This PowerPoint will provide you a short a sweet lecture about fetal circulation. Please give me your feed back .
-Discuss anatomy and physiology of fetal circulation
-Compare and contrast fetal circulation to infant circulation
-Define specialized structures of fetal circulation
DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA,PLACENTA AT TERM , DECIDUA,PLACENTAL MEMBRANE , PLACENTAL CICULATION,PLACENTAL ENDOCRINE SYNTHESIS,ABNORMAL PLACENTA,FUNCTIONS.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA,PLACENTA AT TERM , DECIDUA,PLACENTAL MEMBRANE , PLACENTAL CICULATION,PLACENTAL ENDOCRINE SYNTHESIS,ABNORMAL PLACENTA,FUNCTIONS.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
A brief description about the fetal circulation for BSc Nursing students. This PPT includes the slides aboute fetal circulation from the basic Anatomy and Physiology of Heart and Circulatory system till the Applied aspects of it.
USMLE CVS 008 Fetal and regional circulation anatomy .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
Fetal circulation and regional circulation refer to the distinct patterns of blood flow in the developing fetus and the circulatory pathways within different regions of the body.
Understanding these circulation patterns is crucial for comprehending the physiological adaptations that occur during fetal development and in the various regions of the body after birth.
After birth, the circulatory system undergoes significant changes, such as closure of the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, leading to the establishment of the adult circulatory pattern.
Describe the normal fetal circulation and mention the changes that occur in it is placental stage and after birth. Fetal circulation is composed of placenta, umbilical cord, heart and systemic blood vessels.
A major difference between the fetal circulation and postnatal circulation is that the lungs are not used during the fetal stage resulting in the presence of shunts to move oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetal tissue.
At birth, the start of breathing and the severance of the umbilical cord prompt various changes that quickly transform fetal circulation into postnatal circulation.
When the embryo develops into the fetus, it creates a functional cardiovascular system that cooperates with the mother's system.
During birth, there are functional physiological changes that transform the shared system into an individual one for the fetus.
In the fetus main filtration site for plasma nutrients and wastes in the placenta, which is outside of the body cavity.
In adults, the circulation occurs entirely inside the body.
The blood that flow to through the fetus is actually more complicated than after the baby is born (normal heart).
This is because the mother (the placenta) is doing the work that the baby's lungs will do after birth.
The placenta accepts the blood without oxygen from the fetus through blood vessels that leave the fetus through the umbilical cord (Umbilical arteries , there are two of them).
When blood goes through the placenta it pick up oxygwn.
The oxygen rich blood then returns to the fetus via the third vessels in the umbilical cord (Umbilical vein).
The oxygen rich blood that enters the fetus passes through the fetal liver and enters the right side of the heart.
The oxygen rich blood goes through one of the two extra connections in the fetal heart that will close after the baby is born.
The hole between the top two heart chmbers (right and left atrium) is called "Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO).
This hole allows the oxygen rich blood to go form the right atrium to left atrium and then to the left ventricle and out the aorta.
As a result the blood with the most oxygen gets to the brain.
Blood coming back from the fetus's body also enters the right atrium, but the fetus is able to send this oxygen poor blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle (the chamber that normally pumps blood to the lungs).
most of the blood that leaves the right ventricle in the fetus bypass the lungs through the second of the extra fetal connections known as the ductus arteriosus.
The ductus arteriosus sends the oxygen poor blood to the organs in the lower half of the fetal body. This also allows for the oxygen poor blood to leave the fetus through the umbilical arteries and get back to the placenta to pick up oxygen.
Since the patent foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus are normal findings in the fetus, it is impossible to predict whether or not these connections will close normally after birth in a normal fetal heart.
