The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus while removing waste products. It attaches to the uterine wall and the umbilical cord arises from the placenta. The placenta develops from the chorionic villi on the fetal side and the decidua basalis on the maternal side. It grows rapidly and eventually replaces most of the decidua basalis. At term, the placenta is a circular disc that is the site of maternal-fetal transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and various proteins and hormones essential to the development and survival of the fetus.
The document discusses the processes involved in conception, including gametogenesis, ovulation, copulation, fertilization, and implantation. It describes the formation of male and female gametes, ovulation and release of the ovum, fertilization occurring in the fallopian tubes, and cleavage and blastocyst formation. It then discusses implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine lining, formation of the decidua, and differentiation of the trophoblast and inner cell mass.
Fertilization,implantation and fetal developmentVineela Injety
Fertilization is the process by which an egg is fertilized by a sperm, beginning the development of a new organism. It occurs in the fallopian tubes, where the sperm penetrates the egg and fuses with its pronuclei. This forms a single cell called a zygote, which undergoes rapid cell division to become a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. The blastocyst continues to develop through the stages of morula, blastocyst, and embryo as it grows over a period of 38 weeks until birth as a full-term baby.
The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
The document describes fetal development from conception through 40 weeks of gestation. It is broken into 3 periods: pre-embryonic (weeks 1-2), embryonic (weeks 3-8), and fetal (week 9-birth). Key developments include: formation of major organ systems by 8 weeks; spontaneous movements beginning at 12 weeks; lanugo hair and nails developing at 16-20 weeks; ability to hear at 24 weeks; and lungs maturing to allow breathing outside womb starting at 28 weeks. The fetus continues growing and developing through week 40.
The document provides information about the placenta, including its definition, characteristics, development, structure, functions, and conclusions. It defines the placenta as the structure developed in the pregnant uterus through which the fetus derives nutrition and establishes a connection between the mother and fetus via the umbilical cord. Key points covered include that the placenta is discoid, hemochorial and deciduate in nature. It develops from 6-12 weeks of gestation from the chorion frondosum and decidua basalis. At term, it is circular, 15-20cm in diameter, and weighs about 500g. Its functions include the transfer of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, excretion of fetal waste
The document discusses sampling and definitions of placental lesions. It provides information on the structure, development, and histology of the placenta, umbilical cord, membranes, and decidua. It notes that pathologic processes interfering with placental function can result in fetal abnormalities or stillbirth, and some long-term disabilities can be traced to prenatal injury. A systematic review found placental, cord, or membrane pathology contributed to 11-65% of stillbirths depending on the classification used.
The document discusses the fetal skull. It describes the fetal skull as having thin, pliable bones that allow the skull to compress and mold during birth. The skull has three main parts: the vault of the cranium, face, and base. It discusses the sutures and fontanelles that connect the skull bones and act as landmarks for examining the fetal head. Finally, it lists the key diameters of the fetal skull that are important for determining if the skull can pass through the birth canal.
The document discusses the processes involved in conception, including gametogenesis, ovulation, copulation, fertilization, and implantation. It describes the formation of male and female gametes, ovulation and release of the ovum, fertilization occurring in the fallopian tubes, and cleavage and blastocyst formation. It then discusses implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine lining, formation of the decidua, and differentiation of the trophoblast and inner cell mass.
Fertilization,implantation and fetal developmentVineela Injety
Fertilization is the process by which an egg is fertilized by a sperm, beginning the development of a new organism. It occurs in the fallopian tubes, where the sperm penetrates the egg and fuses with its pronuclei. This forms a single cell called a zygote, which undergoes rapid cell division to become a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. The blastocyst continues to develop through the stages of morula, blastocyst, and embryo as it grows over a period of 38 weeks until birth as a full-term baby.
The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
The document describes fetal development from conception through 40 weeks of gestation. It is broken into 3 periods: pre-embryonic (weeks 1-2), embryonic (weeks 3-8), and fetal (week 9-birth). Key developments include: formation of major organ systems by 8 weeks; spontaneous movements beginning at 12 weeks; lanugo hair and nails developing at 16-20 weeks; ability to hear at 24 weeks; and lungs maturing to allow breathing outside womb starting at 28 weeks. The fetus continues growing and developing through week 40.
The document provides information about the placenta, including its definition, characteristics, development, structure, functions, and conclusions. It defines the placenta as the structure developed in the pregnant uterus through which the fetus derives nutrition and establishes a connection between the mother and fetus via the umbilical cord. Key points covered include that the placenta is discoid, hemochorial and deciduate in nature. It develops from 6-12 weeks of gestation from the chorion frondosum and decidua basalis. At term, it is circular, 15-20cm in diameter, and weighs about 500g. Its functions include the transfer of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, excretion of fetal waste
The document discusses sampling and definitions of placental lesions. It provides information on the structure, development, and histology of the placenta, umbilical cord, membranes, and decidua. It notes that pathologic processes interfering with placental function can result in fetal abnormalities or stillbirth, and some long-term disabilities can be traced to prenatal injury. A systematic review found placental, cord, or membrane pathology contributed to 11-65% of stillbirths depending on the classification used.
