Aviation engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with airspace development, airport design, aircraft navigation technologies, and aerodrome planning. It also involves the formulation of public policy, regulations, aviation laws pertaining to airspace, airlines, airports, aerodromes and the conduct of air services agreements through treaty.
This branch of engineering is distinct from aerospace engineering which deals with the development of aircraft and spacecraft.
Aviation engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with airspace development, airport design, aircraft navigation technologies, and aerodrome planning. It also involves the formulation of public policy, regulations, aviation laws pertaining to airspace, airlines, airports, aerodromes and the conduct of air services agreements through treaty.
This branch of engineering is distinct from aerospace engineering which deals with the development of aircraft and spacecraft.
Airports Authority Of India:The Airports Authority of India (AAI) under the Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India. It provides Air Traffic Management (ATM) services over Indian airspace and adjoining oceanic areas.
It manages a total of 125 airports, including 11 International Airports, 8 Custom Airports, 81 Domestic Airports and 25 Civil enclave at Military Airfields.
introduction:The Airports Authority of India provides air traffic services as per AAI Act 1995. These services are - air traffic control service, flight information service, and alerting service. In order to achieve the objectives of air traffic services there is a need to specify procedures necessary for the safety of air navigation for uniform application throughout India.
The responsibilities of EASA include to:
Giving advice for the drafting of EU legislation, implementing and monitoring safety rules (including inspections in the member states),
Giving type-certification of aircraft and components as well as the approval of organizations involved in the design,
Authorizing foreign operators,
Manufacture and maintenance of aeronautical products.
Airports Authority Of India:The Airports Authority of India (AAI) under the Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India. It provides Air Traffic Management (ATM) services over Indian airspace and adjoining oceanic areas.
It manages a total of 125 airports, including 11 International Airports, 8 Custom Airports, 81 Domestic Airports and 25 Civil enclave at Military Airfields.
introduction:The Airports Authority of India provides air traffic services as per AAI Act 1995. These services are - air traffic control service, flight information service, and alerting service. In order to achieve the objectives of air traffic services there is a need to specify procedures necessary for the safety of air navigation for uniform application throughout India.
The responsibilities of EASA include to:
Giving advice for the drafting of EU legislation, implementing and monitoring safety rules (including inspections in the member states),
Giving type-certification of aircraft and components as well as the approval of organizations involved in the design,
Authorizing foreign operators,
Manufacture and maintenance of aeronautical products.
A Long term solution for Air Cargo Handling, Enno D. Osinga, SVP Cargo, Amste...eyefortransport
Presentations from eyefortransport’s 8th 3PL Summit & Chief Supply Chain Officer Forum in Brussels, November 2010. Visit www.3PLsummit.com/eu for further resources.
Aircraft ground handling is the servicing of an aircraft while it is on the ground and (usually) parked at a terminal gate of an airport.
This presentation talks about various things involved in Aircraft Ground Handling process.
Running head TRANSPORT PROBLEMS FACING BUSINESSES .docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: TRANSPORT PROBLEMS FACING BUSINESSES 1
TRANSPORT PROBLEMS FACING BUSINESSES 3
Transport problems facing businesses
Student name:
Institution:
Air Plane
The Airmail Act of 1925 bestowed the Post Office with the powers to contract with private airlines to transport mail.
Not until the Air Commerce Act came into law in 1926, the Aviation industry in the United States was unregulated. The Act created an Aeronautic Branch within the United States Department of Commerce with regulatory powers over civil aviation. The Aeronautic Branch was tasked with functions such as pilot testing and licensing, issuing aircraft airworthiness certificates, establishing and enforcing safety regulations. The agency was also responsible for establishing airways and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation, in addition to investigating accidents and incidents.
The Aeronautics Branch was rebranded the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934. This was followed by takeover of air traffic control centers previously operated by commercial airlines in 1936 by the Bureau, and the eventual expansion the air traffic control system.
Signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 that formed the Federal Aviation Agency that later changed to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that replaced the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA). The act empowered the FAA to oversee and regulate safety in the airline industry and the use of American airspace by both military aircraft and civilian aircraft.
