Automobile safety aims to minimize accidents and consequences through design, equipment, and regulation. Safety systems are classified as active or passive based on whether they act before or after an accident. Active safety focuses on aerodynamics, self-healing materials, traction control, hill assist, adaptive cruise control and headlights to avoid accidents. Passive safety includes airbags, seatbelt pretensioners, and active head restraints that protect during accidents. Advanced technologies have significantly reduced fatality rates, though more affordable safety systems are still needed in many markets.

1. By
ANIMESH SARKAR
NIE,mysore

2. Introduction
1. Safety in automobiles has always been a prime
priority for both engineers and the customers.
2. Automobile safety is the study and practice of
design, construction, equipment and regulation
to minimize the occurrence and consequences of
automobile accidents
3. The aim is to not only build effective cost
efficient solutions but to also touch new heights
in technology and development

3.  Safety systems in automobiles can be classified into two
factors on the basis of their use before and after the accident

4.  DONE TO AVOID AN
ACCIDENT  Created to protect the
driver during the accident.

6. ACTIVE SAFETY IN DESIGN
SECTOR
• Automotive aerodynamics is the study of the
aerodynamics of road vehicles.
• It not only focuses on minimizing drag and noise
emission but also provides required stability to
the vehicle
• It reduces unwanted lift force caused by air
passing through gaps in fast moving vehicles.

7. 1. Self-healing materials are a class of smart
materials that have the structurally
incorporated ability to repair damage caused
by mechanical usage over time.
2. Use of such materials in the manufacturing
of automobiles would reduce the risks of
internal damages due to stress and also cost
efficient maintenance.

8. WHY ?
When cars at high speeds suddenly apply brakes
the wheels tend to lock and are unable to be
steered . This leads to instability hence skidding.

9. How it works?

10. • Traction control system prevents
wheel spin in slippery condition when
the vehicle needs to be accelerated.
• TCS uses the same sensors like that
of ABS to detect whenever one of the
wheel goes faster than the others.
• The system can break a drive when
the wheel starts to spin and transfer
the torque to opposite drive wheel
that still has traction. In some cases
the TCS may reduce throttle opening,
shift the transmission to a higher
gear, and retard the ignition time in
order to reduce engine capacity.

11. • Interprets the speed and force by
which the driver executes brakes,
to determine whether it is an
emergency situation.
• The system then overrides and
fully applies the brakes until the
• ABS takes in control.
• In hilly regions vehicles with manual or semi-
automatic transmission face difficulty with
applying throttle In an incline.
• HILL ASSIST system activates automatically when
a gradient of 3% or more is detected. It then acts
to hold the car stationary for 2 sec after the
brake is released giving the driver time to apply
the throttle.

12. DIRECT TPMS:Here the sensors are used to monitor
the tyres and has the advantage that
It takes into account the factors such as tyre
temperature when calculation of pressure
INDIRECT TPMS :. A decrease in tyre pressure will
lead to decrease in the wheel radius.it means it will
rotate faster compared to other tyres and the speed
sensors will detect this change. The sensors in abs
detect this and signal the driver

13. • A run flat tyre is a pneumatic
vehicle tyre that is designed to
resist the effect of deflation when
punctured and to enable the vehicle
to continue to be driven at reduced
speeds (up to 55mph), and for
limited distances up to 160 km .

14. ADAPTIVE CRUISE
CONTROL:
• Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is an
intelligent form of cruise control
that slows down the speed up
automatically to keep in pace with
the car in front of you.
• The driver sets the speed –just as
wit cruise control –then the radar
sensor watches the traffic ahead,
locks on to the car ahead in a lane
ad instructs the car to stay 2,3 or 4
sec behind the car head.
• Uses radar sensors, longitudinal
controller, digital sensor processor.

15. • Standard headlights shine straight
ahead, no matter what direction the car
is moving. When going around curves,
they illuminate the side of the road
more than the road itself.
• Adaptive headlights react to the
steering, speed and elevation of the car
and automatically adjust to illuminate
the road ahead. When the car turns
right, the headlights angle to the right.
Turn the car left, the headlights angle
to the left.

16. An automotive night vision system is a system using a
Thermo graphic camera to increase a vehicle driver's
perception and seeing distance in darkness or poor weather
beyond the reach of the vehicle's headlights
Passive infrared systems do not use an infrared light
source, instead they capture thermal radiation already
emitted by the objects, using a thermo graphic camera.

18. What is V2V?
• Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications
comprises a wireless network where
automobiles can communicate and alert
the drivers on the lane.
• It uses a wi-fi network of 5.9Ghz, which is
used by Wi-Fi. The range is up to 300
meters.

19. The technology is designed to alert the driver of cars and obstacles in his blind spot
while driving and parking, usually it will activate when the driver put on the
indicators , the system if detects any obstacle the light in you mirror starts flashing
and the steering starts to vibrate. This technology is limited to short ranges only.

20. • Active head
restraint
• Air bags
• Seat belt
pretensioners

21. ACTIVE HEAD RESTRAINT
An active head restraint moves forward and upward in
a rear-end collision to decrease the space between
the restraint and the occupant’s head, reducing the
degree to which the head accelerates before making
contact. The less acceleration, the lower the chance of
injury.
Using a lever-action mechanism built into a seat,
The beauty of this design is that it reacts
proportionately to the occupant’s motion

22. AIR BAGS
Air bags are air cushions that reduce the impact on
the body of the driver during a collision. The
sensors in the air bags sense the intensity of the
collision and inflate rapidly to protect the body of
the driver and the passengers.
SEAT BELT PRETENSIONERS
Seat belt pretensioners are typically pyrotechnic devices.
They are triggered along with the air bags; these are
slightly more sensitive as compared to the sensors for the
air bags and get activated in minor collisions. The
pyrotechnic device usually forms a part of the seat buckle.
A steel cable links the seat belts buckle to a piston that can
move along the steel tube. The steel tube attached to the
piston pulls down the seat belt and eliminates any kind of
slack in the belt.

23. Thus advance technology in automobile safety along with automation control systems has led
to drastic drop in fatality rate and further drop is projected by 2020 in European Union (ref
graph below).
Still in India the most advance system in safety is promoted to high end vehicles some times out
of reach for many. A change needs to be focused on Vehicle Law with mandatory safety system
in any vehicle which can save lives.

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