The document discusses the fetal skull. It describes the fetal skull as having thin, pliable bones that allow the skull to compress and mold during birth. The skull has three main parts: the vault of the cranium, face, and base. It discusses the sutures and fontanelles that connect the skull bones and act as landmarks for examining the fetal head. Finally, it lists the key diameters of the fetal skull that are important for determining if the skull can pass through the birth canal.
This document defines and describes several types of placental abnormalities. It begins by defining placental abnormalities as variations in placental anatomy, physiology, or implantation that can negatively impact the placenta or fetus. It then describes specific abnormalities like bilobed placenta, where the placenta has two lobes; succenturiate placenta, where accessory lobes form apart from the main placenta; and placenta accreta, where the placenta invades the uterine wall abnormally. It provides details on the characteristics, risks, and diagnosis of several different placental abnormalities.
The human placenta is a discoid, haemochorial organ that develops during pregnancy to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall for nutrient/waste exchange. At term, the placenta is a circular disc about 15-20cm in diameter and 2.5cm thick that weighs around 500g. It has both a fetal side covered by amnion/umbilical cord and a rough, spongy maternal side with lobes. The placenta facilitates gas/nutrient exchange between maternal and fetal blood supplied by the umbilical cord and establishes a connection between the mother and developing fetus.
The document discusses the management of the third stage of labour, which begins with the birth of the baby and ends with delivery of the placenta. It describes the phases of placental separation, descent, and expulsion. It discusses expectant versus active management and the nursing care involved in each approach. The nursing diagnosis identifies risks for fluid deficit, lack of preparation for sensations, and energy expenditure from childbirth efforts. Nursing interventions include monitoring for signs of separation and bleeding, providing education and rest opportunities.
Embryonic and fetal growth and developmentMichelle Mante
The document discusses human embryonic and fetal growth and development. It defines key terms and outlines the objectives of covering the stages of intrauterine development from zygote to fetus. It describes the three primary germ layers that develop into organ systems, and the changes that occur in each stage of embryonic and fetal growth. Finally, it provides detailed information about fetal growth and development in each lunar month of pregnancy.
The placenta serves four main functions:
1. Nutritive - it allows nutrients, electrolytes, and hormones from the mother's blood to diffuse to the developing fetus.
2. Excretory - it excretes metabolic waste and end products from the fetus into the mother's bloodstream.
3. Respiratory - as the fetal lungs are not functional, the placenta acts as the fetus's respiratory organ by allowing oxygen to diffuse from the mother's blood to the fetus and carbon dioxide to diffuse in the opposite direction.
4. Endocrine - the placenta secretes hormones like hCG, estrogen, progesterone, HCS, and relaxin which help sustain the pregnancy and
The placenta develops from small projections called chorionic villi on the blastocyst that proliferate and erode into the walls of maternal blood vessels by the 17th day of gestation. By 10 weeks of gestation, the placenta has fully developed and each villus and its branches form cotyledons that allow for respiratory, nutritive, excretory, and endocrine functions by mechanisms like diffusion, active transport, and phagocytosis. The mature placenta is a discoid structure weighing around 500g that is the site of gas, nutrient, waste, and antibody exchange between mother and fetus.
The placenta has fetal and maternal portions separated by chorionic and decidual plates. Between the plates are intervillous spaces containing maternal blood. During months 4-5, decidual septa divide the placenta into compartments called cotyledons. The placenta exchanges gases, nutrients, electrolytes and antibodies between mother and fetus. It also produces hormones like progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy.
The document discusses the structure and types of placenta. It notes that the placenta is a fetal organ responsible for nutrition, oxygen, and waste exchange between the mother and fetus. The placenta has fetal and maternal components that come into contact. There are five types of placenta classified by their histology and nature of contact with the uterus. The placenta serves respiratory, excretory, nutritional, and endocrine functions vital to maintaining pregnancy.
The placenta is a temporary organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta can develop in different locations within the uterus. It begins developing at 4 weeks of pregnancy and continues growing throughout pregnancy. The placenta forms connections between the mother and baby's blood supplies but they do not intermingle. Potential placental pathologies include placenta accreta, placenta previa, and placental abruption.
The placenta develops from the chorion frondosum and decidua basalis. By the 11th day, the blastocyst is surrounded by lacunar spaces that form the intervillous space. Stem villi develop by the 13th day and connect the chorionic plate to the basal plate. Primary, secondary, and tertiary villi are successively developed. By the 21st day, the arterio-capillary-venous system is completed. The placenta is fully formed by the 12th week of gestation and continues growing in thickness and circumference until the 16th week. The placenta functions to transfer nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and fetus and acts as a
This document discusses various abnormalities that can occur in the placenta and umbilical cord, including abnormalities in size, shape, insertion site and blood flow. It describes conditions like placenta previa, circumvallate placenta, succenturiate lobe, velamentous cord insertion and true/false knots that can impact fetal and maternal health. Diagnosis and management of these abnormalities is discussed.