Blood from the placenta is carried to the fetus by the umbilical vein. In humans, less than a third of this enters the fetal ductus venosus and is carried to the inferior vena cava, while the rest enters the liver proper from the inferior border of the liver. The branch of the umbilical vein that supplies the right lobe of the liver first joins with the portal vein. The blood then moves to the right atrium of the heart. In the fetus, there is an opening between the right and left atrium (the foramen ovale), and most of the blood flows through this hole directly into the left atrium from the right atrium, thus bypassing pulmonary circulation. The continuation of this blood flow is into the left ventricle, and from there it is pumped through the aorta into the body. Some of the blood moves from the aorta through the internal iliac arteries to the umbilical arteries, and re-enters the placenta, where carbon dioxide and other waste products from the fetus are taken up and enter the maternal circulation.
Describe the flow of oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fe.pdffasttrackscardecors
Describe the flow of oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus\' systemic circulation and
deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta. Be sure to include all five structures that
allow for fetal circulation to take place effectively.
Solution
Placenta receives blood from two systems: a uteroplacental system that delivers maternal blood
to the placenta; and the fetoplacental system that receives from the fetus.
The umbilical vein carries blood from the placenta to the fetus. A majority of it enters liver and
1/3rd is diverted to ductus venosus and carried to inferior vena cava. In liver proper, the blood
enters from its inferior border. A branch of the umbilical vein joins the portal vein. The blood is
then supplied to the right atrium of the heart. The heart has an opening connecting left and right
atrium called foramen ovale. Due to this opening, the blood bypasses the pulmonary circulation
and is directly circulated to the body of the fetus, via the aorta. Some of the blood moves to the
placenta through iliac and then umbilical arteries into the mother\'s blood circulation for the
exchange of gasses and removal of waste products.
A part of the blood that enters the atrium of the fetus enters left ventricle and is pumped to the
pulmonary artery The pulmonary artery of the fetus is connected to the aorta via ductus atriosus
and thus the blood enters aorta and escapes from entering the lungs. The blood in aorta takes the
same route as described earlier..
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Fetal Circulation by Barkha Devi,Lecturer,Sikkim Manipal College of Nursing
1.
2. INTRODUCTION
• In the fully developed human, the heart serves two
main purposes.
• The right heart pumps blood to the lungs for
oxygenation and the left heart pumps oxygenated
blood to rest of the body.
• In the embryo and fetus, the lungs do not oxygenate
the blood.
• Fetal circulation is consequently quite different than
that of a breathing baby or adult.
• When a baby is born and takes its first breathes, the
ducts close and blood is rerouted to the lungs.
3. Definition
The fetal circulation is the
circulatory system of a
human fetus, often
encompassing the entire
fetoplacental circulation
that also includes the
umbilical cord and the
blood vessels within the
placenta that carry fetal
blood.
4. Fetal Circulation
Foetal circulation consequently differs from the
adult one predominantly due to the presence of
3 major vascular shunts:
• Ductus venosus: between the umbilical vein and IVC
• Foramen ovale: between the right and left atrium
• Ductus arteriosus: between the pulmonary artery and
descending aorta
5. The main function of these shunts is to redirect oxygenated blood
away from the lungs, liver and kidney (whose functions are performed
by the placenta).
6. Umbilical Circulation
• Pair of umbilical arteries
carry deoxygenated
blood & wastes to
placenta.
• Umbilical vein carries
oxygenated blood and
nutrients from the
placenta.
7. The Placenta
• Facilitates gas and nutrient
exchange between
maternal and fetal blood.
• The blood itself does not
mix.
8. Placental role
The core concept behind fetal circulation is that fetal
hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does
adult hemoglobin, which allows a diffusion of oxygen
from the mother's circulatory system to the fetus.
The circulatory system of the mother is not directly
connected to that of the fetus, so the placenta
functions as the respiratory center for the fetus as well
as a site of filtration for plasma nutrients and wastes.
9. Image depicts fetal circulation. Note the areas of oxygenated blood
(red) and deoxygenated blood (blue) mixing (purple) through fetal
shunts
10. Fetal Circulation
• By the third month of
development, all major
blood vessels are present
and functioning.
