Compaction is a key process in road construction that increases the density of soil and asphalt materials. Several factors influence compaction, including soil type, moisture content, temperature, equipment used, and number of passes. Proper compaction gives greater strength, reduced settlement, lower permeability, and resistance to rutting. Both soil and asphalt require specific compaction procedures and equipment to achieve optimal results and meet density requirements. Climatic conditions like temperature, wind, and sunlight can impact the compaction of asphalt by affecting cooling rates.
Types of Failures in Flexible Pavements due to Structural Distresses. Some of the structural distresses which can cause failures in flexible pavements are: 1. Alligator Cracking of Flexible Pavements.
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Case stude of Jet Grouting Column of Carrefoursa Shopping Center ā Izmit, Turkey
The Kocaeli Earthquake of August 17, 1999 occurred in north- western Turkey with a magnitude of Mw=7.4
Introduction of Pavement Design
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Introduction to pavement materials. Different types of materials used in the construction of roads and highways. Learn what are different types of materials and what are requirements of materials used in the pavement construction.
Foundation and its functions
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Sub soil exploration and Site exploration
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This document will help you learn an introductory part and some detailed information on Shallow Foundations. As I am presenting this document to you I wish you all a Happy learning arena. It is highly recommended for students taking a bachelor degree in Civil Engineering, also it is a good document for students who are doing final touches for their examinations.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
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Mainly this presentation covers about how to understand and analyse soil as highway sub-grade material..
discussed about the basic properties of soil, classification of soils, tests to conduct on soil and how soil can be selected as highway material..
Ground improvement using jet grouting columnSohaib Arshad
Ā
Case stude of Jet Grouting Column of Carrefoursa Shopping Center ā Izmit, Turkey
The Kocaeli Earthquake of August 17, 1999 occurred in north- western Turkey with a magnitude of Mw=7.4
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
Introduction to pavement materials. Different types of materials used in the construction of roads and highways. Learn what are different types of materials and what are requirements of materials used in the pavement construction.
Foundation and its functions
Essential requirements
Sub soil exploration and Site exploration
Methods of site exploration
Settlement of foundations
Causes of failure of foundation and remedial measures
This document will help you learn an introductory part and some detailed information on Shallow Foundations. As I am presenting this document to you I wish you all a Happy learning arena. It is highly recommended for students taking a bachelor degree in Civil Engineering, also it is a good document for students who are doing final touches for their examinations.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
Ā
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
Mainly this presentation covers about how to understand and analyse soil as highway sub-grade material..
discussed about the basic properties of soil, classification of soils, tests to conduct on soil and how soil can be selected as highway material..
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Highway Materials: Desirable Properties, Testing Procedures, Standards, and standard values relating to Soil, Stone Aggregates, Bitumen and Tar, fly- ash/pond-ash. Role of filler in Bituminous mix, materials of filler.
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Shamsudin masoud PPT (Principle of Soil and Soil Compaction.pptShamsudinMasoud
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Soil compaction is one of the most critical components in the construction or roads, air-fields, embankments and foundations.
The durability and stability of a structure are related to the achievement of proper soil compaction.
Soil compaction is the process where by the practical of a soil are mechanically constrained to pack more closely Together or Soil compaction is the process of mechanical densifying a soil.
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution. The ultimate aim is to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to wheel load are sufficiently reduced, so that they will not exceed bearing capacity of the sub-grade. Two types of pavements are generally recognized as serving this purpose, namely flexible pavements and rigid pavements.
Get an overview of pavement types, layers, and their functions, and pavement failures as Improper design of pavements leads to early failure of pavements affecting the riding quality.
Pavements form the basic supporting structure in highway transportation. Each layer of pavement has a multitude of functions to perform which has to be duly considered during the design process. Different types of pavements can be adopted depending upon the traffic requirements.
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Components of highway pavement and materials used. Soil: Importance, Desirable properties, Index properties, Compaction, Strength evaluation tests. Aggregate: Functions, Desirable properties, Tests on road aggregates and quality control. Bituminous binders: Functions, Desirable properties, Tests on bitumen and quality control, Bitumen emulsion functions and classification, Modified bituminous binder functions and classification. Bituminous Mix: Desirable properties and requirement of design mix, general approach for design of bituminous mixes and introduction to Marshall Mix Design Method
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2. Discussion the basic principles of field compaction. Can climatic conditions influence compaction in road construction?
