operate at different layers, with layer 3 switches having additional routing capabilities. Switches establish network connectivity and performance within a LAN.
Fisheye State Routing (FSR) - Protocol OverviewYoav Francis
Overview of the Fisheye State Routing (FSR) for cellular networks, IDC 2012
By Yoav Francis and Nir Solomon
(Part of a performance comparison of various routing algorithms in cellular networks)
This document discusses different types of routing protocols. It describes static routing protocols where routes are manually configured by an administrator. It then covers dynamic routing protocols which automatically update routing tables. The main dynamic routing protocols covered are RIP, RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP. RIP is a distance vector protocol that exchanges full routing tables every 30 seconds. RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP are also discussed with their key characteristics.
This document discusses network management for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to traditional network management models and then discusses key design issues for network management in WSNs including power efficiency, scalability, and simplicity. It provides MANNA as an example management architecture for WSNs and discusses other related issues like naming, localization, and fault tolerance. The document also outlines applications of WSNs such as habitat monitoring, structural monitoring, and smart roads.
1. Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the motion of planets and satellites in orbit. The orbital period is determined by the semimajor axis of the elliptical orbit.
2. A geostationary orbit is circular, at an altitude that matches the orbital period to Earth's sidereal day, and in the equatorial plane. A geosynchronous orbit has the correct period but may have eccentricity or inclination.
3. Orbital elements like eccentricity, semimajor axis, inclination and nodes define the characteristics of Earth-orbiting satellites. Perturbations from factors like the Sun and Moon cause the orbital elements and position to change over time.
This document defines and discusses different types of computer networks. It begins by defining a computer network as an interconnection of two or more computers that allows them to communicate and share resources. It then lists some common applications of computer networks such as sharing printers, software, databases, exchanging data and information, and sharing information over large geographic areas. The rest of the document discusses and compares different types of computer networks including personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and campus area networks (CANs). It also covers the components, benefits, and classifications of computer networks based on geography.
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. There are two main types: wired routers that use physical connections like cables, and wireless routers that use radio frequencies to transmit data wirelessly. Routers contain routing tables that determine the best path to send data to its destination network, whether it is on the same local area network or a different remote network. Routers allow devices on different networks to communicate by directing traffic to the appropriate destination.
Sensor node hardware and network architectureVidhi603146
The document discusses the hardware components and architecture of sensor nodes. It describes the main components as the controller module, memory module, communication module, sensing modules, and power supply module. The controller is the core and processes data from sensors. Memory stores programs and data. The communication device allows nodes to exchange data wirelessly. Sensors interface with the physical environment. Power is stored and replenished through batteries or energy scavenging from the environment. TinyOS was developed as an operating system for sensor networks since traditional OSes were not suitable due to constraints like limited memory and power.
There are two main types of routing protocols: distance vector protocols like RIP and IGRP that determine the best path based on hop count and send the full routing table, and link state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that advertise link information to build a shared topology database and converge faster. EIGRP is a hybrid protocol that behaves like a distance vector protocol. Interior routing protocols like these are used within an autonomous system, while exterior protocols like BGP route between autonomous systems.
Minimize energy per packet (or per bit)
Maximize network lifetime
Routing considering available battery energy
Maximum Total Available Battery Capacity
Minimum Battery Cost Routing (MBCR)
Min– Max Battery Cost Routing (MMBCR)
Conditional Max – Min Battery Capacity Routing (CMMBCR)
Minimize variance in power levels
Minimum Total Transmission Power Routing (MTPR)
This document discusses the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) which provides a loop-free network topology by placing ports into blocking states. It describes how STP elects a root bridge, establishes root and designated ports, and transitions ports between blocking and forwarding states. The document also introduces Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol which speeds up STP's recalculation of the spanning tree when the network topology changes.
The document discusses wireless sensor networks and describes their key characteristics. It notes that wireless sensor networks consist of low-power smart sensor nodes distributed over a large field to enable wireless sensing and data networking. The sensor nodes contain sensors, processors, memory, and radios. Wireless sensor networks can be either unstructured with dense node distribution or structured with few scattered nodes.
This document discusses different network topologies. It describes mesh, star, bus, ring and tree topologies. For each topology it provides details on how the nodes are connected and examples of advantages and disadvantages. The key aspects are that topology refers to the arrangement of nodes and connections in a network, and choosing the right topology is important for network design and performance.
Delay refers to the time taken to transfer a message from sender to receiver. It is calculated based on processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay. Packet loss occurs when a router's queue is full and it must drop packets. Bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer, while throughput is the actual rate of successful data transfer from one point to another.
A LAN is a group of computers and devices connected together over a small area through high-speed, relatively inexpensive connections like Ethernet. A MAN connects multiple nearby LANs over an area of a few dozen kilometers, while a WAN connects networks across larger geographic areas like countries. Wired connections offer faster speeds than wireless but require Ethernet cables, while Wi-Fi is more convenient but can have interference issues. LANs are used to share resources, communicate, and ensure access to information for specified groups. Key LAN components include cables, servers, workstations, and hubs or switches. Common LAN topologies include bus, ring, star, tree and hybrid configurations.