The document discusses the umbilical cord, including its development from the body stalk by 5 weeks, attachment to the fetal surface of the placenta, characteristics like length and blood vessels, functions of transporting nutrients and waste, and potential abnormalities like velamentous insertion, short or long length, knotting, and prolapse. It concludes the cord provides the vital connection between fetus and placenta and includes an evaluation on the topic.
The decidua is the endometrium that remains in the uterus after implantation. It is composed of three parts: the decidua basalis between the blastocyst and myometrium that forms part of the placenta, the decidua capsularis covering the blastocyst except at the embryonic pole and separating it from the uterine cavity, and the decidua parietalis lining the rest of the uterine cavity. After delivery, the decidua basalis shares in placenta formation while the decidua capsularis and parietalis fuse and are shed with the placenta.
The document summarizes the development, functions, and abnormalities of the placenta. It discusses how the placenta develops from implantation through formation of chorionic villi and circulation. It describes the placenta's main functions of transferring nutrients and waste between mother and fetus, as well as endocrine and barrier functions. It also covers placental hormones, mechanisms of substance transfer, and diagnostic uses and immunological role of the placenta.
Vacuum extraction, also known as ventouse, is a method to assist delivery using a vacuum device attached to the fetal scalp to create suction. The vacuum extractor consists of a suction cup connected by tubing to a vacuum source. It is used when maternal or fetal indications warrant assistance with delivery, such as maternal exhaustion or fetal distress. Risks include scalp laceration and other soft tissue injuries for both mother and baby. The procedure should be abandoned if progress is not made within 20 minutes due to risks of trauma.
The placenta serves many essential functions:
1) It acts as a barrier and protects the fetus from harmful substances in maternal blood while allowing oxygen, nutrients, and waste to pass through.
2) The placenta provides nutrition to the fetus by selecting and transporting nutrients like amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals from maternal blood.
3) It produces important hormones like hCG, estrogen, progesterone, and human placental lactogen that help maintain the pregnancy and support fetal development.
The placenta facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and fetus through two circulatory systems - the utero-placental and fetoplacental circulations. In the utero-placental circulation, maternal blood enters the intervillous space of the placenta from spiral arteries and flows through the chorionic villi where exchange with fetal circulation occurs. The fetoplacental circulation consists of fetal blood flowing from the umbilical arteries into chorionic villi and exchanging with maternal blood before draining into the umbilical vein. A thin placental barrier separates the maternal and fetal blood, allowing for gas and nutrient transfer while preventing mixing of blood.
The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and measures approximately 50 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter at term. It contains one vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus and two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood away. The cord inserts into the placenta near its center in most cases. Abnormalities can include abnormal insertion points, short or long length, knots, torsion, hematoma, or having a single umbilical artery instead of two.
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, deciduate, and larynthine. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus through the umbilical cord. The placenta undergoes development from implantation through the third trimester, forming the chorionic and basal plates separated by the intervillous space containing branching villi. The placenta acts as the site of nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between mother and fetus as well as producing important hormones. Various abnormalities can occur in placental shape, implantation, circulation or development that impact clinical outcomes.
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, and deciduate. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus via the umbilical cord. The placenta grows in thickness and circumference until 16 weeks of gestation, then increases circumferentially until term. It facilitates gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the maternal and fetal circulations through specialized villi in the intervillous space. The placenta separates after birth, ending the circulatory connection between mother and fetus.
This document defines and describes several types of placental abnormalities. It begins by defining placental abnormalities as variations in placental anatomy, physiology, or implantation that can negatively impact the placenta or fetus. It then describes specific abnormalities like bilobed placenta, where the placenta has two lobes; succenturiate placenta, where accessory lobes form apart from the main placenta; and placenta accreta, where the placenta invades the uterine wall abnormally. It provides details on the characteristics, risks, and diagnosis of several different placental abnormalities.
The human placenta is a discoid, haemochorial organ that develops during pregnancy to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall for nutrient/waste exchange. At term, the placenta is a circular disc about 15-20cm in diameter and 2.5cm thick that weighs around 500g. It has both a fetal side covered by amnion/umbilical cord and a rough, spongy maternal side with lobes. The placenta facilitates gas/nutrient exchange between maternal and fetal blood supplied by the umbilical cord and establishes a connection between the mother and developing fetus.
The document discusses the management of the third stage of labour, which begins with the birth of the baby and ends with delivery of the placenta. It describes the phases of placental separation, descent, and expulsion. It discusses expectant versus active management and the nursing care involved in each approach. The nursing diagnosis identifies risks for fluid deficit, lack of preparation for sensations, and energy expenditure from childbirth efforts. Nursing interventions include monitoring for signs of separation and bleeding, providing education and rest opportunities.
