FILTRATION AND COLLIMATION.pptx
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The document discusses filtration and collimation in x-ray beams. Filtration removes low-energy photons that do not contribute to the image but increase patient exposure. Filters are typically made of aluminum and selectively allow high-energy photons to pass. Collimation uses a lead plate with a central hole to restrict the beam to only the area being imaged, reducing patient exposure and preventing scatter that degrades image quality. Both filtration and collimation aim to improve image quality while lowering radiation dose.
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This document provides information on the processing of dental radiographs, including definitions of key terms, the formation of latent images, film processing solutions and procedures, darkroom requirements, and various processing methods. It describes how exposure to radiation results in chemical changes in the film's silver halide crystals to form a latent image, which is then made visible through development and fixing solutions. The roles of developer solutions, fixing solutions, and processing equipment are summarized.
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This document provides information on the processing of dental radiographs, including definitions of key terms, the formation of latent images, film processing solutions and procedures, darkroom requirements, and various processing methods. It describes how exposure to radiation results in chemical changes in the film's silver halide crystals to form a latent image, which is then made visible through development and fixing solutions. The roles of developer solutions, fixing solutions, and processing equipment are summarized.
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The x-ray beam is also at an angle to both
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3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
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11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
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FILTERS
AND PHYSICS BEHIND IT AND LIGHT AND MIRROR ARRANGMENT CLEARLY EXPLAINED WELL.IT ALSO INCLUES THE FLITERS CLASSIFICATION AND COLLIMATORS CLASSIFICATION.
COLLIMATIORS ARE NOTHING BUT BEAM ALINERS
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Radiation comes in two forms - particulate and electromagnetic. Dental radiographs use x-rays to produce images of teeth and surrounding structures. There are three main types of intraoral dental x-rays: periapical for the tooth apex, bitewing between teeth, and occlusal for larger areas. Dental films contain a silver halide emulsion layered between a transparent base and protective coating to capture x-ray images.
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radiology-image-characteristics
The x-ray beam is also at an angle to both
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brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
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11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
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Line focus principle.
The line focus principle helps resolve the issue of needing a small focal spot for good image quality while also needing a large focal spot to protect the tungsten target from heat accumulation. It works by mounting the target at an angled position, so that the apparent or effective focal spot size seen from the position of the film is smaller than the actual focal spot size. The effective focal spot size can be calculated as the actual focal spot size multiplied by the sine of the anode angle. This allows heat to dissipate over a larger area while maintaining a small focal spot for image sharpness. A limitation is the anode heel effect caused by non-uniform radiation from different parts of the angled anode surface. The target angle
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The document provides information on processing x-ray film, including the steps to convert the latent image to a visible image. It discusses the chemical reactions that occur during development and fixing, as well as the components and purposes of developer and fixer solutions. The key steps in manual film processing are described as developing the film in developer solution for a specified time based on the temperature, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying the film. Various equipment used in darkroom processing like tanks, timers, racks and hangers are also outlined.
Contrast
Radiographic contrast refers to the difference in densities between light and dark regions on a radiographic image. It is produced by differences in the attenuation of the x-ray beam as it passes through various tissues. Contrast is influenced by factors related to the subject, x-ray beam, and radiographic film or receptor. High contrast images have greater differences between densities while low contrast images have smaller differences between densities. Contrast can be controlled by adjusting exposure factors like kVp and mAs as well as using techniques to reduce scattered radiation, like grids, that reduce contrast.
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Sialography is an x-ray examination of the salivary glands that involves injecting contrast media into the ducts to evaluate any abnormalities. It can detect issues like stones, lesions, or masses that may be obstructing the ducts and causing pain or inflammation. There are three major pairs of salivary glands - parotid, submandibular, and sublingual - which produce saliva. Sialography can be used to evaluate masses, stones, pain, functional disorders, and suspected obstructions or strictures of the salivary glands. The procedure involves injecting contrast media under fluoroscopy and taking x-ray images to view the flow of saliva and identify any ob
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X ray
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5.radiation protection
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use of filters and screens
Filters are used in radiography to attenuate low-energy x-ray photons that do not contribute to image quality but add to patient dose. There are two types of filtration: inherent from components in the x-ray tube, and added from interchangeable metal sheets usually made of aluminum, copper, or tin. The total filtration is the combination of inherent and added filtration, with a minimum of 2.5 mm aluminum required by guidelines. Filters absorb lower-energy photons to produce cleaner images with less scatter and reduce dose, while hardening the x-ray beam by increasing its average energy. The amount of filtration is specified based on kilovoltage and desired beam quality.
