IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Deactivation Modeling through Separable Kinetics of Coking On Ni/CZ Catalyst ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a very significant technique to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels. In this particular work, nickel is used as the active metal and ceria-zirconia (CZ) bi-metallic oxide is used as the support. The foremost challenge to this process is sooting or coking over the catalyst surface and blocking the active sites. For the economic viability of the catalyst, it is very significant to make it coke deposition resistant. This is the reason that the kinetic modeling of the deactivation is very important. Therefore, this paper is aimed to model the deactivation and activity of the catalyst. A rate model of the deactivation process is also developed using separable kinetics. A comparison with commercial catalyst is also reported to show that the Ni/CZ catalyst is much more stable towards the coking. Keywords –Coking, Deactivation, Methane, Separable kinetics, Steam reforming.
Kinetic Study of Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Initiated by Ce(IV) – ...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes a kinetic study of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by the Ce(IV)–vanillin redox system.
2. The effects of various reactants like Ce(IV), vanillin, H+, and reaction conditions like temperature, ionic strength, and micellar phase on the rate of polymerization and Ce(IV) consumption were examined.
3. The results show that the rate of polymerization increases with increasing concentrations of Ce(IV) and vanillin, and is dependent on [H+], while being independent of changes in [H+]. The activation and thermodynamic parameters were calculated from Arrhenius and Eyring plots.
Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of Nitrobenzene-Inorganic Acid Systems at 298.15 KReddysuresh Kolavali
Liquid-liquid equilibria of nitrobenzene-sulfuric acid-water and nitrobenzene-nitric acid-water systems were experimentally determined at 298.15 K. The NRTL and UNIQUAC models were used to correlate the experimental data with good fits and low root-mean-square deviations. Both acid solubility in the organic phase and nitrobenzene solubility in the aqueous phase increased with higher acid concentrations in the mixtures.
C H E M I C A L R E A C T I O N E N G I N E E R I N G I J N T U M O D E L ...guest3f9c6b
This document contains a chemical engineering exam from November 2007 with 8 multiple choice questions covering various topics in chemical reaction engineering. The questions involve calculations related to batch and plug flow reactor kinetics, determination of rate constants and rate equations from experimental data, sizing of reactors, and specification of reaction conditions.
This document discusses reactor design for single chemical reactions. It compares the size and performance of batch, mixed flow, and plug flow reactors. For single reactions where product distribution is fixed, plug flow reactors generally require less volume than mixed flow reactors to achieve the same conversion. The size ratio of mixed to plug flow reactors depends on the reaction order and conversion level. Connecting reactors in series improves performance by making the flow more plug-like.
This document summarizes a study on the catalytic dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether over γ-alumina. The researchers investigated the effects of temperature and feed composition on the conversion of methanol and deactivation of the catalyst. They found that methanol conversion strongly depended on the reactor operating temperature, increasing with higher temperatures. Using pure methanol as a feed resulted in slow catalyst deactivation, while adding water to the feed increased deactivation significantly. A temperature-dependent model was developed to predict methanol conversion and reasonably correlated with experimental data.
The document summarizes experimental results from a process development unit (PDU) comparing CO2 removal from gas mixtures using aqueous solutions of monoethanolamine (MEA) and a mixture of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and piperazine (PZ). Tests were conducted under identical energy input to the reboiler and similar process efficiencies. Results showed that using AMP/PZ can reduce solvent heat duty compared to MEA. Temperatures in the columns were also lower with AMP/PZ. Partial pressures of CO2 and temperatures measured within the absorber and stripper supported better performance with AMP/PZ versus MEA at equivalent operating conditions.
Kinetic Study of Esterification of Acetic Acid with n- butanol and isobutanol...Hugo Balderrama
The document summarizes a study on the kinetics of esterification reactions between acetic acid and n-butanol or isobutanol catalyzed by ion exchange resin. The effects of temperature, catalyst loading, and initial molar ratios on reaction rates were examined. Activation energies for the reactions were determined to be 28.45 kJ/mol for n-butanol and 23.29 kJ/mol for isobutanol. The study found reaction rates increased with higher temperatures, catalyst loadings, and molar ratios of alcohol to acid.
Deactivation Modeling through Separable Kinetics of Coking On Ni/CZ Catalyst ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a very significant technique to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels. In this particular work, nickel is used as the active metal and ceria-zirconia (CZ) bi-metallic oxide is used as the support. The foremost challenge to this process is sooting or coking over the catalyst surface and blocking the active sites. For the economic viability of the catalyst, it is very significant to make it coke deposition resistant. This is the reason that the kinetic modeling of the deactivation is very important. Therefore, this paper is aimed to model the deactivation and activity of the catalyst. A rate model of the deactivation process is also developed using separable kinetics. A comparison with commercial catalyst is also reported to show that the Ni/CZ catalyst is much more stable towards the coking. Keywords –Coking, Deactivation, Methane, Separable kinetics, Steam reforming.
