Mainly this presentation covers about how to understand and analyse soil as highway sub-grade material..
discussed about the basic properties of soil, classification of soils, tests to conduct on soil and how soil can be selected as highway material..
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Pavement materials in Road Constructionsrinivas2036
Different pavement materials used in the road construction. Importance of soil, aggregate pavement materials. Tests on Soil for pavement construction. Tests on aggregate for pavement construction.
Requirements of soil and aggregates in pavement.
topics which are discussed in this slide are,
1) pavement and requirement for pavement design.
2) Rigid and flexible pavement .
3) pavement design method.
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Pavement materials in Road Constructionsrinivas2036
Different pavement materials used in the road construction. Importance of soil, aggregate pavement materials. Tests on Soil for pavement construction. Tests on aggregate for pavement construction.
Requirements of soil and aggregates in pavement.
topics which are discussed in this slide are,
1) pavement and requirement for pavement design.
2) Rigid and flexible pavement .
3) pavement design method.
Shamsudin masoud PPT (Principle of Soil and Soil Compaction.pptShamsudinMasoud
Soil compaction is one of the most critical components in the construction or roads, air-fields, embankments and foundations.
The durability and stability of a structure are related to the achievement of proper soil compaction.
Soil compaction is the process where by the practical of a soil are mechanically constrained to pack more closely Together or Soil compaction is the process of mechanical densifying a soil.
Compaction of soil (for civil engineering)laxman singh
i have made all the slide according to poly diploma civil and also for civil engineering
my gmail account - laxmans227@gmail.com
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software - power point presentation 2015
Standard particulate matter
particle pollution
air pollution and control
particulate matter
Monitoring of Particulate matter
Monitoring of air pollutants
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
1. HIGHWAY
MATERIALS1 . S O I L
2 . S TO N E A G G R E G AT E S
3 . B I T U M I N O U S M I X E S
4 . P O R T L A N D C E M E N T A N D C E M E N T C O N C R E T E
R AV I K U M A R G A R R E
2. SOIL
• In the structure of highway, embankment and
subgrade are to be constructed with soil.
• The soil is considered as one of the principal highway
materials
• Soils are mainly of mineral matter formed by the
disintegration of rocks, by the action of water, frost,
temperature and pressure.
3. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL
• Based on individual grain size, soils are, gravel, sand,
silt, and clay
• The characteristics of soil grains depend upon the size,
shape, texture, chemical composition and electrical
charges on the surface of fine soil particles.
• Moisture and dry density influence the engineering
behaviour of soil mass
4. DESIRABLE PROPERTIES
If a soil is to be used as highway material, it should possess the following properties:
1. Stability
2. Incompressibility
3. Permanency of strength
4. Minimum changes in volume and stability
5. Good drainage
6. Ease of compaction
6. GRAIN SIZE SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Based on grain size of individual particles, soils has been classified in to following
categories:
Gravel, sand, silt and clay
Gravel – size particle > 2mm
Sand – size of particle in between 0.2mm to 2mm
Coarse sand – 0.6mm to 2mm
Medium sand – 0.2mm to 0.6mm
Fine sand – 0.06mm to 0.2mm
7. GRAIN SIZE SOIL CLASSIFICATION
(CONTD.)
Silt – size of particle in between 0.006mm to 0.06mm
Coarse silt – 0.02mm to 0.06mm
Medium silt – 0.006mm to 0.02mm
Fine silt – 0.002mm to 0.006mm
Clay – size of particle < 0.002mm
Coarse clay – 0.0006mm to 0.002mm
Medium clay – 0.0002mm to 0.0006mm
Fine clay – less than 0.0002mm
8. TEXTURAL SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Textural classification system is based on grain size of different soil components which
contains different proportions of sand, silt and clay
Depend upon the fraction of soil component in the soil aggregate mix, soil classified as
Loam
Sandy loam
Silty loam
Silty clay loam
Sandy clay loam
10. UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION
• The unified soil classification system has been very widely
accepted in general for the classification of soils for civil
engineering purposes
• According to this classification system,
the soils are divided into two broad groups,
based on grain size: Coarse grained soils and
Fine grained soils
• This soil classification system makes the use of results of sieve
analysis, liquid limit and plastic limit.