Intro of co 60 unit
Cobalt-60 is commonly used as a gamma ray source for teletherapy due to its suitable properties. A Co-60 unit contains a sealed radioactive Co-60 source that emits two gamma rays during decay. The source is moved between shielded and treatment positions using various mechanisms. Beam size and shape are controlled through collimation and additional devices can modify the beam. Precise patient and beam positioning is enabled through computer control and motorized components while shielding protects staff from radiation.
Xray filters beam restrictors and Grids Radiodiagnosis.ppt
Filters and grids are used to shape and restrict the X-ray beam in diagnostic radiology. Filters absorb low energy photons to increase the ratio of useful to harmful photons. Diagnostic beams are polychromatic. Inherent filtration comes from the tube housing while additional filtration uses materials like aluminum and copper. Filtration reduces patient dose and lowers required exposure factors. Grids help reduce scatter radiation and improve contrast. They are made of lead strips separated by transparent spacers. Higher ratio grids provide better contrast improvement but require greater exposure. Positioning and alignment affect grid performance and can cause cutoff artifacts if not properly used.
Radiology.pptx
X-rays have properties like traveling at the speed of light and causing ionization. They interact with matter through coherent scattering, the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. Attenuation reduces beam intensity as it passes through matter. Factors affecting attenuation include energy, atomic number, and density. Filters shape the beam by selectively attenuating lower energy photons. Beam restrictors like collimators regulate the size and shape of the beam to protect patients and reduce scatter radiation.
Beam restriction
Beam restriction refers to decreasing the size of the projected x-ray field to limit unnecessary radiation exposure and reduce scattered radiation. This improves image quality by increasing radiographic contrast. Common beam restricting devices include aperture diaphragms, cones, cylinders, and collimators. Collimators allow adjustable rectangular or square field sizes and include lights and templates to ensure accurate beam alignment. Proper collimation is important for patient safety and diagnostic image quality.
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Radiation safety and protection measures are important to minimize radiation exposure for patients and dental staff. Early pioneers in dental radiography suffered health effects from excessive radiation doses. Radiation can come from natural sources like cosmic rays and radioactive elements in the ground, or man-made sources like medical imaging. Protection techniques include using thyroid collars and lead aprons for patients, fast film, rectangular collimation, and selecting proper exposure factors. Proper handling and processing of films is also needed to avoid retakes and reduce unnecessary radiation exposure.
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- 2. FILTRATION an x-ray beam consists of a spectrum of x-ray photons of different energies, only photons with sufficient energy to penetrate through anatomic structures and reach the image receptor (usually film) are useful for diagnostic radiology. Those that are of low energy (long wavelength) contribute to patient exposure (and risk) but do not have enough energy to reach the film
- 3. Design: The filter is made up an aluminum disc. It selectively allows the passage of high-energy X-ray photons and prevents the low energy X-ray photons from leaving the X-ray tube. The aluminum disk is about 0.1 mm in thickness. Types of filtration 1. Inherent 2. Added 3. Total.
- 4. 1.Inherent filtration :As the name suggests it is the filtration offered by the design of the X-ray tube Inherent filtration • Takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the X-ray tube, the insulating oil and the tube head seal. • In the dental X-ray machines the inherent filtration is approximately equivalent to 0.5 to 1 mm of aluminum. Added filtration • Refers to the placement of aluminum disks in the path of the X-ray beam between the collimator and the tube head seal • In the dental X-ray tube head. Aluminum disks may be added in 0.5 mm increments
- 5. COLLIMATION A collimator is a metallic barrier with an aperture in the middle used to reduce the size of the x-ray beam and thereby the volume of irradiated tissue Dental x-ray beams are usually collimated to a circle 2 3/4 inches (7 cm) in diameter It is a lead plate with a central hole that fits directly over the opening of the metal housing where the X-rays exit
- 7. FUNCTIONS OF THE COLLIMATOR 1.Reduces patient exposure by constricting the size of the X-ray beam to the site that has to be exposed. 2. Prevents scattered radiation from reaching the film, that add to film fog and thereby degrading the diagnostic quality of the radiographic image
- 8. Types of collimators 1. Rectangular collimators 2. Diaphragm collimators 3. Tubular collimators
- 9. Rectangular collimators further limit the size of the beam to just larger than the x-ray film, thereby further reducing patient exposure
- 11. THANK YOU…