Kinetic Study of Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Initiated by Ce(IV) – ...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes a kinetic study of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by the Ce(IV)–vanillin redox system.
2. The effects of various reactants like Ce(IV), vanillin, H+, and reaction conditions like temperature, ionic strength, and micellar phase on the rate of polymerization and Ce(IV) consumption were examined.
3. The results show that the rate of polymerization increases with increasing concentrations of Ce(IV) and vanillin, and is dependent on [H+], while being independent of changes in [H+]. The activation and thermodynamic parameters were calculated from Arrhenius and Eyring plots.
Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of Nitrobenzene-Inorganic Acid Systems at 298.15 KReddysuresh Kolavali
Liquid-liquid equilibria of nitrobenzene-sulfuric acid-water and nitrobenzene-nitric acid-water systems were experimentally determined at 298.15 K. The NRTL and UNIQUAC models were used to correlate the experimental data with good fits and low root-mean-square deviations. Both acid solubility in the organic phase and nitrobenzene solubility in the aqueous phase increased with higher acid concentrations in the mixtures.
C H E M I C A L R E A C T I O N E N G I N E E R I N G I J N T U M O D E L ...guest3f9c6b
This document contains a chemical engineering exam from November 2007 with 8 multiple choice questions covering various topics in chemical reaction engineering. The questions involve calculations related to batch and plug flow reactor kinetics, determination of rate constants and rate equations from experimental data, sizing of reactors, and specification of reaction conditions.
This document discusses reactor design for single chemical reactions. It compares the size and performance of batch, mixed flow, and plug flow reactors. For single reactions where product distribution is fixed, plug flow reactors generally require less volume than mixed flow reactors to achieve the same conversion. The size ratio of mixed to plug flow reactors depends on the reaction order and conversion level. Connecting reactors in series improves performance by making the flow more plug-like.
This document summarizes a study on the catalytic dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether over γ-alumina. The researchers investigated the effects of temperature and feed composition on the conversion of methanol and deactivation of the catalyst. They found that methanol conversion strongly depended on the reactor operating temperature, increasing with higher temperatures. Using pure methanol as a feed resulted in slow catalyst deactivation, while adding water to the feed increased deactivation significantly. A temperature-dependent model was developed to predict methanol conversion and reasonably correlated with experimental data.
The document summarizes experimental results from a process development unit (PDU) comparing CO2 removal from gas mixtures using aqueous solutions of monoethanolamine (MEA) and a mixture of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and piperazine (PZ). Tests were conducted under identical energy input to the reboiler and similar process efficiencies. Results showed that using AMP/PZ can reduce solvent heat duty compared to MEA. Temperatures in the columns were also lower with AMP/PZ. Partial pressures of CO2 and temperatures measured within the absorber and stripper supported better performance with AMP/PZ versus MEA at equivalent operating conditions.
Kinetic Study of Esterification of Acetic Acid with n- butanol and isobutanol...Hugo Balderrama
The document summarizes a study on the kinetics of esterification reactions between acetic acid and n-butanol or isobutanol catalyzed by ion exchange resin. The effects of temperature, catalyst loading, and initial molar ratios on reaction rates were examined. Activation energies for the reactions were determined to be 28.45 kJ/mol for n-butanol and 23.29 kJ/mol for isobutanol. The study found reaction rates increased with higher temperatures, catalyst loadings, and molar ratios of alcohol to acid.
This study used Aspen HYSYS software to simulate a suspension (slurry) process for producing polyethylene. A loop reactor model mimicked the slurry polymerization process. The effects of increasing the ethylene monomer flow rate on solvent, catalyst, co-monomer, and hydrogen flow rates were examined. The model predicted that increasing the monomer flow rate linearly increased these other process variables. It also showed that a higher monomer flow rate led to greater polyethylene production. However, the model had the limitation of not accounting for temperature and pressure effects on other operating variables.
The document summarizes an experiment investigating the effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of a Harcourt-Essen reaction. By varying the concentration of iodide ions between runs, the reaction was found to be second order overall and first order with respect to both peroxide ions and iodide ions. Increasing the temperature between runs caused the rate coefficient to increase, demonstrating that the reaction rate increases with temperature in accordance with the Arrhenius equation.