Connection Establishment & Flow and Congestion ControlAdeel Rasheed
On these slides i describe all the detail about Connection Establishment & Flow and Congestion Control. For more detail visit: https://chauhantricks.blogspot.com/
This document summarizes several reactive routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Reactive protocols create routes only when needed by a source. Dynamic Source Routing uses route requests and replies to find paths, while Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm builds and maintains a directed acyclic graph rooted at destinations. Some protocols aim to improve quality of service or support real-time data streams through techniques like bandwidth estimation and mobility prediction. Source Routing with Local Recovery reduces overhead by allowing intermediate nodes to perform local error recovery using route caches when possible.
The document discusses the differences between routers, hubs, and switches. It states that hubs are used to connect network segments and copy packets to all ports. Switches operate at the data link layer and filter and forward packets between network segments. Routers are located at gateways where two or more networks connect, and use headers and tables to determine the best path to forward packets between networks. While routers, hubs, and switches now often combine functions, routers primarily connect and direct traffic between different networks, whereas hubs and switches operate within one network.
Routers connect different computer networks and forward data packets between them by reading the address information in each packet to determine the ultimate destination. A router contains a routing table with information about connected networks and uses this to determine the best path for packets to travel through multiple networks to reach their destination. There are two main types of routers: core routers connect different cities while edge routers connect users and hosts to networks.
Plasma Antenna
Plasma antennas represent a new technology that uses ionized gas or plasma instead of metal as the conducting element. When gas is ionized it becomes conductive and allows radio signals to be transmitted or received. Plasma antennas have advantages over traditional metal antennas such as higher efficiency, gain, and bandwidth. They are also lighter weight, dynamically reconfigurable, and invisible to radar. Potential applications include military communications, broadcasting, and future wireless technologies requiring high speeds such as 5G.
Router is a networking device that connects different networks and selects the best path to forward packets between them. It operates at the network layer of the OSI model. Cisco is the leading router manufacturer, making 70% of the market. Routers come in different sizes for different uses - access routers for small networks, distribution routers for ISPs, and core routers for backbone networks. Static routing requires manually configuring routes, while dynamic routing uses protocols to share route information between routers automatically.
The document discusses routing protocol attacks against routers. It provides an overview of common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, BGP and CDP. It then describes different attacks against these protocols like spoofing, injection of malformed packets, autonomous system scanning and denial of service attacks. The document emphasizes the need for safeguards like disabling unnecessary protocols, implementing authentication and filtering to protect against routing protocol attacks.
The document discusses various network devices including network interface cards (NICs), hubs, switches, and routers. It explains that NICs connect devices to networks, hubs and switches allow multiple devices to connect, and routers link multiple networks. It provides details on a D-Link 10/100/1000 network adapter card, switch, and router, describing their specifications, standards compliance, and environmental operating conditions. It also includes review questions to test understanding of networking concepts.
This document discusses various networking devices and how they operate at different layers of the OSI model. It describes network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and how they function at layers 1, 2, or 3. Hubs operate at layer 1 and repeat/regenerate signals. Bridges and switches operate at layer 2 and filter traffic by MAC address. Routers operate at layer 3 and can route traffic between networks. VLAN switches can segment traffic into multiple broadcast domains to improve bandwidth utilization.
The document discusses different network topologies including token ring, linear bus, star, and tree topologies. It also covers transmission media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Key aspects summarized include that token ring networks use a ring topology with a token passing protocol to ensure only one device can transmit at a time, while star topologies connect devices through a central hub to isolate devices. Linear bus topologies use a main cable to connect all devices.
The document discusses router and routing protocol attacks. It provides an overview of common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, BGP and discusses their vulnerabilities. Specific attacks against these protocols are described like route injection attacks, spoofing, denial of service attacks. The document emphasizes the need for routing protocol security best practices like authentication, access control and monitoring to prevent such attacks.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
Embedded Devices on the Internet of Thingszdshelby
Talk authored by Jan Höller and Zach Shelby for the 2012 ETSI M2M workshop. This talk explains why IP and Web communications to all classes of embedded devices is a reality - requiring us to rethink how we design M2M systems.
2015.10.05 Updated > Network Device Development - Part 1: SwitchCheng-Yi Yu
This document provides instructions for setting up a network development environment using a Debian virtual machine. It includes choosing a board and operating system, installing Debian in a VMware virtual machine, configuring virtual networks, developing and installing simple kernel modules to test network functionality, and modifying kernel modules to implement basic firewall rules.
Cables ethernet fibre channel electric powerpoint ppt templates.SlideTeam.net
The document promotes downloadable PowerPoint slide templates from slideteam.net that can bring presentations to life and capture audiences' attention. All images are fully editable in PowerPoint. The slides contain placeholder text that can be customized with your own text.