Embryonic and fetal growth and developmentMichelle Mante
The document discusses human embryonic and fetal growth and development. It defines key terms and outlines the objectives of covering the stages of intrauterine development from zygote to fetus. It describes the three primary germ layers that develop into organ systems, and the changes that occur in each stage of embryonic and fetal growth. Finally, it provides detailed information about fetal growth and development in each lunar month of pregnancy.
The placenta serves four main functions:
1. Nutritive - it allows nutrients, electrolytes, and hormones from the mother's blood to diffuse to the developing fetus.
2. Excretory - it excretes metabolic waste and end products from the fetus into the mother's bloodstream.
3. Respiratory - as the fetal lungs are not functional, the placenta acts as the fetus's respiratory organ by allowing oxygen to diffuse from the mother's blood to the fetus and carbon dioxide to diffuse in the opposite direction.
4. Endocrine - the placenta secretes hormones like hCG, estrogen, progesterone, HCS, and relaxin which help sustain the pregnancy and
The placenta develops from small projections called chorionic villi on the blastocyst that proliferate and erode into the walls of maternal blood vessels by the 17th day of gestation. By 10 weeks of gestation, the placenta has fully developed and each villus and its branches form cotyledons that allow for respiratory, nutritive, excretory, and endocrine functions by mechanisms like diffusion, active transport, and phagocytosis. The mature placenta is a discoid structure weighing around 500g that is the site of gas, nutrient, waste, and antibody exchange between mother and fetus.
The placenta has fetal and maternal portions separated by chorionic and decidual plates. Between the plates are intervillous spaces containing maternal blood. During months 4-5, decidual septa divide the placenta into compartments called cotyledons. The placenta exchanges gases, nutrients, electrolytes and antibodies between mother and fetus. It also produces hormones like progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy.
The document discusses the structure and types of placenta. It notes that the placenta is a fetal organ responsible for nutrition, oxygen, and waste exchange between the mother and fetus. The placenta has fetal and maternal components that come into contact. There are five types of placenta classified by their histology and nature of contact with the uterus. The placenta serves respiratory, excretory, nutritional, and endocrine functions vital to maintaining pregnancy.
The placenta is a temporary organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta can develop in different locations within the uterus. It begins developing at 4 weeks of pregnancy and continues growing throughout pregnancy. The placenta forms connections between the mother and baby's blood supplies but they do not intermingle. Potential placental pathologies include placenta accreta, placenta previa, and placental abruption.
The placenta develops from the chorion frondosum and decidua basalis. By the 11th day, the blastocyst is surrounded by lacunar spaces that form the intervillous space. Stem villi develop by the 13th day and connect the chorionic plate to the basal plate. Primary, secondary, and tertiary villi are successively developed. By the 21st day, the arterio-capillary-venous system is completed. The placenta is fully formed by the 12th week of gestation and continues growing in thickness and circumference until the 16th week. The placenta functions to transfer nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and fetus and acts as a
This document discusses various abnormalities that can occur in the placenta and umbilical cord, including abnormalities in size, shape, insertion site and blood flow. It describes conditions like placenta previa, circumvallate placenta, succenturiate lobe, velamentous cord insertion and true/false knots that can impact fetal and maternal health. Diagnosis and management of these abnormalities is discussed.
The document discusses the umbilical cord, including its development from the body stalk by 5 weeks, attachment to the fetal surface of the placenta, characteristics like length and blood vessels, functions of transporting nutrients and waste, and potential abnormalities like velamentous insertion, short or long length, knotting, and prolapse. It concludes the cord provides the vital connection between fetus and placenta and includes an evaluation on the topic.
The decidua is the endometrium that remains in the uterus after implantation. It is composed of three parts: the decidua basalis between the blastocyst and myometrium that forms part of the placenta, the decidua capsularis covering the blastocyst except at the embryonic pole and separating it from the uterine cavity, and the decidua parietalis lining the rest of the uterine cavity. After delivery, the decidua basalis shares in placenta formation while the decidua capsularis and parietalis fuse and are shed with the placenta.
The document summarizes the development, functions, and abnormalities of the placenta. It discusses how the placenta develops from implantation through formation of chorionic villi and circulation. It describes the placenta's main functions of transferring nutrients and waste between mother and fetus, as well as endocrine and barrier functions. It also covers placental hormones, mechanisms of substance transfer, and diagnostic uses and immunological role of the placenta.
Vacuum extraction, also known as ventouse, is a method to assist delivery using a vacuum device attached to the fetal scalp to create suction. The vacuum extractor consists of a suction cup connected by tubing to a vacuum source. It is used when maternal or fetal indications warrant assistance with delivery, such as maternal exhaustion or fetal distress. Risks include scalp laceration and other soft tissue injuries for both mother and baby. The procedure should be abandoned if progress is not made within 20 minutes due to risks of trauma.
The placenta serves many essential functions:
1) It acts as a barrier and protects the fetus from harmful substances in maternal blood while allowing oxygen, nutrients, and waste to pass through.
