Feed sampling is important to obtain accurate diet formulations. Representative samples should be taken from hay, silage, grain, and pasture using various techniques. Laboratory analysis provides measures of dry matter, crude protein, fiber, fat, minerals and calculates values like TDN and DMI. The Van Soest method measures neutral detergent fiber (cellulose and hemicellulose) and acid detergent fiber (cellulose and lignin) to estimate forage quality and digestibility. Calculated values aid in diet formulation and comparing forage quality.
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Factors influencing the nutrient requirements in poultrySunil Yadav
This Presentation will help you to understand the various factors that are responsible for the nutrient requirement of poultry. While formulating feed for any classes of poultry we should consider all these factors for a better outcome from the bird.
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Factors influencing the nutrient requirements in poultrySunil Yadav
This Presentation will help you to understand the various factors that are responsible for the nutrient requirement of poultry. While formulating feed for any classes of poultry we should consider all these factors for a better outcome from the bird.
Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy DietsDAIReXNET
Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
This is a general presentation on small ruminant nutrition. It uses graphs to illustrate the nutrient requirements of different types of sheep and goats.
Importance of Vitamins and Minerals for Dairy Cattle. The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Dairy Planner magazine, March – 2021 edition.
Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy DietsDAIReXNET
Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
This is a general presentation on small ruminant nutrition. It uses graphs to illustrate the nutrient requirements of different types of sheep and goats.
Importance of Vitamins and Minerals for Dairy Cattle. The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Dairy Planner magazine, March – 2021 edition.
This is a basic expanation on how you can evaluate Fish feed or any sort of feed. Here basically 4 basic types of method of evalution process has been discussed.
Peas (Pisum sativum) are one of the four most important crops next to soybean, groundnut, and beans. It is a particularly important legume in temperate areas with numerous food (dry seed, vegetable) and feed (seed, fodder) usages.
How Low Can We Go: Nitrogen in Dairy Rations- Mike Van AmburghDAIReXNET
Mike Van Amburgh presented this material during DAIReXNET's March 7, 2011 webinar on nitrogen in dairy rations. He discussed how low we can formulate nitrogen in rations, as well as what this means for the cost of the ration and for environmental impact.
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
Ruminant sheep from forage and legumes, which has linited avabiility due to the shift inproductive land for grass and legumes, which have been widely used for housing and business. Research purposes; To see the digestibility level of the fiber fraction from cacao waste fermented with indigenic microorganisms in sheep. Research hypothesis: Increased digestibility of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous microorganisms. Benefits of Research: The results of this study can reduce the waste problem cacao can be used as the building blocks for livestock rations ruminant by breeders.Material and Methods: This study used sheep as much as 16 tails whose age 6-12 months, the sheep will be sorted by weight, ration treatment consisted of four, namely; A = Concentrate (40%) + forage (60%), B = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + Lives fermentation (LF) (30%), C = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + rind cocoa Fermentation(RCF)( 30%), D = Concentrate( 40%) + Grass (30%) + (15%) LF+ RCF (15%). Variable research is weight gain, consumption of fiber fraction and the fiber fraction Digest. The results of the study are incressing weight of sheep ranged from 56.052 to 71.315 g / head / day with MD consumtion ranged from 289.78 to 359.00, from 129.02 to 160.22 NDF, ADF -115.42 84.29 grams / head / day and digestibility of MD ranged from 59.16 to 60.62%, 34.187 to 55.67 NDF, ADF 26.00 to 48.46. Conclusion: The waste cacao fruit can promote the growth of sheep are seen in terms of the fiber fraction. Suggestion; Giving the Waste cacao fruit in the diet in order to be improved.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of West African Dwarf (WAD) Bucks fed silage combination of corn cobs, cowpea husks and wet brewer grains.
The combination are feed needed during dry season to reduce the cost of feeds and they are materials that are easy to get.
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Feed Sampling & Analysis Handout
1. FEED SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
Feed Sampling
It is always best to use actual feed sample analyses in diet formulation. Book
values can be useful to get a general idea of feed composition, but to fine tune diets, or
formulate accurately, an actual feed sample is needed. The results of feed analysis
depend on obtaining a good, representative sample of the feed.
Hay – For baled hay it is best to use a sharp edged core sampler (often can be
borrowed from county extension offices). A minimum of 20 cores should be bored to the
full depth of the probe for 5% of the bales from each “lot” of hay being sampled. With
standard square bales, core samples should be taken from the ends of randomly selected
bales. With large, round bales cores should be taken from the side of the bale. Cores
from different bales within a “lot” of hay are mixed together to form the representative
sample for analysis.
Silage and Haylage – During harvest, samples can be collected in a large plastic
bucket from several representative loads by taking random handfuls. After ensiling, take
random handfuls from at least 20 various locations in the pit or bunk silo, or from the
unloader of a tower silo. Samples can be placed in plastic bags and frozen until analysis.
Grain or Pelleted Feeds – Samples of grain stored in a bin or on a truck are best
taken with a grain probe. At least five cores should be taken from various locations.
These are mixed together and one pound is adequate to send for analysis.
Pasture or Range – The number of samples needed to obtain a representative
sample of pasture or range depends on the uniformity of species present, soil types, and
topography. A total of 20 plots are clipped for each area by going through the area in an
“X” or “Z” pattern. Each plot is a 12 inch by 12 inch area clipped at the approximate
height the animals are grazing. For short-grass range, plots are clipped at 1 inch height,
and for mid- and tall-grass range clip at 2 inches. In pastures or ranges that are more
diverse, more areas will need to be represented in the sample.