This document presents a study examining the catalytic activity of stepped ruthenium and rhenium surfaces for steam reforming of methane. It develops a microkinetic model to predict the turnover frequency (TOF) as a function of key catalyst descriptors. Scaling laws are established using atomic oxygen and carbon binding energies as descriptors to predict intermediate species energies. A free energy diagram shows reactions 4 and 8 have high activation barriers, so the model assumes one is rate limiting. TOF volcano plots are created and show good agreement with rates calculated directly from catalyst data, correctly predicting Ru and Rh have high activity.
1. The document describes a mathematical model developed to model esterification in a batch reactor coupled with pervaporation for producing ethyl acetate.
2. The model accounts for the reaction kinetics of esterification catalyzed by Amberlyst 15 resin and permeation rates of components through a polydimethylsiloxane membrane based on experimental data.
3. A parametric study using the model found that conversion increases with increasing temperature, molar ratios of reactants, and catalyst concentration, with optimal conditions being a temperature of around 343K, catalyst concentration of 10g, and 50% excess acetic acid relative to ethanol.
Notes 3 of fe 501 physical properties of food materialsAbdul Moiz Dota
This document provides an introduction to water activity and sorption properties of foods. It discusses how water activity is an important physical property that controls many biochemical and microbiological reactions in foods. Most bacteria and molds do not grow at water activities below 0.91 and 0.80, respectively. Therefore, measuring water activity can predict microbial spoilage. The document also covers ideal solution theory, Raoult's law, Henry's law, and various colligative properties such as boiling point elevation and freezing point depression. It explains how these properties relate water activity to moisture content in foods and can be used to control reactions and estimate shelf life.
This document summarizes saponification of ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide in an isothermal batch reactor. It describes the basic design of a batch reactor where reactants are placed inside and allowed to react over time before removing products. The general mass balance equation and basic design equation for a batch reactor are provided. Kinetic parameters like rate of reaction, concentration, and temperature are also discussed. Procedures for a titration experiment to determine concentration are outlined. Tips are given to ensure accurate measurements in experiments.
Partial gibbs free energy and gibbs duhem equationSunny Chauhan
Partial gibbs free energy and gibbs duhem equation,relation between binary solution,relation between partiaL properties,PARTIAL PROPERTIES,PARTIAL PROPERTIES IN BINARY SOLUTION,RELATIONS AMONG PARTIAL PROPERTIES,Maxwell relation,Examples
The document summarizes an experiment investigating fac/mer isomerism in a low spin iron(II) complex. A complex was synthesized from iron(II) tetrafluoroborate, benzylamine, and 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, yielding 79.7% product. NMR showed a high ratio of facial to meridional isomers. UV-vis spectroscopy determined molar extinction coefficients of 6081.9 and 4518.4 L/mol-cm at 516.5 and 561.3 nm, respectively.
This document outlines the course contents, objectives, and topics for a Chemical Reaction Engineering course. The course will cover topics such as kinetics of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, reactor design including batch, mixed flow, plug flow, and catalytic reactors. Students will learn how to develop rate expressions and design industrial reactors by applying principles of thermodynamics and reaction kinetics. The objective is to provide an in-depth understanding of commonly used chemical reactor designs.
The Effect of Temperature on Aromatic Yield of Treated Heavy Naphthene From B...IJRESJOURNAL
The document discusses the effect of temperature on aromatic yield from treated heavy naphthene from Bonga Aromatic crude. It was observed that increasing the temperature of the catalytic reformer leads to an increase in aromatic yield. Specifically, the aromatic yield increased from 23.46% volume at 430°C to 51.38% volume at 540°C. Additionally, higher temperatures resulted in changes to the reformate composition, with decreasing naphthenes and increasing aromatics.
This document describes an experimental study on the effect of hydrogen blending on burning velocity for different fuels. The study involved:
- Designing a constant volume combustion chamber and instrumentation to measure laminar burning velocity and flame speed.
- Investigating the impact of equivalence ratio, initial pressure, and hydrogen blending ratio on burning velocity and other combustion parameters for LPG-air and hydrogen-LPG-air mixtures.
- Developing empirical correlations between studied variables using a FORTRAN program to calculate mixture properties.
Results showed that hydrogen blending increased adiabatic flame temperature and burning velocity. Burning velocity increased with higher equivalence ratios and hydrogen percentages, but decreased with initial pressure. Experimental data agreed well with previous
These slides may be used for a part of Advanced level course in Chemical Reaction Engineering. I taught this course to Masters level students covering 1.5 credit hours.