This document summarizes and compares common network devices: hubs, switches, and routers. It explains that hubs broadcast all data to all ports, wasting bandwidth, while switches learn MAC addresses to send data only to the targeted port. Routers connect different networks and route packets between them, allowing communication across the internet.
Connecting devices to the internet of thingsBernard Kufluk
Connecting devices to IBM's Internet of Things Foundation. The foundation is a PaaS service allowing you to get devices connected quicker than ever before.
This document discusses different types of internetworking devices used to connect local area networks (LANs). It describes hubs, bridges, switches and routers in increasing order of complexity. Hubs simply repeat and broadcast data to all ports, while bridges learn and filter traffic between connected LANs. Switches operate similarly to bridges but provide dedicated connections for each workstation. Routers connect distinct networks like a LAN to the Internet, and make routing decisions based on IP addresses. The document outlines reasons for interconnecting LANs and the functions of various internetworking devices.
50 Connected Devices - How Mobile and the Internet of Things Will Affect YouApteligent
What happens when everything we touch is connected to the Internet? Welcome to the Internet of Things (IoT). At Crittercism, we live and breathe mobile. Browse this presentation to learn about the connected devices all around you – in your pocket, on your kitchen counter, in your backyard.
Want to learn more about how Crittercism can help your connected devices and IoT strategy? Visit http://bit.ly/OptimizeIoT today
This document discusses network cabling and making connections with Cat5 cable. It defines common cable types like coaxial, UTP and fiber optic cables. UTP cable characteristics and categories are described, with Cat5e listed as supporting data transfers up to 1000Mbps. The document outlines the tools and 8 steps to making a connection, including stripping, arranging wires according to the 568A or 568B standard, crimping an RJ45 connector onto the cable, and testing the connection.
The document discusses how to access the internet via a cable network using a cable modem. A cable modem connects a computer to the internet through a cable TV network connection and converts cable signals for transmission over the coaxial cable. While cable modems can theoretically receive data up to 30-40 Mbps, real-world performance is reduced due to limitations of other devices and bandwidth sharing. Cable internet access provides high-speed connectivity without affecting phone lines and allows multiple computers to connect through an Ethernet network.
The document discusses different types of cables used for network transmission including coaxial cables, twisted pair cables, and fiber optic cables. It describes the key characteristics of common coaxial cable types like RG-58, RG-8, RG-6, and RG-59. It also covers unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, shielded twisted pair (STP) cables, single mode fiber optic cable, and multi-mode fiber optic cable.
This document discusses various networking hardware devices and their functions. It describes network adapters, hubs, switches, routers, bridges, and gateways. It explains that network adapters connect devices to the network, hubs repeat signals, switches subdivide networks and support virtual LANs, routers integrate LANs and WANs using different protocols, bridges connect similar LANs, and gateways connect dissimilar networks. It also provides details on various types, features, and protocols associated with these networking hardware devices.
The document discusses various networking devices and their functions:
- Hubs broadcast messages to all connected devices, using more bandwidth than switches. Switches only send messages to the targeted device.
- Bridges divide larger networks and manage data flow between segments by examining MAC addresses.
- Routers route data between network segments by reading packet headers to determine destinations.
- Gateways translate between different data formats but not the data itself.
- Other devices discussed include wireless access points, modems, firewalls, network interface cards, and devices for specific media like fiber optics.
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. It has multiple network interfaces and uses information in routing tables to determine the best path to direct each packet. As a packet comes in one of its lines, the router reads the address and uses its routing information to determine the next network. This allows it to effectively direct traffic through multiple interconnected networks until packets reach their destination. Router technology has evolved alongside increases in network bandwidth, allowing networks to expand while also driving down costs over time.
A gateway connects two networks that use different protocols. It routes traffic between different networks, such as between a home or enterprise network and the internet. A firewall protects networks from unauthorized access by allowing or blocking network transmissions based on a set of rules. It can inspect traffic at the application and packet levels. A bridge connects two portions of a network at the data link layer. It filters traffic to send frames only to the concerned destination network to minimize congestion.
This document describes a student project to implement the OSPF routing protocol on routers using the Packet Tracer simulator. It includes an introduction to routing and OSPF, as well as chapters covering the OSPF process, router types, network architecture, results, advantages/disadvantages, and references. The project was completed by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree and submitted to their department for acceptance.
This document discusses different networking devices including hubs, switches, routers, bridges, and brouters. It provides information on their functions, design, and operation at both the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. It also discusses IP addresses and their role in identifying devices and enabling communication using the Internet Protocol.
Types of Routers What is a Router How Routers Work, and Uses of routers.pdfsunil shukla
The Router then receives the Packet data, and forwards the Destination Device after analyzing any hidden information in the Data Packet.
This Networking Device is used to connect different networks Wire or Wirelessly. We also use it at home, which we call Wireless Router. Which you access the Internet.