3. Introduction Compaction increases the density of a material by expelling air from the voids in the material and, thereby, bringing the particles into more intimate contact with each other. Compaction is the cheapest and simplest method for improving the shearing resistance of soil and minimizing future settlements. Therefore, soils in embankments and subgrades in cuttings are usually compacted using special compacting equipment, such as rollers, vibrators or tampers. The result of compaction work depends primarily on the moisture content of the soil, the type of the soil, the compaction equipment used and the energy applied .
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6. Objective of compaction for new road Nature doesnāt always provide the ideal foundation for the construction of roads: natural rock. In the majority of cases, the ground is unstable, offering insufficient bearing capacity. Earthmoving operations are therefore usually the first step in the construction of a new road. When the course has been defined and set out, the ground underlying the new road needs to be prepared.
7. How to achieve proper compaction In constructing roads you must compact each layer: subbase, base and surface. Depending on the type of road you are constructing, one, two or all three of these layers may be composed of the natural soils of the area. In order to compact them properly you must understand the two major factors which influence soil compaction: soil type and moisture content. Soil type dictates the relative number of passes required, the thickness of compaction layers, the type of compaction equipment, and how moisture affects compaction. And you must use different procedures and equipment to compact each soil type and still others for asphalt.
8. Compaction requirements Compaction requirements are commonly specified using an end-product specification. Compaction tests on the particular soil are carried out in the laboratory, and the results are used to define the required density. During construction, the densities obtained in the field are determined and compared to that required. The most common methods applied for measuring field densities are the sand cone and the nuclear density gauge. It is normally recommended that the top of an embankment, as well as the upper 500mm of the subgrade in cuttings are compacted to minimum 95 per cent of the maximum dry density obtained in the modified proctor test.
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11. The vibration imposes pulsating stresses in the soil. This reduces the friction between the soil particles and results in a highly effective and deep compaction, particularly in gravel and sand. If the vibration is turned off, the roller can be used as a traditional, static roller. This makes the vibratory steel-wheeled roller. Other types of compactor include the pneumatic-tyred roller and the sheepsfoot roller. A neumatic-tyred roller consists of rubber-tyred wheels mounted on an articulated frame, which provides a uniform load on each wheel. A sheepsfoot roller is made of a steel drum to which protruding, tamping feet have been attached. For compaction of backfill in narrow trenches and excavations for structures, a wide variety of hand-operated mechanical tampers and plate type vibrators are available.
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13. The goal of asphalt compaction is to create a pavement that offers maximum evenness and stability, while simultaneously increasing both traffic safety and riding comfort. Compaction aims at producing a road surface of maximum regularity and skid resistance, and at creating a permanent bond between the various asphalt layers. Compaction by rollers results in an extremely tight interlock between the individual particles of the mineral aggregate, which enables a high degree of stability, excellent resistance to wear, and permanent evenness to be achieved. Rollers reduce the void content in the asphalt, making it more resistant to loads and more durable.
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15. Time for Asphalt Compaction For the contractor, time is the most important factor. This is how long it takes for the asphalt mixture to cool from laydown temperature to a minimum compaction temperature, usually 175Ā° F. Below this temperature, further attempts to compact the asphalt mixture normally will not be effective and may fracture the aggregate in the mix, decreasing pavement density and frustrating the purpose of compacting.
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17. Climatic conditions influence compaction in road construction Base temperature āthe temperature of the layer on which you lay the new layerāis more important than air temperature in determining time available for compaction because the layer cools downward more rapidly than upward. All other factors being equal, however, warmer air temperature slows the material's cooling rate, allowing more compaction time. An asphalt layer will cool more quickly in high winds than when it's relatively calm. Wind has more affect on the surface of the layer than its interior. A strong wind can cause the surface to cool so rapidly that a crust forms. You must break this crust down with the roller before you can begin compacting.
18. A mix will cool slower on a sunny day than on a cloudy day (other factors remaining constant). Sunshine probably affects base temperature more than mix temperature Ā Steps in compacting asphalt surfacing Asphalt pavements are usually compacted in three steps: breakdown rolling just behind the paving machine, intermediate rolling, and finish rolling which smooths out surface ruts and other deformities.
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24. Summary Compaction is the simplest, most economical method of improving the load-carrying capability of roads. When done during construction it costs very little per ton of pavement material and can significantly reduce future maintenance costs. Compaction also gives a road greater strength for supporting heavier loads, reduces settlement over its lifetime, and reduces its permeability to water and air and its susceptibility rutting.