Communications between the contents were opened up by the airmail act of 1925; families were able to reconnect with one another. This originally started off as just letters from the service men coming back to their family but we now write and ship packages back and forth(Learning-to-fly.com, 2008-2014). The Air commerce Act of 1926 played a great role in setting up policies that help ensure the public’s safety by requiring pilots to become licensed and setting up a board to deal with testing procedures, licensing and certificates and enforcing safety regulations.
According to (Learning-to-fly.com, 2008-2014), the Air commerce Act of 1926 also set up airways and operated and maintained aids to assist in navigation in addition to investigating accidents incidents. In 1934 the Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce. In 1936 they took over air traffic control centers from commercial airlines and expanding the control system (Wright-Brothers.org, 2010). The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 empowered the FAA to oversee and regulate safety in the airline industry and the use of American airspace by both military aircraft and civilian aircraft (Learning-to-fly.com, 2008-2014).
It is beyond doubt these regulations have in a great way helped change how things were done then and now. Their implementation is t.
Chapter 10
Air Cargo
This chapter examines issues related to aircraft operator security along with risks and processes associated with air cargo. An overview and assessment of the vulnerabilities of aviation systems in relation to air cargo is also discussed. Policies, methods, and regulations are examined for managing security within the "air cargo supply train." The "9-11 bill," along with Title 49 CFR Part 1548 Indirect Air Carrier Security legislation, are examined in relation to air cargo security. We will also look at a synopsis of where air cargo security is today and examine concerns regarding future legislation and methods for managing air cargo security.
*
Introduction
Introduction
The business and logistics for supporting air cargo is a highly complex system of global infrastructure that is subject to risk from crime and terrorism.
Air cargo includes freight and express packages that range in size from small to very large, and in type from car engines, electronic equipment, machine parts, apparel, medical supplies, human remains, to fresh-cut flowers, fresh seafood, fresh produce, tropical fish, and other perishable goods.
*
Yemen air cargo plot
In 2010, an attempt was made to bomb commercial airliners using explosive devices hidden in computer print cartridges shipped as air cargo.
This effort in terrorism, commonly referred to as the Yemen air cargo plot, brought to public attention that air cargo is vulnerable as a target for terrorism. The Yemen air cargo plot was the first known terrorist activity using scheduled air cargo service as a mode for implementing an attack.
*
Practical Aviation Security – Chapter 11
Introduction
10.5 million tons of cargo shipped every year
22% of U.S. passenger aircraft hold is cargo
Majority of air cargo transported by all-cargo operators
Remaining 2 million+ tons carried by passenger aircraft
Most shipping customers assume that express or overnight delivery always utilizes cargo air service. However, only a small percent of packages travel by air and an even smaller amount is placed on a passenger-carrying plane as cargo.
These small percentages still represent over 10.5 million tons of cargo shipped by air every year within the United States. Of that capacity, over 8 million tons is shipped cargo on international flights to and from the U.S., along with over half a million tons of mail.
The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) estimated that at least 22% of a U.S. passenger airliner's hold is on average, cargo, with the remaining cargo transported by "all-cargo" aircraft.
Passenger planes often specialize in carrying "just-in-time" cargo, which consists of perishable items such as seafood and flowers or high-value fragile items like computers, jewelry, and artwork (etc.).
The individual size and weight of items carried as air cargo are usually smaller and lighter as compared to cargo carried by rail, vessel, or truck.
*
Practical Aviation ...
Submit a 2-3 page paper addressing each of the following 1.Define .pdfaminbijal86
Submit a 2-3 page paper addressing each of the following: 1.Define \"air transportation
industry\" and distinguish between certificated air carriers and general aviation. 2.Discuss one
argument in favor and one opposed to U.S. airline deregulation in 1978.
Solution
Air transportation industry is a sub sector of the warehouse and transportation industry. Air
transportation refers to the transport between interstate. This industry provides transportation of
both the passengers as well as cargo. Air transportation industry utilizes helicopters, aircrafts as
well as airplanes to transport the cargo and passengers.
This sector has two types of transportation scheduled as well as unscheduled transportation. The
scheduled air carriers follow regular schedules and have specified route. The unscheduled
carriers fly at non-peak time slots.