All About Routers: Types Of Routers, Routing Table And IP Routing : NotesSubhajit Sahu
Highlighted notes while studying the Course:
Advanced Computer Networks
Article: All About Routers: Types Of Routers, Routing Table And IP Routing
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This document contains lecture notes on data communication from Abul Kalam Robin dated September 10, 2021. It covers topics such as data communication, internet connections, data transmission modes, network types, network devices, network addressing, OSI and TCP/IP models, digital modulation, signals, broadband vs baseband transmission, transmission impairments, line coding, and encapsulation/de-capsulation. The notes are divided into multiple classes that progress from basic concepts to more advanced topics in computer networking.
IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP) and the first widely deployed. It uses 32-bit addresses and supports three addressing modes: unicast, broadcast, and multicast. IPv4 addresses are hierarchical and contain network and host identification information. Subnet masks are used to distinguish the network and host portions of an IPv4 address. There are five classes of IPv4 addresses - A, B, C, D and E - that help allocate addresses efficiently based on network size.
IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP) and the first widely deployed. It uses 32-bit addresses and supports three addressing modes: unicast, broadcast, and multicast. IPv4 addresses are hierarchical and contain network and host identification information. Subnet masks are used to distinguish the network and host portions of an IPv4 address. There are five classes of IPv4 addresses - A, B, C, D and E - designed for different sized networks.
This Presentation consists of various Network Devices
Hub, Router, Repeater, Bridge, Brouter, Gateway, NIC etc. It is very helpful for B.tech, BCA, MCA, M.Tech students and for those who is interested in networking.
A hub is a networking device that connects multiple devices on a local area network (LAN). It receives data packets through one port and broadcasts them to all other ports so all connected devices can see the packets. Hubs operate in half duplex mode and have no bandwidth management or collision detection. Switches are more advanced devices that can connect more devices than hubs. Switches have buffers and port-to-MAC address tables that allow them to send frames to specific ports faster than hubs. Routers connect multiple networks like LANs and WANs. Routers use IP addresses to route packets between networks and can run routing protocols to dynamically learn routes.
Network devices like hubs, switches, and routers connect computers in a network and help manage traffic flow. Hubs broadcast all received data to all ports but have limited bandwidth. Switches can connect more devices than hubs and have features like VLANs. Routers connect different networks and use IP addresses to direct traffic. Other devices like firewalls, VPNs, and IDS/IPS provide network security functions.
Network components include computers, cables, network interface cards, switches, and network operating systems. Multicast involves one or more senders and recipients sharing data traffic between unicast and broadcast. An intranet connects PCs within an organization privately, while the internet connects computers globally using TCP/IP. Active hubs boost and relay signals with their own power supply, and passive hubs rely on an active hub for power. Gateways connect different network protocols, and access points provide wireless connectivity to wired networks. Routers route data packets between networks or subnets. Modems convert digital signals to analog for telephone line transmission. Network topology refers to the arrangement of nodes and connections in a network.
This document discusses different types of network devices used to connect computer networks, including gateways, bridges, and routers. Gateways connect different types of networks and perform protocol conversion. Bridges operate at the data link layer and forward packets between network segments based on MAC addresses. Routers use routing tables and protocols to determine the best path between networks and forward packets accordingly. Dynamic routing allows routers to automatically update their routing tables based on network changes.
A hub, switch, and router each serve different functions in a network. A hub simply connects devices together but broadcasts all data to all ports. A switch connects devices and sends data only to the port of the intended recipient to avoid congestion. A router connects multiple networks together, both wired and wireless, and chooses the best path to send data packets between the networks.
Router Bridge Switch & Co. is a company founded in 2001 that researches networking devices. The document defines and describes routers, bridges, gateways, hubs, switches, and circuit switching versus packet switching. It also covers asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), a dedicated connection switching technology used to organize and transmit digital data.
This document discusses internetworking and the key concepts involved. It explains that an internetwork allows different networks to communicate by connecting them through intermediate systems like routers and bridges. There are two main architectural approaches for building an internetwork - connection-oriented which establishes virtual circuits, and connectionless which treats each packet independently. Connectionless is preferred and uses the Internet Protocol (IP). The document outlines the requirements, components, and operation of a connectionless internetwork. It also discusses important design issues like routing, datagram lifetime, fragmentation, error control, and flow control.
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
Report on Router
1. FINAL REPORT ON ROUTER
1
Contents
INTRODUCT ION: ................................................................................................. 2
How r outers wor k ................................................................................................. 7
Like a postal system or courier ........................................................................... 8
Routing Protocol ................................................................................................... 9
Types of routing protocol ...................................................................................... 9
Enhanced Interior Gat eway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) ........................................ 10
Interior Gateway Rout ing Protocol ( IGRP) ......................................................... 11
TYPES OF ROUTERS: ........................................................................................ 12
Broadband Routers: .......................................................................................... 12
Wireless Routers:............................................................................................. 13
OTHER TYPE ROUTERS: ................................................................................... 14
EDGE ROUTER: .............................................................................................. 14
SUBSCRIBER EDGE ROUTER: ........................................................................ 15
INTER-PROV IDER BORDERS ROUTER: .......................................................... 15
Core Router ..................................................................................................... 16
Advantage and Disadvantage of Routers ............................................................... 16
Advantage: ...................................................................................................... 16
Easily Shared Internet ...................................................................................... 16
Security and Adaptabi lity ................................................................................. 16
Disadvantage: .................................................................................................. 17
Complicated Setup ........................................................................................... 17
Data Overhead ................................................................................................. 17
2. FINAL REPORT ON ROUTER
2
INTRODUCTION:
A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer network
creating an overlay internetwork. A router is connected to two or more data
lines from different networks. When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the
router reads the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate
destination. Then, using information in its routing table or routing policy, it
directs the packet to the nex t network on its journey. Routers perform the
"traffic directing" functions on the internet. A data packet is typicall y forwarded
from one router to another through the networks that constitute the internetwork
until it reaches its destination node.
