How to put these nodes together to form a meaningful network.
How a network should function at high-level application scenarios .
On the basis of these scenarios and optimization goals, the design of networking protocols in wireless sensor networks are derived
A proper service interface is required and integration of WSNs into larger network contexts.
How to put these nodes together to form a meaningful network.
How a network should function at high-level application scenarios .
On the basis of these scenarios and optimization goals, the design of networking protocols in wireless sensor networks are derived
A proper service interface is required and integration of WSNs into larger network contexts.
Medium Access Control :-
1.Distributed Operation
2.Synchronization
3.Hidden Terminals
4.Exposed terminals
5.Throughput
6.Access delay
7.Fairness
8.Real-time Traffic support
9.Resource reservation
10.Ability to measure resource availability
11.Capability for power control
Adaptive rate control
Use of directional antennas
Minimize energy per packet (or per bit)
Maximize network lifetime
Routing considering available battery energy
Maximum Total Available Battery Capacity
Minimum Battery Cost Routing (MBCR)
Min– Max Battery Cost Routing (MMBCR)
Conditional Max – Min Battery Capacity Routing (CMMBCR)
Minimize variance in power levels
Minimum Total Transmission Power Routing (MTPR)
Medium Access Control :-
1.Distributed Operation
2.Synchronization
3.Hidden Terminals
4.Exposed terminals
5.Throughput
6.Access delay
7.Fairness
8.Real-time Traffic support
9.Resource reservation
10.Ability to measure resource availability
11.Capability for power control
Adaptive rate control
Use of directional antennas
Minimize energy per packet (or per bit)
Maximize network lifetime
Routing considering available battery energy
Maximum Total Available Battery Capacity
Minimum Battery Cost Routing (MBCR)
Min– Max Battery Cost Routing (MMBCR)
Conditional Max – Min Battery Capacity Routing (CMMBCR)
Minimize variance in power levels
Minimum Total Transmission Power Routing (MTPR)
NetSim (http://www.tetcos.com/) Best Network Simulator , provide wireless sensor network Based IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
follow this link for more Details
http://www.tetcos.com/
ROLE OF DIGITAL SIMULATION IN CONFIGURING NETWORK PARAMETERSDeepak Shankar
Selecting the right Ethernet standard and configuring all the network devices in the embedded systems accurately is an extremely hard and rigorous job. The configuration depends on the topology, workloads of the connected devices, processing overhead at the switches, and the external interfaces. Network calculus, mathematical models and analytical techniques provide worst case execution time (WCET), but their probability of activity is extremely wide. This leads to overdesign which leads to higher costs, power consumption, weight, and size. Simulating the network is the best way to measure the throughput of the entire system. Digital system simulation provides better latency and throughput accuracy, but the accuracy is still limited because it does not consider the latency associated with the network OS, cybersecurity processing and scheduling. In many cases, these factors can reduce the throughput by 20-40%.
In this paper, we will present our research on modeling the entire Ethernet network, including the workloads, network flow control, scheduling, switch hardware, and software. To substantially increase the coverage and compare topologies, we have developed a set of benchmarks that provides coverage for different combination of deterministic, rate-constrained, and best effort traffic. During the presentation, we will cover the benchmarks, the list of attributes required to accurately model the traffic, nodes, switches, and the scheduler settings. We will also look at the statistics and reports required to make the configuration decision. In addition, we will discuss how the model must be constructed to study the impact of future requirements, failures, network intrusions, and security detection schemes.
Key Takeaways:
1. Learn how to efficiently use network simulation to design Ethernet systems
2. Develop a reusable benchmark and associated statistics to test different configurations
3. The role and impact of the CDT slots, guard band, send slope, idle slope, shuffle scheduling, flow control and virtual channels
Introduction, Virtual and Datagram networks, study of router, IP protocol and addressing in the Internet, Routing algorithms, Broadcast and Multicast routing
Proactive routing protocol
Each node maintain a routing table.
Sequence number is used to update the topology information
Update can be done based on event driven or periodic
Observations
May be energy expensive due to high mobility of the nodes
Delay can be minimized, as path to destination is already known to all nodes.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
1. AD HOC AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Dr.Arun Chokkalingam
Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication
RMK College of Engineering and Technology
Chennai.
