The document discusses various aspects of building materials and construction technology, particularly focusing on ceiling types such as dropped ceilings and their functionalities, as well as flooring options including hard and soft flooring materials. It details installation methods, materials used, and considerations such as aesthetics, acoustics, durability, and fire resistance. The document emphasizes the importance of maintenance access for extensive mechanical, plumbing, and electrical (mpe) systems in modern constructions.

1. BUILDING MATERIALS AND
CONSTRUCTIONTECHNOLOGY - IV
AKSHAY ANAND
AISHWARYA DEOPUJARI
BHAVYA SHARMA
MAYANK KATYAL
SAARANSH TANGRI

2.  A dropped ceiling is often a secondary
ceiling, hung below the main (structural)
ceiling. It may also be referred to as a drop
ceiling, T-bar ceiling,false
ceiling, suspended ceiling, grid ceiling, drop
in ceiling, or drop out ceiling .
 The area above the dropped ceiling is called
plenums pace.

3.  Visual - color, texture, pattern, shape
 Control diffusion of:
 light
 sound
 Conceal MPE
 Accommodate: lights, diffusers,
communication, sprinkler…
 May assist with
 fire resistance
 distribution / return of HVAC

4.  Exposed Structural & MPE
 TightlyAttached
 Suspended
 Interstitial

5.  Exposed Structure & MPE
 Industrial, warehouse, …
▪ Economy & ease of maintenance
 Timber, trusses, etc.
▪ Often for appearance
 Flat Plate
 Painted - hotels & apartments
 Minimal MPE services in ceiling
 Economy and reduces story height

6. Exposed Structure Ceiling
“Joint” Preparation for Sprayed on Textured Ceiling
Textured Ceiling

7. Exposed Timber & MPE Services

8.  Attached directly to joists or slabs
 Special arrangements / accommodations for:
 Structural members (beams, girders)
 MPE systems

9.  Suspended from the Structure
 Generally by wires
 Materials: drywall, plaster, fibrous (acoustic)
Structure
Suspended Ceiling
•Drywall
•Plaster
•Acoustic (incombustible fibers)
Support
Wires
Ceiling
Plenum space
for
ducts, pipes, conduit ...
Support System
•Metal Framing
•Furring Channels
•“Metal Grid

10. Suspended Plaster Ceiling (note the delamination of the finish coat)

11. Acoustic “Lay-in Panels”
•Exposed Metal Grid
•2x2 or 2x4 Lay-in Panels
•MPE “sized” to fit grid or
cut into the acoustic tile
•Economical

12. Main Runners
•Provide Main Ceiling Support
•Generally 4’ o.c.
•Attached to “Hangers”
•Additional hangers may be
required to support MPE “loads”
Cross Tees
•Intermediate Support
•“Rest”/ attach to Mains
•Spacing depends on tile
“Difficult” to access
Wall Angle
•Attaches to wall

13. Diffuser sized 2x2
“Recessed” Grid
Ceiling mounted - lights, sprinkler,
smoke detector, communication
Multiple Tile Finishes Available

15. Common Support Grid Profile

16. Suspended Ceiling
used as a
Fire Resistant Membrane
The Integrity
of the Fire
Resistant Rating
Must be Maintained
at the
Ceiling Penetrations
Combination Light/Diffuser

17. Suspended Acoustic Ceiling with a Gypsum ‘Fire’ Ceiling Above

18.  Common with elaborate MPE systems
 Hospitals & laboratories
 Purpose:
 Accommodate extensive MPE systems
 Provide access for maintenance & updating
services

19.  Flooring is the general term for a permanent
covering of a floor, or for the work of installing such
a floor covering.
 Floor covering is a term to generically describe any
finish material applied over a floor structure to
provide a walking surface.
TYPES OF FLOORING:
 Hard flooring
 Soft flooring
 Flooring supporting under floor services

20.  Functions:
 Visual
 Acoustics
 Light
 Wearing Surface
 Considerations
 Life / durability
 Skid resistance
 Sanitation
 Noise
 Fire (resistance, combustibility)
 Other (conductivity,..)