Difference between certified air carriers and general aviation is elaborated below:
2.
The Airline deregulation act was incorporated on 24th October 1978 by the US Federal law. This
act is prepared to remove the control of US government over the routes, fares and entry of new
airlines in the industry.
This act helped to increase the number of passengers travelling on US airlines. Besides this it
also help to reduce the price of plane ticket irrespective of inflation. It also raised concerns about
the safety in aviation industry.
However this act also involves certain downsides. One of the major disadvantages of this act
includes the increasing dominance of few major carriers over the industry..
venkateswaran2010avaition_ it is my aim to do this course. i offering as ppt to venkateswaran2010avaition_ it is my aim to do this course. i offering as ppt to students students
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Flag of the Federal Aviation Administration
Agency overview
Formed August 23, 1958
Preceding Agency Civil Aeronautics Administration
Jurisdiction United States federal government
Headquarters
800 Independence Avenue SW Washington
DC, 20591
38°53′14.31″N 77°1′19.98″W
/ 38.8873083°N 77.0222167°W
Annual budget 15.956 billion USD (FY2010)
Agency executives
Michael Huerta, Administrator
Michael Whitaker, Deputy Administrator
Parent agency U.S. Department of Transportation
Website www.FAA.gov
3. • The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is
the national aviation authority of the United
States. An agency of the United States
Department of Transportation, it has authority
to regulate and oversee all aspects of
American civil aviation. The Federal Aviation Act
of 1958 created the organization under the
name Federal Aviation Agency. The agency
adopted its current name in 1966 when it
became a part of the U.S. Department of
Transportation.
4. Major functions
• The FAA's roles include:
• Regulating U.S. commercial space transportation
• Regulating air navigation facilities' geometry and flight
inspection standards
• Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new
aviation technology
• Issuing, suspending, or revoking pilot certificates
• Regulating civil aviation to promote safety, especially through
local offices called Flight Standards District Offices
• Developing and operating a system of air traffic control and
navigation for both civil and military aircraft
• Researching and developing the National Airspace
System and civil aeronautics
• Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft
noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation
5. Organizations[edit]
The FAA is divided into four "lines of business"
(LOB).[3] Each LOB has a specific role within the FAA.
Airports (ARP) - plans and develops projects involving
airports, overseeing their construction and operations.
Ensures compliance with federal regulations.[4]
• Air Traffic Organization (ATO) - primary duty is to safely
and efficiently move air traffic within the National
Airspace System. ATO employees manage air traffic
facilities including Airport Traffic Control Towers (ATCT)
and Terminal Radar Approach Control Facilities
(TRACONs).[5] See also Airway Operational Support.
6. Aviation Safety (AVS) - Responsible for
aeronautical certification of personnel and
aircraft, including pilots, airlines, and
mechanics.[6]
Commercial Space Transportation (AST) - ensures
protection of U.S. assets during the launch or
reentry of commercial space vehicles.[7]
Regions and Aeronautical Center
Operations[edit]
7. • The FAA has its headquarters in Washington, D.C[8] as
well as the William J. Hughes Technical Center in Atlantic
City, the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center in
Oklahoma City, and nine regional offices:
• Alaskan Region – Anchorage, Alaska
• Northwest Mountain – Renton, Washington
• Western Pacific – Hawthorne, California
• Southwest – Fort Worth, Texas
• Central – Kansas City, Missouri
• Great Lakes – Chicago, Illinois
• Southern – Atlanta, Georgia
• Eastern – New York City
• New England – Burlington, Massachusetts
8. History
FAA Headquarters,Washington, D.C.
The Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926, is the cornerstone
of the federal government's regulation of civil aviation. This
landmark legislation was passed at the urging of
the aviation industry, whose leaders believed the airplane
could not reach its full commercial potential without
federal action to improve and maintain safety standards.
The Act charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering
air commerce, issuing and enforcing air traffic rules,
licensing pilots, certifying aircraft, establishing airways, and
operating and maintaining aids to air navigation. The newly
created Aeronautics Branch, operating under
the Department of Commerce assumed primary
responsibility for aviation oversight.