The most familiar t ype of routers are home and small office routers that simpl y
pass data, such as web pages, email, IM, and videos between the home
computers
and
the
Internet.
An
example
of
a
router
would
be
the
owner's cable or DSL modem, which connects to the Internet through an ISP
More sophisticated routers, such as enterprise routers, connect large business or
ISP networks up to the powerful core routers that forward data at high speed
along the optical fiber lines of the internet background. Though routers are
typicall y dedicated hardware devices, use of software -based routers has grown
increasingl y common. Routers are very common today in every network area,
this is mainl y because every network these days connect to some other network,
whether it's the Int ernet or some other remote site. Routers get their name from
what they do.which is route data from one network to another. Routers capture
the information that come through broadband connection via a modem and
deliver it to your computer The router choose route for the packet so that you
receive the information Firstl y. Routers are multiport devices and more
sophisticated as compared to repeaters and bridges. Routers also support
filtering bridges. They operate at physical, data link a nd network layer of OS I
model.
3. FINAL REPORT ON ROUTER
3
Like bridges, they are self learning, as they can communicate their existence to
other devices and can learn of the existence of new routers, nodes and LAN
segments.
A router has access to the network layer address or logica l address (IP address).
It contains a routing table that enables it to make decisions about the route i.e.
to determine which of several possible paths between the source and destination
is the best for a particular transmission. These routing tables are d ynamic and
are updated using routing protocols.
The routers receive the packets from one connected network and pass them to a
second connected network. However, if a received packet contains the address
of a node that is on some other network (of which the router is not a member),
the router determines which of its connected networks the best next relay point
for that packet is. Once the router has identified the best route for a packet to
travel, it passes the packet along the appropriate network to anothe r router. That
router checks the destination address, find what it considers the best route for
the packet and passes it to the destination network .
Router is a network communication device that is used to connect logicall y and
physicall y different networks. It can be used in the Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring,
ATM, Frame Relay, ISDN and other t ypes of the LAN/WAN. The router’s main
purpose is the sorting and distribution the data packets. Router contains and
maintains the routing table that has the in formation of the adjacent routers and
other connected networking devices. Router selects the shortest possible path to
send the data packets at the destination. It is an intelligent device that can
connect ATM with Frame Relay, ISDN with Frame Relay, SONET with ATM or
any other two dissimilar networks. Router uses different protocols such as RIP
(Routing Information Protocol), OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and BGP and
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) and EIGRP (Enhanced Interior
Gateway Routing Pr otocol. Routing protocols specifies that how routers will
communicate with each other in the WAN.
4. FINAL REPORT ON ROUTER
4
They determine that which path to select to send the data towards its
destination. There are three main t ypes of the routing protocols i.e. link state,
path vector and distance vector. Router contains the operating system, Flash
memory, NVRAM and processor.
High level routers contain the Application
Specific Integrated Circuits to perform parallel proce ssing. A router is also act
as
a
gateway
that
connects
LAN
with
the
inte rnet
For home and business users that use the high speed DSL connection a router
also act as a hardware firewall device. It filters and blocks the unwanted traffic
based on the IP address, port, protocol, application and service.
Before buying
router for deploying in your home or office network make sure it is compatible
with other devices in your networks. It is recommend that you buy and deploy
the all the network devices from the same vendor. Computers that specialize in
sending packets over the data networ k.They are responsible for interconnecting
networks by selecting the best path for a packet to travel and forwarding packets
to their destination Function of router is to take out the destination IP address
from the packet and determines the next network p oint to which a data packet
should be forwarded towards its destination. Before reaching the destination
from source, packet may have to follow a long path, in between it may go
through many routers, like first router m ay send it to second and so on number
may rise up to 10 to 20 routers .
5. FINAL REPORT ON ROUTER
Data is sent in form of packets between 2 end devices
Routers are used to direct packet to its destination
There are two major groups of router interfaces
LAN Interfaces:
1: Are used to connect router to LAN network
2: Has a layer 2 MAC address
3: Can be assigned a Layer 3 IP address
4: Usuall y consist of an RJ -45 jack
5
6. FINAL REPORT ON ROUTER
6
WAN Interfaces:
1: Are used to connect routers to external networks that interconnect LANs.