WSN-IEEE 802.15.4 -MAC Protocol
3. Importance of MAC Protocols
Medium access control (MAC) protocols:
They coordinate the times where a number of
nodes access a shared communication medium.
4. Types of MAC Protocols
• Low Duty Cycle Protocols And Wakeup Concepts –
– S-MAC,
– The Mediation Device Protocol
• Contention based protocols – PAMAS,
• Schedule based protocols – LEACH,
• IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol,
5. 802.15.4 General Characteristics
• The standard covers the physical layer and the MAC layer of a low-Data rate
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN).
• Star or Peer-to-Peer operation.
• Support for low latency devices.
• Fully handshake protocol for transfer reliability.
• Low power consumption.
• combines both schedule-based as well as contention-based schemes.
• The protocol is asymmetric in that different types of nodes with different roles
are used.
6. The targeted applications for IEEE 802.15.4 are in the area of wireless sensor networks, home
automation, home networking, connecting devices to a PC, home security, and so on.
7. Data rates of 250 kb/s
Data rates of 20 kb/s. Data rates of 40 kb/s
8. Operating frequency bands
• Most of these applications require only low-to-medium bitrates (up to some
few hundreds of kbps),
• The physical layer offers bitrates of
• 20 kbps (a single channel in the frequency range 868 – 868.6 MHz),
• 40 kbps (ten channels in the range between 905 and 928 MHz)
• 250 kbps (16 channels in the 2.4 GHz)
• There are a total of 27 channels available, but the MAC protocol uses only one of
these channels at a time; it is not a multichannel protocol.
9. 05 2004Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp. Slide 9
Protocol Drivers
Extremely low cost
Ease of installation
Reliable data transfer
Short range operation
• Reasonable battery life
• Simple but flexible protocol
10. IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
Upper Layers
IEEE 802.15.4 SSCS
IEEE 802.2
LLC, Type I
IEEE 802.15.4
2400 MHz
PHY
IEEE 802.15.4
868/915 MHz
PHY
802.15.4 Architecture
11. Network architecture and types & roles of nodes
The standard distinguishes on the MAC layer
two types of nodes:
Full Function Device (FFD) can operate in three different roles:
1. PAN coordinator(PAN = Personal Area Network),
2. A simple coordinator
3. A device.
Reduced Function Device (RFD)
• operate only as a device.
12. Cont.
• A device node must be associated to a coordinator node and communicates directly to
the coordinator. (forming a star network.)
• Coordinators can operate in a peer-to-peer fashion
• Multiple coordinators can form a Personal Area Network (PAN).
13. A coordinator handles following tasks:
• It manages a list of associated devices.
• Devices are required to explicitly associate and disassociate with a coordinator using certain
signaling packets.
• It allocates short addresses to its devices.
• All IEEE 802.15.4 nodes have a 64-bit device address.
• When a device associates with a coordinator, it may request assignment of a 16-bit short
address to be used subsequently in all communications between device and coordinator.
• In the beaconed mode of IEEE 802.15.4, it transmits regularly frame beacon packets
announcing the PAN identifier, a list of outstanding frames, and other parameters.
• Furthermore, the coordinator can accept and process requests to reserve fixed time slots to
nodes and the allocations are indicated in the beacon.
•It exchanges data packets with devices and with peer coordinators.
15. Optional Frame Structure
15ms * 2n
where 0 n 14
GTS 3
GTS
2
Network
beacon
Transmitted by PAN coordinator. Contains network information,
frame structure and notification of pending node messages.
Beacon
extension
period
Space reserved for beacon growth due to pending node messages
Contention
period
Access by any node using CSMA-CA
Guaranteed
Time Slot
Reserved for nodes requiring guaranteed bandwidth.
GTS
1
0123456789101112131415
Slot
Battery life
extension
Contention Access Period Contention Free Period
16. • The coordinator of a star network operating in the beaconed mode organizes channel
access and data transmission with the help of a superframe structure.
• The superframe is subdivided into an active period and an inactive period.
• During the inactive period, all nodes including the coordinator can switch off their
transceivers and go into sleep state.
• The nodes have to wake up immediately before the inactive period ends to receive the next
beacon. The inactive period may be void.