9. • In fulfilling its civil aviation responsibilities, the Department
of Commerce initially concentrated on such functions as
safety regulations and the certification of pilots and aircraft.
It took over the building and operation of the nation's system
of lighted airways, a task that had been begun by the Post
Office Department. The Department of Commerce improved
aeronautical radio communications and introduced radio
beacons as an effective aid to air navigation.
• The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air
Commerce in 1934 to reflect its enhanced status within the
Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau
encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three
centers for providing air traffic control (ATC) along the
airways. In 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and
began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic
controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations
to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling along
designated routes between cities.
10. • In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Act transferred the federal
civil aviation responsibilities from the Commerce
Department to a new independent agency, the Civil
Aeronautics Authority. The legislation also expanded the
government's role by giving them the authority and the
power to regulate airline fares and to determine the
routes that air carriers would serve.
• President Franklin D. Roosevelt split the authority into
two agencies in 1940, the Civil Aeronautics
Administration (CAA) and the Civil Aeronautics Board
(CAB). CAA was responsible for ATC, airman and aircraft
certification, safety enforcement, and airway
development. CAB was entrusted with safety regulation,
accident investigation, and economic regulation of the
airlines. The CAA was part of the Department of
Commerce. The CAB was an independent federal agency.
11. • On the eve of America's entry into World War II,
CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to
takeoff and landing operations at airports. This
expanded role eventually became permanent
after the war. The application of radar to ATC
helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast
of the postwar boom in commercial air
transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress
gave CAA the added task of administering the
federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime
program of financial assistance aimed
exclusively at promoting development of the
nation's civil airports.
12. • The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of
midair collisions (most notable was the 1956 Grand
Canyon mid-air collision), prompted passage of
the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. This legislation
gave the CAA's functions to a new independent
body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act
transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to
the new FAA, and also gave the FAA sole
responsibility for a common civil-military system of
air navigation and air traffic control. The FAA's first
administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a
former Air Force general and adviser to President
Eisenhower.
13. • The same year witnessed the birth of
the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), created in the wake of
the Soviet launching of the first artificial
satellite. NASA assumed NACA's role of
aeronautical research while achieving world
leadership in space technology and exploration.
14. • In 1967, a new U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) combined
major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport. The
Federal Aviation Agency's name changed to the Federal Aviation
Administration as it became one of several agencies (e.g., Federal
Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, the Coast
Guard, and the Saint Lawrence Seaway Commission) within DOT
(albeit the largest). The FAA administrator would no longer report
directly to the president but would instead report to the Secretary of
Transportation. New programs and budget requests would have to be
approved by DOT, which would then include these requests in the
overall budget and submit it to the president.
• At the same time, a new National Transportation Safety Board took
over the Civil Aeronautics Board's (CAB) role of investigating and
determining the causes of transportation accidents and making
recommendations to the secretary of transportation. CAB was
merged into DOT with its responsibilities limited to the regulation of
commercial airline routes and fares.
15. • The FAA gradually assumed additional functions.
The hijacking epidemic of the 1960s had already
brought the agency into the field of civil aviation
security. In response to the hijackings on
September 11, 2001, this responsibility is now
primarily taken by the Department of Homeland
Security. The FAA became more involved with the
environmental aspects of aviation in 1968 when it
received the power to set aircraft noise standards.
Legislation in 1970 gave the agency management
of a new airport aid program and certain added
responsibilities for airport safety. During the 1960s
and 1970s, the FAA also started to regulate high
altitude (over 500 feet) kite and balloon flying.
16. • FAA Joint Surveillance Site radar, Canton, Michigan
• By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air
traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This
system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth,
however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased
out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. A nationwide strike
by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight
restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system. During the
following year, the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating
its air traffic control facilities, but progress proved disappointing. In
1994, the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has
provided controllers with advanced equipment.[9]
• In 1979, Congress authorized the FAA to work with major commercial
airports to define noise pollution contours and investigate the
feasibility of noise mitigation by residential retrofit programs.
Throughout the 1980s, these charters were implemented.