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
For over 100 years this system has been used for feedstuff analysis, and while it
has some limitations, it is still widely used.
Water & Dry Matter (DM) - The water and DM content of a sample are determined by
drying the sample above 100C and measuring the water loss.
% water = [(sample weight – sample weight after drying)/sample weight] x 100%
% DM = 100 - % water
2. Crude Protein (CP) – Crude protein is estimated by the Kjeldahl laboratory procedure,
which measures the total nitrogen content in the feed. Total nitrogen (%) is multiplied by
6.25 to arrive at the crude protein content (%). The CP value contains both true protein
(which contains amino acids) and non-protein nitrogen compounds, hence the name
“crude protein.”
% CP = % N x 6.25
Example: % CP = 1.5% N x 6.25 = 9.38% CP
Excessive heating of feedstuffs, such as poorly managed hay or silage, can cause
a portion of the CP to be unavailable. The CP analysis gives no indication that heat
damage may have occurred. If heat damage is suspected (hay put up too wet, or silage
put up too dry) then an analysis for unavailable protein, such as acid detergent fiber
nitrogen (ADF-N) or acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) should be requested.
Crude Fiber (CF) – Crude fiber is measured by boiling the sample in acid and then in
alkali. The residue represents the less readily digestible carbohydrates, mostly cellulose
and some lignin. However, ruminants can digest a portion of the CF, so this method is
less useful for ruminant feedstuffs.
Ash – Ash is determined by burning the sample in a furnace to remove any organic
matter. The residue is inorganic matter and represents the total mineral content, but does
not give any information about specific minerals.
Ether Extract (EE) - Ether extract is determined by treating the sample with the solvent,
ether, to remove any lipid compounds. Ether extract represents the fat or lipid content of
the feed.
Nitrogen-Free Extract (NFE) – Nitrogen-Free Extract represents the non-structural
carbohydrates such as starches and sugars, and is found by difference.
%NFE = 100 – (%water + %CP + %CF + %Ash + %EE)
VAN SOEST FIBER ANALYSIS
A newer method for evaluating the fiber fraction of feeds was developed in the
1960s by P.J. Van Soest. This system was developed because it was determined that CF
did not accurately estimate the energy content of forages for ruminants. This method
consists of measuring NDF and ADF fractions in forages.
Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) – Neutral detergent fiber is determined by boiling the
sample in a detergent solution with a pH of 7.0. The soluble portion is removed (sugars,
starch, pectins, lipids, soluble carbohydrates, protein, non-protein nitrogen), and the
insoluble NDF fraction remains. The NDF contains cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin,
silica, and any heat-damaged protein. Neutral detergent fiber estimates the intake
potential of the forage. Forages with a high NDF content are considered to be lower in
3. quality. High levels of NDF cause forages to be eaten in lesser amounts than forages
with low NDF levels. The NDF content increases with advancing maturity of forages.
Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) – Acid detergent fiber is determined by boiling the sample
in an acid detergent solution. The soluble portion is removed, and the insoluble ADF
fraction remains. The ADF contains cellulose and lignin. Most laboratories use ADF to
estimate the digestibility and energy value of forages. High levels of ADF cause forages
to be less digestible, and have a lower energy value.
VALUES CALCULATED FROM LABORATORY ANALYSES
Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) – An estimate of the TDN content of a feedstuff can
be calculated from the Proximate Analysis values. Total Digestible Nutrients is an
estimate of the energy content of a feed, and is based on the digestible portion of the
nutrients that can supply energy, carbohydrates (crude fiber and NFE), protein, and fat.
Average digestibility values are used of 50% for CF, 90% for NFE, 75% for CP, and 90%
for EE. Ether extract is multiplied by 2.25 to adjust for its higher energy value compared
to carbohydrates and proteins.
TDN, % = (% dig x %CF) + (% dig x %NFE) + (% dig x %CP) + (2.25 x % dig x %EE)
TDN, % = (0.50 x %CF) + (0.90 x %NFE) + (0.75 x %CP) + (2.25 x 0.90 x %EE)
Forage Dry Matter Intake (DMI) – Forage dry matter intake for ruminants (as a % of
body weight) can be estimated by the following equation:
Intake, %BW = (120 / % NDF)
Example: Hay with 75% NDF
Intake, %BW = 120/75 = 1.6% BW
Digestible Dry Matter (DDM) – Digestible DM is an estimate of the percentage of the
forage that is digestible. It is roughly equal to % TDN content and can be used to
estimate TDN %.
DDM, % = 88.9 - (0.779 x % ADF)
Example: Hay with 45% ADF
DDM, % = 88.9 – (0.779 x 45) = 53.85%
Relative Feed Value (RFV) – Relative feed value is a measure of forage intake and
energy value. It is used to compare one forage to another. Relative feed value is
expressed as a percentage compared to full bloom alfalfa hay, which has a RFV of 100%.
Relative feed value increases as forage quality increases. Relative feed value of a forage
does not take into account the protein content of the forage, which must be evaluated
separately.
4. RFV, % = (% DDM x % DMI)/1.29
Example: Hay with 75% NDF and 45% ADF
RFV, % = (53.85 x 1.6)/1.29 = 66.79%
Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) of Forages
All forages:
TDN, % = 88.9 – (0.779 x %ADF)