21.  Distribution of electrical /communications
 Methods
 Conduit
 Cellular Raceways
 Cellular Decking
 Raised Flooring

22. Under-floor Electrical Services
Placed in the concrete slab

23.  Softer base.
 Types of Soft flooring:
1. Carpets
2. Rugs
3. Resilients
 Types of installations:
 Installation
 Glued directly to substrate, or
 Pad & tackless strip

24.  Insulates against drafts
 Decreases noise
 More comforting feel
 Quality
 Pile (nap): visible surface of carpet
 Density: how close the tufts are made together, more
important than depth
 Heat setting
 Twist
 Depth

25.  Types based on materials:
NYLON: most popular, durable , easy to maintain,
limited colors.
POLYPROPYLENE:
 strong,
 nonabsorbent,
 resists stains and static,
 colorfast,
 cheap,
 crushes easily,
 limited colors,
 heat sensitive

26.  Polyester bend:
• made from recycled plastics,
• resists stains and fading
 Acrylic:
• feels and looks like wool
• low static level
• resists mildew
• subject to pilling

27. Glued Carpet abutting Terrazzo
Edge Strip

28.  Wool:
• soft
• durable
• long lasting
• expensive
• moth sensitive
• shrinkage
• allergies
• hard to clean

30.  Cut Pile
 Formal looking plush, velvet,
smooth, may flatten
 Saxony
 Similar to cut but yarns have
been twisted more giving less
formal appearance
 Frieze
 Informal, curly texture, shows
minimal marks

31.  Level Loop
 Loops are all same height, may have flecks of
darker color, durable
 Multi-level Loop
 Two or three loop heights, sculpted or embossed
effect, good in high traffic areas
 Cut and Loop Pile
 Sculptured effect from some looks cut and some
braided, very durable

32.  Extends life of carpet
 Shock absorber
 Less than ½” thick

33.  Use of a Soft material
 Padded carpet
 Cushioned resilient flooring
 Resilient underlayment
 Selection of surrounding material
 Dense ceiling material below (plaster, drywall)
 Mount ceiling on resilient clips or spring hangers

34.  Skid Resistance
 Measure by its static coefficient of friction (SCOF)
 Skid resistance – desirable to minimize slipping
 Flame Resistance
 Most flooring required to meet minimum criteria
 Exit corridors typically have higher requirements

35.  Resistant to:
 Wear
 Moisture
 Noisy -conduct sound
 Types
 Concrete, stone, brick, tile, terrazzo

36.  Advantages
 Low initial cost
 Durable
 Common Uses
 Parking decks
 Warehouses
 Industrial

37. Exposed Concrete with a pattern & tinting

38.  Types
 Marble
 Granite
 Slate
 Sandstone etc.
 Installation
 Setting Bed
 Grouted joints

39. MARBLE
 Green Marble
 Golden Marble
 Rain Forest Brown Marble
 Rain Forest Golden Marble
 Rain Forest Green Marble
 Plain Green Marble
GRANITE
 Paradise Granites
 Asian Granite
 Black Galaxy Granite slab
 Paradiso Granite
 Kashmir Gold Granite
 Himalayan Blue Granite
 Raw Silk Granite
 Indian Jubrana Granite

40. Marble

41. Granite

42.  Typically laid on face (but can be laid on edge)
 Often with a setting bed
With Grouted Joints Without Grouted Joints

43. Paver Patterns

44.  Fired Clay tiles
 Multiple shapes/sizes
 Installation
▪ Setting Bed (typical)
▪ Thin Set
▪ Grout Joints

45.  Fired Clay
 Often Glazed Finish
 Floors &Walls
 Multiple sizes & colors, smaller tiles shipped with backing
sheets

46. Reinforced ‘Mesh’
Bridge Cracks in Floor
Laying Ceramic Tile

47. Applying Adhesive with a Notched Trowel

48. Spacers Being Installed

49. Tile Placement

50. Cutting Tile

51. Small tile shipped with backing sheet

52. Decorative Ceramic Tile

53.  Ground/polished concrete
 Typ. granite or marble chips w/ colored cement
 Divider strips
▪ At changes in color/texture, expansion/contraction

54. Brass Divider Strips

55.  Strip Flooring
 Tongue and groove
 Nailed to sub floor
 Pre-finished or unfinished
 Random Plank
 Wider than strips
 Screwed to sub floor, covered with wood plugs
 Parquet
 Small pieces arranged in different designs
 Pre-finished squares for easy installation

56.  Materials
 white & red oak, pecan, maple, pine, ….
 Types
 Wood Strip Flooring - blind nailed
 Square edge - fasteners visible (or filled)
 Parquet
 Pre-finished or finished in-place (except parquet)

57. Blind Nailed Strip Flooring

58. Multiple Floor Finishes
wood, tile, & carpet

59.  Vinyl Composition
 Thin (1/8”), rolls or tiles (VCT)
 Will show substrate irregularities
 Multiple colors & patterns
 Low cost, moderate durability
 Installation - glued

62.  Indoor air quality: problems often caused by finish
materials and coatings ( glues, binders, fabrics, etc.)
 Mold & Mildew: can be a problem in carpets, wall
coverings, & fabrics
 Vinyl common in finishes: manufacture of vinyl
releases significant amounts of air pollution
 Recycling of interior materials in its infancy