17. • In the 1990s, satellite technology received
increased emphasis in the FAA's development
programs as a means to improvements in
communications, navigation, and airspace
management. In 1995, the agency assumed
responsibility for safety oversight of commercial
space transportation, a function begun eleven
years before by an office within DOT
headquarters. The agency was responsible for
the decision to ground flights after
theSeptember 11 attacks.
18. • In 2007, two FAA whistleblowers, inspectors Charalambe "Bobby" Boutris
and Douglas E. Peters, alleged that Boutris said he attempted to ground
Southwest after finding cracks in the fuselage, but was prevented by
supervisors he said were friendly with the airline.[10] This was validated by a
report by the Department of Transportation which that found FAA managers
had allowed Southwest Airlines to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that
were overdue for safety inspections, ignoring concerns raised by inspectors.
Audits of other airlines resulted in two airlines grounding hundreds of
planes, causing thousands of flight cancellations.[11] The House
Transportation and Infrastructure Committee held hearings in April
2008. James Oberstar, former chairman of the committee said its
investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread
regulatory lapses, allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially
although not in compliance with FAA safety rules.[10] Oberstar said there was
a "culture of coziness" between senior FAA officials and the airlines and "a
systematic breakdown" in the FAA's culture that resulted in "malfeasance,
bordering on corruption."[10] In 2008 the FAA proposed to fine Southwest
$10.2 million for failing to inspect older planes for cracks,[12] and in 2009
Southwest and the FAA agreed that Southwest would pay a $7.5 million
penalty and would adapt new safety procedures, with the fine doubling if
Southwest failed to follow through.[13]
19. Recent agency activities
• In December 2000, an organization within the
FAA called the Air Traffic Organization,[14] or
ATO, was set up by presidential executive order.
This became the Air Navigation Service
Provider for the airspace of the United States
and for the New York (Atlantic) and Oakland
(Pacific) oceanic areas. It is a full member of
the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation.
20. • The FAA issues a number of awards to holders
of its licenses. Among these are demonstrated
proficiencies as an aviation mechanic, a flight
instructor, a 50-year aviator, or as a safe pilot.
The latter, the FAA "Wings Program", provides a
series of three badges for pilots who have
undergone several hours of training since their
last award. For more information see "FAA
Advisory Circular 61-91H".
21. • On March 18, 2008, the FAA ordered its inspectors to reconfirm
that airlines are complying with federal rules after revelations
that Southwest Airlines flew dozens of aircraft without certain
mandatory inspections.[15] The FAA exercises surprise Red Team drills
on national airports annually.
• On October 31, 2013, the FAA announced it will allow airlines to
expand the passengers use of portable electronic devices during all
phases of flight, but cell phone calls will still be prohibited.
Implementation will vary among airlines. The FAA expects many
carriers to show that their planes allow passengers to safely use their
devices in airplane mode, gate-to-gate, by the end of 2013. Devices
must be held or put in the seat-back pocket during the actual takeoff
and landing. Cell phones must be in airplane mode or with cellular
service disabled, with no signal bars displayed, and cannot be used
for voice communications due to FCC regulations that prohibit any
airborne calls using cell phones. If an air carrier provides Wi-Fi service
during flight, passengers may use it. Short-
range Bluetooth accessories, like wireless keyboards, can also be
used.[16]
22. Criticism
• The FAA has been cited as an example of regulatory capture, "in which the
airline industry openly dictates to its regulators its governing rules, arranging
for not only beneficial regulation but placing key people to head these
regulators."[17] Retired NASA Office of Inspector General Senior Special
Agent Joseph Gutheinz, who formerly was a Special Agent with both the U.S.
Department of Transportation Office of Inspector General and FAA Security,
is one of the most outspoken critics of FAA. Rather than commend the
agency for proposing a 10.2 million dollar fine against Southwest Airlines for
its failure to conduct mandatory inspections in 2008, he was quoted as
saying the following in an Associated Press story: "Penalties against airlines
that violate FAA directives should be stiffer. At $25,000 per violation, (which
is how the 10.2 million dollar figure was reached) Gutheinz said, airlines can
justify rolling the dice and taking the chance on getting caught. He also said
the FAA is often too quick to bend to pressure from airlines and
pilots."[12] Other experts have been critical of the constraints and
expectations under which the FAA is expected to operate. The dual role of
encouraging aerospace travel and regulating aerospace travel are counter
intuitive. For example, to levy a heavy penalty upon an airline for violating
an FAA regulation which would impact their ability to continue operating
would not be considered encouraging aerospace travel.
