This document provides an overview of Spanish grammar concepts including: - Verbs like ser, estar, gustar, hacer expressions, preterito, trigger words - Irregular verb forms like car, gar, zar verbs and spock verbs - Concepts like DOPs, affirmative commands, irregular commands, IOPs, se impersonal - Notes on snakes, snakeys, and uses of se to avoid specifying a person doing the action

1. Grammar BookAlejandro Bentle

2. Table of ContentsSerEstarVerbs like GustarHacer ExpressionsPreteritoTrigger wordsCar, Gar, ZarSpock VerbsCucuracha Verbs DOPAffirmative CommandsIrregular CommandsIOPSnakesSnakeysSe Impersonal

3. SER!Description-¿Quees? (Ex: Un papel, un libro)Origin-¿De Donde Es? (Ex: Nicaragua)Characteristics-¿Como Es? (Ex: Alto)Time- ¿QueHora Es? (Ex: Son las dos)Occupation- ¿QueHace (Ex: Es Doctor)Relationships- ¿Quien Es? (Ex: Es mi mama)Possession- ¿De Quien Es? Events- ¿Cuando/Donde Es? (Ex: La Clase)Dates- ¿QueDiaes Hoy? (Ex: Lunes)

4. ESTAR!Health- ¿Como Estas? (Ex: Bien)Emotions- ¿Como Estas? (Ex: Triste)Location- ¿DondeEstas? (Ex:La Casa)Present condition- ¿Como Esta? (Ex: Nublado)“ING”- ar: ando/ er-ir: endo

5. VERBS LIKE GUSTARGustar: To like Verbs Like “gustar” operate and are used in the same ways as “gustar”.Examples:Encantar- To loveFascinar- To FascinateMolestar- To botherDoler- To HurtFaltar- To missImportar- To matterDisgustar- To dislikeExamples:Io pronouns:

6. Me

7. Te

8. Les

9. Nos

10. Os

11. Les-Me gustancarros-Les gustanzanahorias

12. HACER EXPRESSIONSUse hacer expressions to express time using hace and a conjugated verbPresent Tense: Since/ForPast Tense: AgoExample:HacecincodiasquecomounahamburguesaPRETERITOA definite time in the past with a beginning and/or EndingTrigger words for preterite:Ayer

13. Antayer

14. A las (any time)

15. El (insert day)Estoes el preterito!

16. PRETERITO (continued)YOTúÉl, ella, UdNosotrosEllos, Ustedes

17. TRIGGER WORDS

18. CAR, GAR, ZARIn order to preserve the sound of the infinitive, a number of verbs change spelling in the preterite tense. The following changes occur in the "yo" form only

19. SPOCK VERBSDarDiDisteDioDimosDieronVerViVisteVioVimosVieronIr/SerFuiFuisteFueFuimosFueronHacerHiceHicesteHizoHiceimosHicieronSerDarIrVerHacerThe “Spock” verbs are irregular verb forms of the preterite. They have different conjugations.CUCARACHA VERBSAndar- aduvEstar- estuvPoder- pudPoner- pusQuerer- quisSaber- supTener- tuvVenir- vinConducir- condujProducir- produjTraducir- tradujDecir- dijTraer- traje

20. Iste

21. o

22. Imos

23. Isteis

24. ieronDOPsDOPs receives the direct action of the verb.LoLaLosLasI ate a steakComí un bistec. She ate the steakElla comió lo bistec.

25. AFFIRMATIVE COMMANDSFormal:Affirmative:Ud./Uds.- put in the ‘yo’ form and change the opposite Examples:BebelaNegative:SameInformal:AffirmativeTu- simply drop the ‘s’DOP and IOP can attach to the affirmative commandNegative:Tu- Put it in ‘yo’ form and change opposite vowel, add an ‘s’

26. IRREGULAR COMMANDSAffirmativeNegative

27. IOPsAnswers the question:To WhomFor WhomHas no feminine factorsExamples:I gaveitto her -----›Se lo diGive it to him -----› déselo

28. SNAKES Snakes stem change in 3rd person

29. SNAKEYSSnakeys are verbs like leer, creer, and oir.Change the I to the y in the 3rd person

30. SE IMPERSONALUse se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.Sevendefruta en la frutería.When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person.Aquísehablaespañol.Se can be used in all tenses.Sehizo mucho.Sehará mucho.Sehabíahecho.