2) The placenta provides nutrition to the fetus by selecting and transporting nutrients like amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals from maternal blood.
3) It produces important hormones like hCG, estrogen, progesterone, and human placental lactogen that help maintain the pregnancy and support fetal development.
The placenta facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and fetus through two circulatory systems - the utero-placental and fetoplacental circulations. In the utero-placental circulation, maternal blood enters the intervillous space of the placenta from spiral arteries and flows through the chorionic villi where exchange with fetal circulation occurs. The fetoplacental circulation consists of fetal blood flowing from the umbilical arteries into chorionic villi and exchanging with maternal blood before draining into the umbilical vein. A thin placental barrier separates the maternal and fetal blood, allowing for gas and nutrient transfer while preventing mixing of blood.
The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and measures approximately 50 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter at term. It contains one vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus and two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood away. The cord inserts into the placenta near its center in most cases. Abnormalities can include abnormal insertion points, short or long length, knots, torsion, hematoma, or having a single umbilical artery instead of two.
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, deciduate, and larynthine. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus through the umbilical cord. The placenta undergoes development from implantation through the third trimester, forming the chorionic and basal plates separated by the intervillous space containing branching villi. The placenta acts as the site of nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between mother and fetus as well as producing important hormones. Various abnormalities can occur in placental shape, implantation, circulation or development that impact clinical outcomes.
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, and deciduate. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus via the umbilical cord. The placenta grows in thickness and circumference until 16 weeks of gestation, then increases circumferentially until term. It facilitates gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the maternal and fetal circulations through specialized villi in the intervillous space. The placenta separates after birth, ending the circulatory connection between mother and fetus.
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ with fetal and maternal components that functions as the transport system between mother and fetus. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium in early pregnancy. The chorionic villi develop and branch out to form the fetal portion of the placenta, while the decidua basalis forms the maternal portion. By the end of the fourth month, the placenta has grown rapidly and replaced most of the decidua basalis. A full-term placenta is disc-shaped and 500-600g in weight, with 15-20 cotyledons on the maternal side where remnants of the decidua attach.
The placenta connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall of the mother. It is made up of a fetal and maternal component. The placenta functions to transfer nutrients and waste between the fetus and mother. It develops from the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst and grows throughout pregnancy. At full term, the placenta is disc-shaped and contains villi which facilitate nutrient/gas exchange between the fetal and maternal blood through the placental membrane. Complications can include placenta praevia where the placenta covers all or part of the cervix.
The placenta is an organ that develops in pregnancy to allow nutrient/waste exchange between mother and fetus. It has fetal and maternal components. The fetal chorionic villi embed into the maternal decidua basalis. The placenta functions to protect the fetus, enable nutrition/respiration, excrete wastes, and produce hormones. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium throughout pregnancy, becoming the primary site of maternal-fetal exchange by term.
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ connecting the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow for nutrient/waste exchange. It contains both fetal and maternal components - the fetal chorionic villi develop from the chorionic sac and maternal decidua develops from the uterine endometrium. The placenta functions to protect the fetus, provide nutrition/respiration, excrete wastes, and produce hormones through this interface between fetal and maternal blood supplies.
The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the umbilical cord, amnion, amniotic fluid, yolk sac, and allantois. It describes the development, structure, function and abnormalities of each membrane. The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and transports nutrients. The amnion surrounds the fetus and amniotic fluid, protecting the fetus and allowing movement. The yolk sac provides early nutrition but later degenerates. The allantois contributes to blood and urinary system development. Abnormalities can impact fetal health.
The placenta facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between maternal and fetal blood. It develops from the fetal trophoblast and maternal endometrium. By the second month, the trophoblast develops into the chorionic villi, which come into contact with maternal blood in the intervillous spaces. The placenta allows for gas exchange, nutrient transport, and provides hormonal support to maintain pregnancy. At term, it is discoid in shape, 15-25 cm in diameter, and weighs 500-600 grams.
EBRYOGENESIS BY HASSAN SHAH ARYANI GROUP 18.pptxhassanaryani
The document discusses the process of embryogenesis from fertilization through the 8th week. Key points include:
- Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote, which undergoes cleavage and develops into a blastocyst.
- The blastocyst implants in the uterine wall and undergoes blastulation and differentiation of the inner cell mass into the embryoblast.
- Gastrulation occurs as the embryoblast forms the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
- Organ systems gradually develop from the germ layers as the embryo grows over the next several weeks until the end of the embryonic period at 8
Fetal and Placental Development (Dr.Rafi Rozan)Rafi Rozan
The document summarizes fetal development from conception through the third trimester of pregnancy. It describes the key stages and timeframes of development, including the formation of major organs in the first few months. The roles and development of the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, and placenta are also outlined. The circulatory systems of the uterus, placenta, and fetus are explained.
This document discusses the development of the placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes. It describes how the placenta forms from the decidua basalis of the endometrium and chorion frondosum of the fetus, which combine to form the placenta. It also discusses the development of chorionic villi and differentiation of trophoblast cells, invasion of spiral arteries by trophoblasts, and establishment of the placental circulation by the 17th day of development. The morphology of the mature placenta is also described, including its discoid shape, surfaces, weight, and potential abnormalities.
PLACENTA AT TERM PPT for third year GNM studentGouri Das
The document discusses the development and structure of the placenta at term. It notes that the placenta develops from both fetal and maternal tissues, with villi developing on the fetal side that connect to the maternal blood supply. The placenta establishes independent circulatory systems on the maternal and fetal sides to facilitate gas, nutrient, and waste transfer between the mother and fetus. It is completed developing around 12 weeks of gestation and continues growing in the second trimester. The three major components of the placenta are the chorionic plate, intervillous space, and basal plate through which circulation occurs.
The placenta develops from extraembryonic membranes and allows for nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus through specialized structures. The placenta grows throughout pregnancy to support rapid fetal growth. It develops villi filled with fetal blood that project into the maternal blood-filled intervillous space, maximizing the surface area for transport. The placenta also acts as an endocrine organ, producing hormones to maintain pregnancy and adapt the mother's body. Its syncytiotrophoblast layer forms an immunological barrier to avoid rejection of paternal antigens.
1. During the first week after fertilization, the embryo journeys through the fallopian tube undergoing cell division. It then implants in the uterine wall, where the trophoblast cells attach and secrete enzymes to embed the embryo.
2. An elaborate placenta then forms, with intimate apposition of fetal and maternal blood vessels allowing gas exchange, nutrient absorption, and waste excretion for the growing fetus, without actual mixing of blood.
3. Hormonal changes sustain the corpus luteum and uterine lining during pregnancy. The trophoblast secretes hCG to replace LH and stimulate progesterone and estrogen production, initially by the corpus luteum and later directly by the placenta.
Placentation in mammal,classification of placenta and function SoniaBajaj10
The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy in mammals to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. It is a discoid, circular organ around 15-20 cm in diameter and 2.5 cm thick that weighs approximately 500g at term. The placenta has both fetal and maternal surfaces, with the fetal surface covered by the amnion and bearing the umbilical cord, and the maternal surface being rough and spongy where it attaches to the uterine wall. The placenta serves critical functions like nutrient, gas and waste exchange between mother and fetus, acting as an endocrine organ and barrier between
This document summarizes key events in human embryonic development during the third week. It describes how the primitive streak forms and gives rise to the three germ layers. It also discusses how the notochord, neural tube, and somites begin to develop as the embryo undergoes folding to take on a cylindrical shape. Additionally, it provides an overview of initial organ formation and the establishment of the primitive cardiovascular system during this critical period of embryogenesis.
lec 6- week - ninth week to birth.thsrpdfSriRam071
The document summarizes fetal development from the third month of pregnancy through birth. Key points include:
- By the third month, the fetus' face takes on a more human appearance and external genitalia develop enough to determine sex. Reflexes can be observed.
- Rapid growth occurs in the fourth and fifth months as the fetus lengthens and organs mature. Movement may be felt by the mother by the fifth month.
- In the sixth month, major organ systems are developing but still immature. Survival chances increase to 90% if born at this point.
- In the last two months, the fetus develops contours and fat. Most weight gain occurs during this period.
The document discusses fetal development from conception through 40 weeks of gestation. It describes the key stages and changes that occur each week, including organ formation, growth in length and weight, physical features developing, and increased brain and system functionality. The document provides a thorough overview of the remarkable developmental process from fertilization to birth.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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2. IntroductionIntroduction
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ that
develops in uterus during pregnancy. This
structure provides oxygen and nutrients to
growing fetus and removes waste products
from fetus's blood. The placenta attaches to
the wall of uterus, and fetus's umbilical cord
arises from it. In most pregnancies, the
placenta attaches at the top or side of the
uterus.
Sridevi Devaraj 2
3. Further Development of
Chorionic Villi
Early in the 3rd
week,
mesenchyme growth into
the primary villi forming a
core of mesenchymal
tissue. Thus the Secondary
Chorionic Villi are formed
over the entire surface of
the chorionic sac.
Some mesenchymal cells in
the secondary villi
differentiate into capillaries
and blood cells forming the
Tertiary Chorionic Villi.
The capillaries in the villi
fuse to form arteriocapillary
networks.
Sridevi Devaraj 3
4. Sridevi Devaraj 4
The previous formed
arteriocapillary
networks become
connected with the
embryonic heart
through vessels which
are formed in the
mesenchyme of the
chorion and
connecting stalk.
By the end of the 3rd
week, embryonic blood
begins to flow through
the capillaries in the
chorionic villi.
5. Sridevi Devaraj 5
Oxygen & nutrients in
the maternal blood in the
intervillous space diffuse
through the walls of the
villi and enter the
embryo’s blood.
Carbon dioxide & waste
products diffuse from
blood in the fetal
capillaries through the
wall of the chorionic villi
into the maternal blood.
6. DECIDUADECIDUA
Sridevi Devaraj 6
This is the endometrium of
the gravid (pregnant)
uterus.
It has four parts:
1. Decidua basalis: it
forms the maternal
part of the placenta
2. Decidua capsularis:
it covers the
conceptus
3. Decidua parietalis:
the rest of the
endometrium
4. Decidua reflexa:
Junction between
capsularis &
parietalis
8. Placenta developmentPlacenta development
O Human placenta develops
from two sources
Fetal component- Chorion
frondosum
Maternal component- decidua
basalis
O Placental development begins
at 6 weeks and is completed
by 12th
week
Sridevi Devaraj 8
9. Sridevi Devaraj 9
O Until the beginning
of the 8th
week, the
entire chorionic sac
is covered with villi.
O After that, as the sac
grows, only the part
that is associated
with Decidua basalis
retain its villi.
O Villi of Decidua
capsularis
compressed by the
developing sac.
10. Sridevi Devaraj 10
O Thus, two types of
chorion are formed:
O Chorion
frondosum
(villous chorion)
O Chorion laeve –
bare (smooth)
chorion
O About 18 weeks
old, it covers 15-
30% of the decidua
and weights about
1 6 of fetus
11. ContCont..
O The villous chorion ( increase
in number, enlarge and
branch) will form the fetal
part of the placenta.
O The decidua basalis will form
the maternal part of the
placenta.
O The placenta will grow
rapidly.
O By the end of the 4th
month,
the decidua basalis is almost
entirely replaced by the fetal
part of the placenta
Sridevi Devaraj 11
12. Placenta at Term
O Is circular disc
O Diameter- 15-20 cm
O Weight-500gm
O Thickness-2.5 cm
O Spongy to feel
O Occupies 30% of the uterine wall
O Two surfaces- Maternal and fetal
O 4/5th
of the placenta is of fetal origin and 1/5
is of maternal origin
Sridevi Devaraj 12
13. Fetal surface
Sridevi Devaraj 13
O Covered by smooth and
glistening amnion
overlying the chorion
O Umbilical cord is attached
near to its centre
O Branches of the umbilical
vessels are visible beneath
the amnion as they radiate
from the insertion of the
cord.
14. Maternal surface
Sridevi Devaraj 14
O Rough and spongy
O Maternal blood gives
it dull red colour
O Remanants of the
decidua basalis gives
it shaggy appearance
O Divided into 15-20
cotyledons by the
septa
15. O Cotyledons –about 15 to
20 slightly bulging villous
areas. Their surface is
covered by shreds of
decidua basalis from the
uterine wall.
O After birth, the placenta is
always inspected for
missing cotyledons.
Cotyledons remaining
attached to the uterine
wall after birth may cause
severe bleeding.
Sridevi Devaraj 15
16. Margins
Margin of the placenta are
formed by fused chorionic and
the basal plate
Attachment
Placenta is attached to
the upper part of the uterine
body encouraging to the fundus
either at the posterior or
anterior wall
Sridevi Devaraj 16
17. Separation
OAfter delivery ,placenta separates with the
line of separation being through decidua
spongiosum (intermediate spongy layer of
the decidua basalis)
Sridevi Devaraj 17
18. Structure of the
placenta
Sridevi Devaraj 18
O Placenta consist of two
plates(layers)
Chorionic plate
The basal plate
chorionic plate
O It is lined by the amniotic
membrane on the fetal side
O The umbilical cord is
attached to it.
O Forms the roof of the
placenta
19. ContCont..
Sridevi Devaraj 19
O From outside inwards consists of
Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Extra embryonic mesoderm with
branches of umbilical vessels
20. Sridevi Devaraj 20
The basal plate
OIt consist of the structures From
outside inwards
Compact and spongy layer of
decidua basalis
Layer of Nitabuch
Cytotrophoblastic shell
Syncytiotrophoblast
Basal plate is perforated by the
spiral arteries allowing entry of
maternal blood into intervillous
space
21. Sridevi Devaraj 21
O Layer of Nitabuch -
Is a fibrinous layer formed at the junction
of cytotrophoblastic shell with decidua due to
fibrinoid degeneration of syncytiotrophoblast
O It prevents excessive penetration of the decidua
by the trophoblast
O Nitabuch membrane is absent in placenta
accreta and other morbidly adherent placentas
22. Placental barrier or membrane
Sridevi Devaraj 22
Maternal and fetal blood
are separated by
placental membrane or
barrier(0.025mm thick)
It consist of
O Endothelial lining of
fetal vessels
O Connective tissue
stroma of villus
O Basement membrane
O Cytotrophoblast
O Syncytiotrophoblast
24. Utero placental circulationUtero placental circulation
O It is concerned with the circulation of the
maternal blood through the intervillous
space.
O A mature placenta has a volume of about
500 ml of blood.
O 350 ml of being occupied in the villi
system
O 150 ml lying in the intervillous space
Sridevi Devaraj 24
25. O Intervillous blood flow at
term is estimated to be 500-
600 ml per minute
O Blood in the inter villous
space Is replaced
completely replaced about
3-4 times per minute.
O The pressure within the
intervillous space
- During uterine
relaxation is about 10-15
mm of hg
-During uterine
contraction is about 30-50
mm of hgSridevi Devaraj 25
26. Arterial circulationArterial circulation
O 120-200 spiral arteries open
in to the inter villous space
O Within 12 weeks of
pregnancy the
cytotrophoblast invade the
spiral arteries up to intra
decidual portion
O Within 12-16 weeks
secondary invasion of
trophobast extend up to
radial arteries within the
myometrium.
Sridevi Devaraj 26
27. O Thus spiral arteries
are converted to large
bore utero placental
arteries
O Trophoblast cells that
do not take part in
villous structure
extravillous
trophoblast
these are two tyes
-endovascular
extravillous
trophoblast
-Interstitial
extravillous
trophoblast
Sridevi Devaraj 27
28. Venous drainageVenous drainage
O the venous blood of the inter villous space drains
through the uterine veins which pierce the basal plate
Sridevi Devaraj 28
29. Feto-placental circulationFeto-placental circulation
O Two umbilical arteries carries
the impure blood from the fetus
O They enter the chorionic plate
underneath the amnion
O The arteries break up in to the
small branches which enters
the small chorionic villi
O Each in turn divide in to
primary ,secondary and
tertiary vessels of the
corresponding villi.
O The blood flows in to the
corresponding venous channel
through the terminal capillary
network.Sridevi Devaraj 29
30. O Maternal and fetal blood flow
side by side but in opposite
direction
O This blood flow facilitate the
material exchange between
the mother and fetus
O The villous capillary pressure
is 20-40 mm of hg
O The fetal blood flow through
placenta is 400 ml /min
O This is mainly facilitated by
pumping action of heart
Sridevi Devaraj 30
31. Placental Function
Sridevi Devaraj 31
Transfer of gases ,nutrients and waste
products , namely
Respiratory function
Nutritive function
Excretory function
Endocrine and enzymatic function
Barrier function
Immunological function
32. Mechanism involved in the transfer of
substances
O Simple diffusion-O2 and CO2
O Facilitated diffusion ( carrier mediated ) –
glucose ,vitamins
O Active transfer ( against concentration
gradient )-ions
O Endocytosis- invagination of cell membrane to
form intracellular vesicle
O Exocytosis-Release of substances in the
vesicles to extracellular space
eg IgG immunoglobulin
Sridevi Devaraj 32
33. Respiratory function
O Although fetal respiratory movement
occurs by 11 week, no active
exchange of gases takes place
O Intake of oxygen and output of carbon
dioxide take place by simple diffusion
across the fetal membrane
O O2 delivery to the fetus is at the rate
of 8 ml/kg which is achieved by cord
blood flow of 160-320ml/min
Sridevi Devaraj 33
34. Excretory functionExcretory function
OWaste products from the fetus
such as urea, uric acid,
cretinine are excreted to the
maternal blood by simple
diffusion.
Sridevi Devaraj 34
35. Nutritive function
Fetus obtains its nutrients from the maternal blood
O Glucose- transferred to the fetus by facilitated
diffusion
O Lipids for fetal growth and development has dual
origin. They are transferred across the fetal
membrane or synthesized in the fetus
O Amino acids are transferred by active transport
O Water and electrolytes- Na, K ,Cl cross by simple
diffusion, Ca , P, and Fe cross by active transport
O Water soluble vitamins are transferred by active
transport but the fat soluble vitamins are
transferred slowlySridevi Devaraj 35
36. Barrier Function
O Placental membrane is thought to be a protective
barrier for the fetus against harmful agents in the
maternal blood
O Substances with large molecular weight or size like
insulin or heparin are transferred minimally
O Only IgG ( not IgA or Ig M )antibodies and antigens
can cross the placental barrier
O Most drugs can cross the placental barrier and some
can be teratogenic
O Various viruses, bacteria, protozoa can cross the
placenta and affect the fetus in uteroSridevi Devaraj 36
37. Immunological function
O Inspite of foreign paternally
inherited antigens in the fetus and
placenta, there is no graft rejection
due to immunological protection
provided by the placenta
Sridevi Devaraj 37
38. Endocrine and Enzymatic
function
O Placenta secretes various hormones – Protein
hormones like HCG, human placental
lactogen,pregnancy specific beta 1
glycoprotein,,pregnancy associated plasma
protein, steroidal hormones like estrogen and
progestrone
O Enzymes secreted are diamine oxidase-which
activates the circulatory pressor amines,
oxytocinase which neutralizes oxytocin,
phospholipase A2 which synthesizes
arachidonic acidSridevi Devaraj 38