2: Depending on the WAN technology, a layer 2 address may be used.
3: Uses a layer 3 IP address
In such cases router can act as hardware firewall, it does not allow computer’s
IP address to directly expose to the internet A router work at layer 3 on OS I
Model and have functions on Layer 4 (filtering AC L, NAT) and don't perform
any scan on Hosts. Basicall y, He only route packets so onl y know the
source/destination IP and if the PC is on a subnet directl y connected he know
the MAC address. Some routers can capture packet or monitoring and by this
information you can determine Port of a Host. If you use overloaded an
encrypted VPN can prevent the reading of information of packets.
7. FINAL REPORT ON ROUTER
7
How routers work
A router passes data between multiple networks. It works at the “layer 3” (the
network link layer),
which means that it must be able to understand the data packets so that it can
route them to their destination.
Routers are essentially computers optimized for handling p ackets that have
to be transferred between separate networks. Routers attempt to send
packets from their source to their destination in the fastest way possible,
8. FINAL REPORT ON ROUTER
8
which is not always the absolute shortest path.
On a network, packets with destinations on th e LAN go directl y from the
sending machine to the destination machine without any intermediaries.
However, if the destination address of a packet is outside the LAN, the
sending machine sends it to the router, which the sending machine knows as
the default gateway, and has no further interaction with that packet.
When the router receives a packet destined for a point outside the LAN, it
looks to see if it has a route to get the packet to that destination network. If it
does (or if it has a default gateway of its own), it will send the packet to the
next stop.
Like a postal system or courier
Routing between a LAN and a wide -area network (WAN) is like a postal
s ystem or a courier network. A package traveling from New York to San
Francisco might travel through a hub in Memphis or Chicago and be re sorted in Reno before heading to its final destination. If the package had
to be hand-delivered quickl y, you could do that, but the cost would
increase significantly, and hopefull y, the package won't get routed the
long way around, because that tends to be inefficient and difficult to
trace.
In the same manner, routers send packets according to the available routes
between networks and try to determine the shortest possible route at any
given time.
How does a router do this? Well, inside a router is a set of data called
routing tables. Routing tables include:
•
•
All possible routes the router is aware of Information on which
connections lead to particular groups of addresses
Priorities for connections to be used Rules for handling both routine
and special cases of traffic
Routing tables are dynamic — they are updated by routing protocols
such as Routing Information Protocol (R IP) or Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF) that constantl y pass messages between routers. Th e router
consults them to determine whether or not it has a route to a particular
destination address.
9. FINAL REPORT ON ROUTER
9
Routing Protocol
A routing protocol specifies
how routers communicate
with
each
other,
disseminating information that enables them to select routes between an y
two nodes on a computer network. Routing algorithms determine the specific
choice of route. Each router has a priori knowledge onl y of networks attached to
it directl y. A routing protocol shares this information first among immediate
neighbors, and then throughout the network. This way, routers gain knowledge
of the topology of the network.
Although there are many t ypes of routing protocols, three major classes are in
widespread use on IP networks:
Interior gateway routing via link state routing protocols , such as OSPF and ISIS
Interior gateway routing via distance
as R IPv2, IGRP and EIGRP
vector
routing
protocols,
such
Exterior gateway routing . The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), a path vector
routing protocol , is the routin g protocol used on the Internet for exchanging
traffic between Autonomous S ystems .
Many routing protocols are defined in documents called RFCs
Some versions of the Open S ystem Interconnection (OS I) networking model
distinguish routing protocols in a special sub layer of the Network Layer (Layer
3).
The specific characteristi cs of routing protocols include the manner in which
they avoid routing loops, the manner in which they select preferred routes, using
information about hop costs, the time they require to reach routing convergence,
their scalabilit y, and other factors.
Types of routing protocol
Some of the most common routing protocols include IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS -IS
and BGP. There are two primary routing protocol t ypes although many different
routing protocols defined with those two t ypes. Link state and distance vector
protocols comprise the primary t ypes. Distance vector protocols advertise their
routing table to all directl y connected neighbors at regular frequent intervals
using a lot of bandwidth and are slow to converge. When a route becomes
unavailable, all router tables must be updated with that new information. The
problem is with each route r having to advertise that new information to its
neighbors, it takes a long time for all routers to have a current accurate view of
the network. Distance vector protocols use fixed length subnet masks which
10. FINAL REPORT ON ROUTER
10
aren't scalable. Link state protocols advertise routing updates onl y when they
occur which uses bandwidth more effectivel y. Routers don't advertise the
routing table which makes convergence faster. The routing protocol will flood
the network with link state advertisements to all neighbor routers per are a in an
attempt to converge the network with new route information. The incremental
change is all that is advertised to all routers as a multicast LSA update. They
use variable length subnet masks, which are scalable and use addressing more
efficientl y.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol is a hybrid routing protocol
developed by Cisco systems for routing many protocols across an enterprise
Cisco network. It has characteristics of both distance v ector routing protocols
and link state routing protocols. It is proprietary which requires that you use
Cisco routers. EIGRP will route the same protocols that IGRP routes (IP, IPX,
use the same composite metrics as IGRP to select a best path destination. As
well there is the option to load balance traffic across equal or unequal metric
cost paths. Summarization is automatic at a network class address however it
can be configured to summarize at subnet boundaries as well. Redistribution
between IGRP and EIGRP is automatic as well. There is support for a hop count
of 255 and variable length subnet masks.
Convergence
Convergence with EIGRP is faster since it uses an algorithm called dual update
algorithm or DUAL, which is run when a router detects that a particular route is
unavailable. The router queries its neighbors looking for a feasible successor.
That is defined as a neighbor with a least cost route to a particular destination
that doesn't cause any routing loops. EIGRP will update its routing table with
the new route and the associated metric. Route changes are advertised onl y to
affected routers when changes occur. That utilizes bandwidth more efficientl y
than distance vector routing protocols.
Autonomous Systems
EIGRP does recognize assignment of different autonomous systems which are
processes running under the same administrative routing domain. Assigning
different autonomous system numbers isn't for defining a backbone such as with
OSPF. With IGRP and EIGRP it is used to change route redistribution, filtering
and summarization points.
11. FINAL REPORT ON ROUTER
11
Characteristics
Advanced Distance Vector
Routes IP, IPX
Routing Advertisements: Partial When Route Changes Occur
Metrics: Bandwidth, Delay, Reliabilit y, Load, MTU Size
Hop Count: 255
Variable Length Subnet Masks
Summarization on Network Class Address or Subnet Boundary
Load Balancing Across 6 Equal or Unequal Cost Paths (IOS 11.0)
Hello Timer: 5 seconds on Ethernet / 60 seconds on Non -Broadcast
Holddown Timer: 15 seconds on Ethern et / 180 seconds on Non -Broadcast
Metric Calculation = destination path minimum BW * delay (msec) * 256
Split Horizon
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol is a distance vector routing protocol
developed by Cisco systems for routing multiple protocols across small and
medium sized Cisco networks. It is proprietary which requires that you use
Cisco routers. This contrasts with IP RIP and IPX RIP, which are designed for
multi-vendor networks. IGRP will route IP, IPX, Decnet and AppleTalk which
makes it very versatile for clients running many different protocols. It is
somewhat more scalable than RIP since it supports a hop count of 100, onl y
advertises every 90 seconds and uses a composite of five different metrics to
select a best path destination. Note that since IGRP advertises less frequentl y, it
uses less bandwidth than R IP but converges much slower since it is 90 seconds
before IGRP routers are aware of network topology changes. IGRP does
recognize assignment of different autonomous systems and automaticall y
summarizes at network class boundaries. As well there is the option to load
balance traffic across equal or unequal me tric cost paths.
Characteristics
Distance Vector
Routes IP, IPX, Decnet, Appletalk
Routing Table Advertisements Every 90 Seconds
Metric: Bandwidth, Delay, Reliabilit y, Load, MTU Size
Hop Count: 100
Fixed Length Subnet Masks
Summarization on Network Class Address
Load Balancing Across 6 Equal or Unequal Cost Paths ( IOS 11.0 )
Update Timer: 90 seconds
12. FINAL REPORT ON ROUTER
12
Invalid Timer: 270 seconds
Holddown Timer: 280 seconds
Metric Calculation = destination path minimum BW * delay (usec)
Split Horizon
TYPES OF ROUTERS:
There are several t ypes of routers in the market.
Broadband Routers:
Broadband routers can do different t ypes of things. Broadband routers can be
used to connect computers or to connect to the Internet.
If you connect to the internet through phone and using Voice over IP technology
(VOIP) then you need broadband router. These are often a special t ype of
modem (ADSL) that will have both Ethernet and phone jacks.
A device that provides access to the Internet for multiple computers. It t ypicall y
includes a netwo rk switch with four or more Ethernet ports for wired
connections to desktop and laptop computers. "Wireless routers include a wifi
access point The device forwards Internet traffic from the computers to the
cable or DS L modem and switches non -Internet traf fic between the connected
machines. It combines a router, network switch and DHCP server (to assign IP
addresses to stations). The router also provides network address translation
(NAT), which allows multiple users to reach the Internet with one public IP
address assigned by the cable or telephone company to the service outers
capture the information that come through broadband connection via a modem
and deliver it to your computer The router choose route for the packet so that
you receive the information Firstl y. Routers are multiport devices and more
sophisticated as compared to repeaters and bridges.
A broadband router utilizes the Ethernet standard for wired connections.
Traditional broadband routers required Ethernet cables be run between the
router, the broadband modem, and each computer on the home network.
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Wireless Routers:
Wireless routers create a wireless signal in your home or office. So,
any PC within range of Wireless routers can connect it and use your Internet.