• The active period is subdivided into 16 time slots.
• The first time slot is occupied by the beacon frame
• remaining time slots are partitioned into a Contention Access Period (CAP) followed by a
number (maximal seven) of Guaranteed Time Slots (GTSs).
Superframe structure
17. Cont
• The length of the active and inactive period as well as the length of a
single time slot and the usage of GTS slots are configurable.
• The coordinator is active during the entire active period.
• The associated devices are active in the GTS phase only in time slots
allocated to them; in all other GTS slots they can enter sleep mode.
• In the Contention Access Period (CAP), a device node can shutdown
its transceiver.
• Coordinators do much more work than devices and the protocol is
inherently asymmetric.
18. Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS) Management
GTS request
packets
GTS request
packets
ACK
ACK
the device is required to track the
coordinator’s beacons for some
specified time to approve GTS
GTS descriptor
GTS descriptor
Wait for approval
19. Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS) Management
• The coordinator allocates GTS to devices only by sending appropriate request packets during
the CAP.
• Flag in the request indicates whether the requested time slot is a transmit slot or a receive
slot.
• In a transmit slot, the device transmits packets to the coordinator .
• in a receive slot the data flows in the reverse direction.
• Another field in the request specifies the desired number of time slots in the GTS phase.
• The coordinator answers the request packet in two steps:
• An immediate acknowledgment packet confirms that the coordinator has received the request
packet properly but contains no information about success or failure of the request.
• After receiving the acknowledgment packet, the device is required to track the coordinator’s
beacons for some specified time
20. Cont
• If the coordinator has insufficient resources, it generates a GTS descriptor for (invalid) time
slot zero, indicating the available resources in the descriptors length field.
• the device may consider renegotiation.
• it concludes that the allocation request has failed.
• A GTS is allocated to a device on a regular basis until it is explicitly deallocated.
• The deallocation can be requested by the device by means of a special control frame.
• After sending this frame, the device shall not use the allocated slots any further.
• The coordinator can also trigger deallocation based on certain criteria. Specifically, the
coordinator monitors the usage of the time slot: If the slot is not used at least once within a
certain number of superframes, the slot is deallocated.
• The coordinator signals deallocation to the device by generating a GTS descriptor with start
slot zero.
22. Data Transfer Procedures
• first assume that a device wants to transmit a data packet to the
coordinator
If the device has an allocated transmit GTS, it wakes up just
before the time slot starts and sends its packet immediately
without running any carrier-sense or other collision-avoiding
operations.
Allocated transmit
GTS
coordinator
Device
23. Cont
• Second assume when the device does not have any allocated GTS slots
it sends its data packet during the CAP using a slotted
CSMA protocol
Transmit during
CAP
coordinator
Device
24. Cont
• data transfer from the coordinator to a device
If the device has allocated a receive GTS and when the
packet/acknowledgment/IFS cycle fits into these, the
coordinator simply transmits the packet in the allocated
time slot without further coordination.
Receive GTScoordinator
Device
25. Cont
• when the coordinator is not
able to use a receive GTS.
The handshake between
device and coordinator
• The coordinator announces a
buffered packet to a device by
including the devices address
into the pending address
field of the beacon frame.
27. Slotted CSMA-CA protocol
The variable
NB - counts the number of backoffs, CW-
indicates the size of the current
congestion window,
BE- is the current backoff exponent.
CCA - Clear Channel Assessment
Upon arrival of a new packet to transmit,
these variables are initialized with NB 0,
CW 2, and BE macMinBE (with
macMinBE being a protocol parameter),
respectively.
28. Nonbeaconed mode/ unslotted CSMA-CA protocol
• In the nonbeaconed mode, the coordinator does not send beacon frames nor is there
any GTS mechanism.
• The lack of beacon packets takes away a good opportunity for devices to acquire time
synchronization with the coordinator.
• All packets from devices are transmitted using an unslotted CSMA-CA protocol.
• the device performs only a single CCA (Clear Channel Assessment) operation. If this
indicates an idle channel, the device infers success.
• Coordinators must be switched on constantly but devices can follow their own sleep
schedule.
• Devices wake up for two reasons:
(i) to send a data or control packet to the coordinators,
(ii) to fetch a packet from the coordinator