23. • On July 22, 2008, in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines
inspection scandal, a bill was unanimously approved in the House to
tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures,
including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year
"cooling off" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors
must wait before they can work for those they regulated.[11][18] The
bill also required rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and
stipulated that the word "customer" properly applies to the flying
public, not those entities regulated by the FAA.[11] The bill died in a
Senate committee that year.[19]
• In September 2009, the FAA administrator issued a directive
mandating that the agency use the term "customers" only to refer to
the flying public.[20]
24. • List of FAA Administrators[edit]
• Elwood Richard Quesada (Nov 1, 1958 – Jan 20, 1961)
• Najeeb Halaby (Mar 3, 1961 – Jul 1, 1965)
• William F. McKee (Jul 1, 1965 – Jul 31, 1968)[21]
• John H. Shaffer (Mar 24, 1969 – Mar 14, 1973)[22]
• Alexander Butterfield (Mar 14, 1973 – Mar 31, 1975)
• John L. McLucas (Nov 24, 1975 – Apr 1, 1977)
• Langhorne Bond (May 4, 1977 – Jan 20, 1981)
• J. Lynn Helms (Apr 22, 1981 – Jan 31, 1984)
• Donald D. Engen (Apr 10, 1984 – Jul 2, 1987)
• T. Allan McArtor (Jul 22, 1987 – Feb 17, 1989)
• James B. Busey (Jun 30, 1989 – Dec 4, 1991)
• Thomas C. Richards (Jun 27, 1992 – Jan 20, 1993)
• David R. Hinson (Aug 10, 1993 – Nov 9, 1996)
• Jane Garvey (Aug 4, 1997 – Aug 2, 2002)
• Marion Blakey (Sept 12, 2002 – Sept 13, 2007)
• Robert A. Sturgell (Sept 14, 2007 – Jan 15, 2009)
• Lynne Osmus (Jan 16, 2009 – May 31, 2009)
• Randy Babbitt (Jun 1, 2009 – Dec 6, 2011)
• Michael Huerta (Dec 7, 2011 – Present)
25. • FAA process[edit]
• Designated Engineering Representative
(DER)[edit]
• A Designated Engineering Representative (DER) is
an engineer who is appointed to act on behalf of a
company or as an independent consultant (IC).[23]
• Company DERs act on behalf of their employer and
may only approve, or recommend the FAA
approves, technical data produced by this
company.
• Consultant DERs are appointed to act as
independent DERs to approve, or recommend the
FAA approves, technical data produced by any
person or organization.
26. • Designated Airworthiness Representative (DAR)[edit]
• A DAR is an individual appointed in accordance with 14 CFR 183.33 who may
perform examination, inspection, and testing services necessary to the
issuance of certificates. There are two types of DARs: manufacturing, and
maintenance.[24]
• Manufacturing DARs must possess aeronautical knowledge, experience, and
meet the qualification requirements of Order 8100.8.
• Maintenance DARs must hold: a mechanic's certificate with an airframe and
powerplant rating under 14 CFR part 65, Certification: Airmen Other Than
Flight Crewmembers, or a repairman certificate and be employed at a repair
station certificated under 14 CFR part 145, or an air carrier operating
certificate holder with an FAA-approved continuous airworthiness program,
and must meet the qualification requirements of Order 8100.8, Chapter 14.
• Specialized Experience – Amateur-Built and Light-Sport Aircraft DARs Both
Manufacturing DARs and Maintenance DARs may be authorized to perform
airworthiness certification of light-sport aircraft. DAR qualification criteria
and selection procedures for amateur-built and light-sport aircraft
airworthiness functions are provided in Order 8100.8.
•
27. • Federal Aviation Administration
• Federal Highway Administration
• Federal Railroad Administration
• Federal Transit Administration
• Inspector General
• U.S. Maritime Administration
• Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
• Research and Innovative Technology Administration
• Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
• Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation
• Surface Transportation Board
• Office of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance