The document provides an overview of various automobile safety and control systems, including anti-lock braking systems (ABS), electronic brake force distribution (EBD), and emergency brake assist (EBA). It also discusses additional technologies such as airbags, tachometers, engine immobilizers, automatic climate control, cruise control, traction control systems (TCS), electronic stability control (ESC), all-wheel drive (AWD), and four-wheel drive (4WD). Each system is described regarding its functionality and impact on vehicle safety and performance.

3. Anti-lock braking system (ABS) is an automobile safety system that allows
the wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road
surface according to driver inputs while braking, preventing the wheels
from locking up (ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled skidding. It is
an automated system that uses the principles of threshold
braking and cadence braking which were practiced by skilful drivers with
previous generation braking systems. It does this at a much faster rate and
with better control than a driver could manage.
ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping
distances on dry and slippery surfaces for many drivers; however, on loose
surfaces like gravel or snow-covered pavement, ABS can significantly
increase braking distance, although still improving vehicle control.

6. Electronic brake force distribution (EBD or EBFD), Electronic brake force
limitation (EBL) is an automobile brake technology that automatically varies
the amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's brakes, based on road
conditions, speed, loading, etc. Always coupled with anti-lock braking
systems, EBD can apply more or less braking pressure to each wheel in
order to maximize stopping power whilst maintaining vehicular
control. Typically, the front end carries the most weight and EBD distributes
less braking pressure to the rear brakes so the rear brakes do not lock up
and cause a skid. In some systems, EBD distributes more braking pressure
at the rear brakes during initial brake application before the effects of
weight transfer become apparent.

9. Emergency brake assist (EBA) or Brake Assist (BA or BAS) is a generic term
for an automobile braking technology that increases braking pressure in an
emergency situation. The first application was developed jointly
by Daimler-Benz and TRW/LucasVarity. Research conducted in 1992 at the
Mercedes-Benz driving simulator in Berlin revealed that more than 90% of
drivers fail to brake with enough force in emergency situations.

12. The speed sensor in a transmission may need to be replaced every 3 or
4 years. The transmission will not work properly if the speed sensor isn't
functioning properly. The speed sensor sends an electronic message to
the transmission to go into gear. The transmission will be sluggish if the
speed sensor is no good. A person can also take it to a mechanic to
have him do it if you aren't comfortable with it

15. An airbag is a vehicle safety device. It is an occupant restraint system
consisting of a flexible fabric envelope or cushion designed to inflate
rapidly during an automobile collision. Its purpose is to cushion occupants
during a crash and provide protection to their bodies when they strike
interior objects such as the steering wheel or a window.
Modern vehicles may contain multiple airbag modules in various side and
frontal locations of the passenger seating positions, and sensors may
deploy one or more airbags in an impact zone at variable rates based on
the type, angle and severity of impact; the airbag is designed to only inflate
in moderate to severe frontal crashes. Airbags are normally designed with
the intention of supplementing the protection of an occupant who is
correctly restrained with a seatbelt. Most designs are inflated
through pyrotechnic means and can only be operated once. Newer sideimpact airbag modules consist of compressed air cylinders that are
triggered in the event of a side impact vehicle impact.

18. A tachometer (revolution-counter, tach, revcounter, RPM gauge) is an instrument
measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or
disk, as in a motor or other machine. The
device usually displays the revolutions per
minute (RPM) on a calibrated analogue
dial, but digital displays are increasingly
common.

21. A detection device which deploys an
air bag when a crash is determined -usually because of excessive
deceleration

24. The engine immobilizer is a state-of-the-art anti-theft
system. When you insert your key into the ignition
switch or bring a Smart Key fob into the vehicle, the
key transmits an electronic code to the vehicle. The
engine will only start if the code in the transponder
chip inside the key or Smart Key fob matches the code
in the vehicle's immobilizer. Because the transponder
chip is embedded in the key or Smart Key fob, it can be
costly to replace.

27. Automatic climate control is the ability to monitor and influence the
temperature of a specified space without manual intervention. This climate
control capability can be found in many cars, boats, and airplanes. Its primary
purpose is to manage the temperature of a given area based on settings by a
user of the system.
Climate control devices were first introduced into automobiles in the early
1960s, and are available in many vehicles today. The benefit of automatic
climate control is that it enables the occupants of a vehicle to set a specified
temperature for one area within the automobile. This temperature is then
regulated by the climate control system, which determines how best to
maintain the current environment.
Prior to climate control, a heating and cooling system could only be engaged
by manually selecting one of the mechanisms. While a user could select a
general temperature, the system would not automatically switch from air
conditioning to heating without manual intervention. The creation of the
automatic system has advanced the overall comfort for automobiles, as users
are not forced to constantly move the controls to adjust the temperature of
the compartment.

30. Cruise control (sometimes known as speed
control or auto cruise, or tempomat in some
countries) is a system that automatically controls
the speed of a motor vehicle. The system takes
over the throttle of the car to maintain a steady
speed as set by the driver

33. A traction control system (TCS), is typically (but not
necessarily) a secondary function of the anti-lock
braking system (ABS) on production motor
vehicles, designed to prevent loss of traction of driven
road wheels. When invoked it therefore enhances driver
control as throttle input applied is mis-matched to road
surface conditions (due to varying factors) being unable
to manage applied torque.

36. Electronic stability control (ESC), also referred to as electronic stability
program (ESP) or dynamic stability control (DSC), is a computerized
technology that improves the safety of a vehicle's stability by detecting and
reducing loss of traction (skidding).When ESC detects loss of steering control, it
automatically applies the brakes to help "steer" the vehicle where the driver
intends to go. Braking is automatically applied to wheels individually, such as
the outer front wheel to counter over steer or the inner rear wheel to
counter under steer. Some ESC systems also reduce engine power until control
is regained. ESC does not improve a vehicle's cornering performance; instead, it
helps to minimize the loss of control.

39. All wheel drive (AWD) refers to a drive train system that
includes a differential between the front and rear drive
shafts. This is normally coupled with some sort of anti-slip
technology that will allow differentials to spin at different
speeds, but still maintain the ability to transfer torque from
one wheel in case of loss of traction at that wheel. AWD may
work well with all surfaces, but is not intended for all
terrains.

42. Four wheel drive (4WD) refers to vehicles that have
a transfer case, not a differential, between the front and
rear axles, meaning that the front and rear drive shafts will
be locked together when engaged. This provides maximum
torque transfer to the axle with the most traction, but can
cause binding in high traction turning situations. They are
also either full-time or part-time 4WD selectable. 4WD is
not intended for high speeds without a limited-slip
mechanism.