11. COARSE GRAINED SOILS SYMBOLS
1. Coarse grained soils: Gravels and Sands
Gravel (G) – Well graded (W)
Poorly graded (P)
Clay binder (C)
Containing considerable portion of silt (M)
Sand (S) – Well graded (W)
Poorly graded (P)
Clay binder (C)
Containing considerable portion of silt (M)
12. FINE GRAINED SOILS
• Generally silt and clay come under this category
• The soils with more than 50% passing 0.075mm sieve come under this
category
• Fine grained soils sub divided into two groups:
1. Soils with liquid limit <50% (or) soils with low compressibility (L)
2. Soils with liquid limit >50% (or) soils with high compressibility (H)
13. FINE GRAINED SOILS SYMBOLS
Soils with low compressibility (L) – Very fine sand (M)
Inorganic clay (C)
Organic soils (O)
Soils with high compressibility (H) – Very fine sand (M)
Inorganic clay (C)
Organic soils (O)
14. HRB CLASSIFICATION
• Highway Research Board (HRB) soil classification method is also Revised Public Roads
Administration (PRA) soil classification system
• This system of soil classification system is based on mainly three laboratory tests:
Sieve analysis
Liquid limit
Plastic limit
• Soils are divided in to seven groups A-1 to A-7.
• The soil groups A-1, A-2 and A-3 are granular soils, the proportion of fines passing
0.075mm sieve being less than 35%
• The soil groups A-4, A-5, A-6 and A-7 are fine grained soils, passing 0.074mm sieve
being greater than 35%
15. GROUP INDEX OF SOIL
• Fine grade soils of each classification group exhibit a wide range of properties
as subgrade material.
• In order to classify the fine grained soils within one group and for judging their
suitability as subgrade material, an indexing system has been introduced in
HRB classification, called as Group Index (GI).
• GI depends upon:
% soil passing 75micron sieve
Liquid limit
Plastic limit
16. GROUP INDEX
GI = 0.2a+0.0005a.c+0.01b.d
Where,
a = that portion of % of soil passing IS 75 micron sieve greater than 35 and
not exceeding 55% (0 to 40).
b = that portion of % of soil passing IS 75 micron sieve greater than 15 and
not exceeding 55% (0 to 40).
c = that portion of liquid limit greater than 40% and not exceeding 30% (0
20).
d = that portion of the plasticity index greater than 10 and not exceeding
(0 to 20).
17. GROUP INDEX
• If GI value worked out is negative, it is reported as 0.
• GI values varies from 0 to 20.
A soil with GI = 0, is best soil
A soil with GI = 20, is poor soil for pavement
• If GI = 0 to 4, the soil is rated as “ excellent to good”.
If GI = 4 to 20, the soil is rated as “ fair to poor”.
18. INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOIL
• The proportion on which identification and classification of soils are based, are known
as index properties.
• Index properties which are usually used are:
Grain size distribution
Atterberg limits
19. GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION
• The components of soils analysed through grain size distribution
Coarse grained soils – sieve analysis
for non-cohesive soils – dry sieve analysis
for cohesive soils – wet sieve analysis
Fine grained soils – Sedimentation analysis
Pipette method
Hydrometer method
• Grain size analysis is carried out to determine
Gradation of soils
Proportion of sand, silt and clay present in a soil sample
20. ATTERBERG LIMITS
• Mostly used for fine soils, Atterberg divide soil, the entire range from liquid state to
solid state into four states:
a) Liquid state
b) Plastic state
c) Semisolid state
d) Solid state
• Atterberg limits are the water contents at which soil mass passes from one state to the
next.
a) Liquid limit d) Plasticity index
b) Plastic limit e) Free swell index
c) Shrinkage limit
21. COMPACTION OF SOIL
• Compaction of soil is a mechanical process, by which the soil particles
are constrained to be packed more closely together by reducing the air
voids.
• Degree of compaction is usually measured quantitatively by dry density.
Objects of Compaction:
• Soil compaction causes decrease in air voids, increase in dry density and
increase in shearing strength
• The possibility of future settlement or compressibility decreases and also
the tendency for subsequent changes in moisture content decreases.