• Fetus must have blood flow
to placenta.
• Resistance to blood flow is
high in lungs.
11. Difference between Adult and Fetal Circulation
Criteria Adult Circulation Fetal Circulation
Artery Carries oxygenated
blood away from
the heart
Carries Non-oxygenated blood away
from the fetal heart
Veins Carries non-
oxygenated blood
towards the heart
Carries oxygenated blood back to the
heart
Exchange
of Gases
Takes places in the
lungs
Takes place in the placenta
Pressure Increase pressure
on the left side of
the heart
Increase pressure on the right side of
the heart
12. Fetal Circulation Sequence
Exchange of gases occurs
in the placenta.
Oxygenated blood is
carried by the umbilical
vein towards the fetal
heart.
13. The ductus venosus directs part of the blood
flow from the umbilical vein away from the
fetal liver (filtration of the blood by the liver is
unnecessary during the fetal life) and directly
to the inferior vena cava.
14. Blood from the ductus venosus enters
to the inferior vena cava. Increase
levels of oxygenated blood flows
into the right atrium.
15. In adults, the increase
pressure of the right atrium
causes the tricuspid valve
to open thus, draining the
blood into the right
ventricle. However, in fetal
circulation most of the
blood in the right atrium is
directed by the foramen
ovale (opening between
the two atria) to the left
atrium.
16. The portion of the blood that drained into
the right ventricle passes to the
pulmonary artery.
17. As blood enters the pulmonary
artery (carries blood to the lungs),
an opening called ductus
arteriosus connects the pulmonary
artery and the descending aorta.
Hence, most of the blood will
bypass the non-functioning fetal
lungs and will be distributed to the
different parts of the body. A small
portion of the oxygenated blood
that enters the lungs remains
there for fetal lung maturity.
18. The umbilical arteries then carry the non-
oxygenated blood away from the heart to
the placenta for oxygenation.
20. Why is the pulmonary circulation reduced in
the human fetus?
Pulmonary circulation is reduced in the human fetus
because the baby gets its oxygen from its mother and
does not breath on its own.
23. What happens at birth?
• The change from fetal to postnatal circulation happens
very quickly.
• Changes are initiated by baby’s first breath.
24. Post natal changes
• Gas exchange function is transferred from
placenta to the lungs.
• Separation of systemic and pulmonary
circulations
• Increased metabolism to maintain body
temperature and hence increased cardiac output.
25. FETAL CIRCULATION VIII: Conversion to post-natal*
Pulmonary
veinsVena cava Right
ATRIUM
Pulmonary
arteries
Right
VENTRICLE
Left
VENTRICLE
Aorta
LUNGS
SYSTEMIC
CAPILLARIES
HEART
Umbilical
arteries
Ductus arteriosus
IVC
OLef t
ATRIUM
Closure of Foramen ovale
DUCTUS VENOSUS
means that blood expelled from the
right ventricle has to go to the lungs
Closure of
Closure of
Stops use of umbilical
vessels, & converts all
vena cava blood to
deoxygenated
Forces venous blood (now all deoxygenated) into
the right ventricle for expulsion to the lungs
Closure of
Stops use of
umbilical vessels
26. Foramen ovale Closes shortly after birth,
fuses completely in first
year.
Ductus arteriousus Closes soon after birth,
becomes ligamentum
arteriousum in about 3
months.
Ductus venosus Ligamentum venosum
Umbilical arteries Medial umbilical ligaments
Umbilical vein Ligamentum teres
27.
28. Problem with persistence
of fetal circulation
• Patent (open) ductus arteriosus and patent foramen ovale
each characterize about 8% of congenital heart defects.
• Both cause a mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood;
blood reaching tissues not fully oxygenated. Can cause
cyanosis
• Surgical correction now available, ideally completed around
age two.
• Many of these defects go undetected until child is at least
school age.