In order to secure your Wireless routers, you simpl y need to come secure it with
password or get your IP address. Then, you'll log on into your router with the
user ID and passwords will that come with your router.A network device that
combines a router, switch and Wi -Fi access point (Wi -Fi base station) in one
box. Wireless routers provide a convenient way to connect a small number of
wired and any number of wireless computers to the Internet. For more about
wireless networks It is commonl y used to provide access to the Internet or a
computer network. It does not require a wired link, as the connection is made
wirelessl y, via radio waves.
A wireless router is a device that enables wireless network packet forwa rding
and routing, and serves as an access point in a local area network. It works
much like a wired router but replaces wires with wireless radio signals to
communicate within and to external network environments. It can function as a
switch and as an Int ernet router and access point A wireless router is the router
found in a wireless local area network (WLAN) for home and small office
networks. It enables Internet and local network access. Typicall y, the wireless
router is directl y connected to a wired or wireless WAN. Users connected to the
wireless router are able to access the LAN as well as the external WAN, such as
the Internet. Depending on the capabilities of the wireless router, it can support
from a few to hundreds of simultaneous users. Moreover, most wireless routers
can also function as a firewall with the abilit y to block, monitor, and control
and filter incoming and outgoing network traffic.
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It enables you to run a computer or gaming system from anywhere in the house
without having to ru n cables through the walls.
OTHER TYPE ROUTERS:
EDGE ROUTER:
A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks,
creating an overlay internetwork. A router is connected to two or more data
lines from different networks. When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the
router reads the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate
destination. Then, using information in its routing table or routing policy, it
directs the packet to the next network on its journey. Router s perform the
"traffic directing" functions on the Internet. A data packet is t ypicall y
forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the
internetwork until it reaches its destination node
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The most familiar t ype of routers are home and small office routers that simpl y
pass data, such as web pages, email, IM, and videos between the home
computers
and
the
Internet.
An
example
of
a
router
would
be
the
owner's cable or DSL modem which connects to the Internet through an ISP.
More sophisticated routers, such as enterprise routers, connect large business or
ISP networks up to the powerful core routers that forward data at high speed
along the optical fiber lines of the Internet backbone. Though routers are
typicall y dedicated hardware devices, use of software -based routers has grown
increasingl y common.
This t ype of router are placed at the edge of the ISP network, they are normall y
configured to external protocol like BGP (Border gateway protocol) to another
BGP of other ISP or large o rganization.
SUBSCRIBER EDGE ROUTER:
This t ype of router belongs to an end user (enterprise) organization. It’s
configured to broadcast external BGP to its provider’s .
INTER-PROVIDER BORDERS ROUTER:
This t ype of router is for Interconnecting ISPs, this is a BGP speaking router
that maintains BGP sessions with other BGP speaking routers in other providers .
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Core Router
A router that resides within the middle or backbone of the LAN network rather
than at its periphery. In some instances, a core router provides a step down back
bone, interconnecting the distribution routers from multiple building of a
campus (LAN), or Large enterprise Location (WAN). They tend to be optimized
for a high bandwidth. A core router is a router that forwards packets to
computer hosts within a network but not between networks). A core router is
sometimes contrasted with an edge router, which routes packets between self contained network and other outside networks along a network backbone.
Advantage and Disadvantage of Routers
Advantage:
Easily Shared Internet
One of the biggest reasons for using a router is to connect multiple users to the
Internet. Connecting to the Internet requires a publicl y -unique IP address. As
such, Internet provi ders t ypicall y onl y offer a single IP address or charge fees
for large amounts of publicl y routable addresses. The solution is to add a router
with network address translation enabled. Connecting to the Internet through a
router with NAT allows the router to use the single public IP address and a
series of UDP ports to share the connection. Without NAT, connecting a large
organization’s computers to the Internet becomes virtuall y impossible .
Security and Adaptability
Connecting an Internet modem directl y to a PC exposes that PC to a host of
securit y issues. Furthermore, expanding a direct -connection network becomes
complicated without the addition of switches or a router and communicating
between the individual PCs becomes difficult. Using a router as an i ntermediary
between the “outside” network of the Internet and the “inside” network of your
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organization provides a scalable environment that is also, to a degree, easier to
secure. A router is not a replacement for a firewall or anti -malware measures,
but it’s an important first step towards a largel y secure network environment.
Disadvantage:
Complicated Setup
The aforementioned router requires NAT to be set up. In addition, each
computer must be assigned a private IP address that is t ypically organized by a
DHCP server. This is required for the simplest connections. Connecting to
additional IP -based networks adds additional complication in the form of
routing tables -- a table that describes the best route for reaching a desired
network. If IP telephony or video services are to be running on the IP network,
you’ll also need to consider qualit y of service configu rations. helps prioritize
one t ype of traffic, such as voice, over others when bandwidth is limited. As
additional services are added, more configuration becomes required of the router
Data Overhead
Unlike a point-to-point “layer 2” link, routers add addit ional IP -based headers.
These headers include information such as source and destination addresses,
UDP information and checksums. These headers are attached to every payload of
data. Large pieces of data are t ypically broken into thousands of smaller
headers, making this header data consume a percentage of the total available
bandwidth.