22. METHODS OF COMPACTION
In the field soil compaction may be carried out by different methods, such as:
1) Applying pressure on soil layers by means of static rollers
2) Ramming
3) Applying pressure and vibratory effect, using vibratory rollers
23. SUBGRADE SOIL STRENGTH
The factors on which the strength characteristics of soil depend are:
• Soil type
• Moisture content
• Dry density
• Internal structure of soil
• Type and mode of compaction
24. CBR TEST
• The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test was developed by the California state highway
department, to evaluate the strength of: subgrade soil, stone aggregates and
other pavement materials
The CBR test method also standardized by BIS.
• CBR test results cannot be related accurately with any fundamental property of soil or
pavement material.
Principle:
The basic principle – is by causing penetration with a cylindrical plunger
of 50mm diameter into the specimen of soil/ pavement material at a rate of
1.25mm per minute.
25. CBR TEST (CONTD.,)
• The loads required for 2.5mm and 5.0mm penetration of the plunger into the soil
tested are recorded.
• The CBR value of the material tested is expressed as a percentage of standard load
value in a standard material.
• The standard values given below may directly be used to compute the CBR value of
the test material.
Penetration (mm) Standard load (kg) Unit standard load
(kg/cm2)
2.5 1370 70
5.0 2055 105
26. CBR METHOD – LABORATORY
EQUIPMENT MODEL APPARATUS
• Mould of 150mm diameter, with
a base plate and collar
• A loading frame with a
cylindrical plunger of 50mm
diameter
• Dial gauge to read deformation
• Proving ring attachment
27. CBR TEST PROCESS
• The specimen in the mould is compacted to maximum dry density at the optimum
moisture content. After subjecting the specimen for soaking of four days, the swelling
and water absorption values are noted.
• The values are noted corresponding to penetration values of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5,
3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5mm.
CBR (%) =
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 2.5 𝑜𝑟 5.00𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑋100
• CBR test is an arbitrary strength test, hence cannot be used to evaluate the soil
properties like cohesion, angle of internal friction or shear resistance.
• Presence of coarse grained particles would result in poor reproducibility
of CBR results. Material passing 20mm sieve is only used in the test.
28. PLATE BEARING TEST
• Plate load test is originally devised
to find the modulus of subgrade
reaction in westergaard’s analysis
for wheel load stresses in rigid
pavements.
• The plate load test is used to
evaluate the support power of
subgrade in-situ for use in
pavement design by using large
diameter plates.
29. PLATE LOAD TEST (CONTD.,)
The test apparatus consists of
• a set of plates of diameter 750,
600, 450 and 300mm.
• A loading device consisting of
jack, proving ring and a reaction
frame
• A datum frame far from loaded
area
• Dial gauges to measure
settlement of loaded plates
30. PLATE LOAD TEST (CONTD.,) – TEST METHOD
• The test site is levelled and the plate is properly seated on the prepared
surface.
• The stiffening plates of decreasing diameters are placed and the jack
and proving ring assembly are fitted to provide reaction against the
frame.
• Three or more dial gauges are fixed on the periphery of the plate from
the independent datum frame to measure the settlement values.
• A seating load to cause the pressure of 0.07kg/sq.cm (i.e. 320kg for
75mmØ plate) is applied and released after a few seconds. Settlement
measuring dial gauges are set to zero.
31. PLATE LOAD TEST (CONTD.,) – TEST METHOD
• A load sufficient to cause 0.25mm
average settlement is applied, readings
of the dial gauges are noted. The
corresponding load value from
proving ring also noted.
• The average settlement is determined
from the dial gauge readings.
• Again the load is increased till
settlement value increases to a further
amount of about 0.25mm and the
average settlement and load values are
noted.
• The procedure is repeated till the
settlement reaches 1.75mm (0.175cm).
32. MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION
• Modulus of subgrade reaction (K), may be defined as
the pressure sustained per unit deformation of
subgrade at specified deformation or pressure level,
using specific plate size.
• The diameter of standard plate for finding K-value of
the subgrade is 750mm.
• But for finding highway pavements, a smaller plate of
300mm diameter is also used.