Production of-n-propyl-acetate-by-reactive-distillation-experimental-and-theo...Josemar Pereira da Silva
This document summarizes the first steps in developing a catalytic reactive distillation process for producing n-propyl acetate. Kinetic experiments were conducted to determine the reaction rates for homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Pilot plant experiments were also performed using a homogeneous strong acid catalyst in a packed column with a top-column decanter. Simulation results matched experimental data well when accounting for non-ideal thermodynamics. Several process configurations were identified that could dramatically increase alcohol conversion and n-propyl acetate purity by adding a stripping section. The best startup strategy was determined to involve an initial charging of the two-phase top product to achieve steady-state conditions most quickly.
Episode 61 : MATERIAL BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEM
RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION
participating in a chemical reaction
Stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction:
– Showing the relative number of molecules/moles of components participating in the chemical reaction
Reactants– components that react with each other in a chemical reaction
Products – components that are produced by a chemical reaction
Chemical reactor- equipment in which chemical reactions occur
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
This document describes the simulation and design of a process to recover monoethylene glycol (MEG) from effluent waste streams of a petrochemical company in Iran. Aspen Plus simulation software was used to model the process, which involves separating water, salts, and various glycols (MEG, DEG, TEG, TTEG) using a series of distillation columns. Sensitivity analyses were performed to optimize column parameters such as pressure, reflux ratio, and boilup ratio. The results showed that MEG, DEG, TEG, and TTEG could be recovered at rates of 5.01, 2.039, 0.062, and 0.089 kg/hr, respectively.
This document describes an experimental study that measured ignition delay times for fuel-air mixtures behind reflected shock waves under conditions relevant to homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. Ignition delay times were measured for n-heptane, gasoline, and a gasoline surrogate mixture (iso-octane/toluene/n-heptane) over a range of pressures, temperatures, equivalence ratios, and exhaust gas recirculation levels using pressure history and chemiluminescence diagnostics in shock tubes. The results provide benchmark data for validating detailed chemical kinetic models under HCCI combustion conditions.
This document summarizes research on converting lignin into liquid compounds through a solvolysis (alcoholysis) process. Lignin was heated to 270-300°C with an alcohol and acid in a high-pressure reactor. Key results include:
- Formic acid produced the highest pressures and yields of phenolic compounds, while acetic acid yielded mainly esters.
- Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis showed the main products with formic acid were phenolic compounds, while acetic acid yielded esters like ethyl acetate and isopropyl acetate.
- Temperature reached 300°C within 75-90 minutes and pressure was regulated to not exceed 200 bars.
So in summary, this
1. The document outlines resources and strategies to help students maximize their performance on chemistry exams, including syllabus statements, examiners' reports, past papers, and revision materials.
2. It discusses effective strategies for multiple choice, calculation, and extended answer exam questions, focusing on topics like bonding, electron configuration, and redox reactions.
3. Sample exam problems are presented and worked through step-by-step to demonstrate the process for solving calculation questions and determining empirical and molecular formulas.
Abraham model correlations for ionic liquid solvents computational methodolog...Bihan Jiang
The document describes a computational methodology for updating existing Abraham model ion-specific equation coefficients using new experimental solubility and partition coefficient data for ionic liquid solvents. Specifically, it illustrates updating the coefficients for the trifluoroacetate anion based on 51 data points from three ionic liquid solvents containing that anion. The updated coefficients have significantly smaller standard errors and are able to better predict solubility and partition behavior in the three ionic liquids based on the increased data. The methodology allows coefficients to be refined as new data becomes available without needing to re-regress the entire Abraham model data set.
Data discrimination prevention in customer relationship managmenteSAT Publishing House
This document discusses discrimination prevention in customer relationship management for online shopping systems. It begins by defining direct and indirect discrimination and describing how data mining can lead to both. It then proposes three approaches for preventing discrimination: preprocessing the data before mining, modifying mining algorithms during processing, and modifying resulting models after processing. The document focuses on location-based indirect discrimination in online shopping and proposes using the Apriori algorithm to identify alternative sellers or product specifications to prevent such discrimination from occurring. It concludes by discussing challenges in preventing both direct and indirect discrimination while maintaining data quality and mining accuracy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This study used Aspen HYSYS software to simulate a suspension (slurry) process for producing polyethylene. A loop reactor model mimicked the slurry polymerization process. The effects of increasing the ethylene monomer flow rate on solvent, catalyst, co-monomer, and hydrogen flow rates were examined. The model predicted that increasing the monomer flow rate linearly increased these other process variables. It also showed that a higher monomer flow rate led to greater polyethylene production. However, the model had the limitation of not accounting for temperature and pressure effects on other operating variables.
The document summarizes an experiment investigating the effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of a Harcourt-Essen reaction. By varying the concentration of iodide ions between runs, the reaction was found to be second order overall and first order with respect to both peroxide ions and iodide ions. Increasing the temperature between runs caused the rate coefficient to increase, demonstrating that the reaction rate increases with temperature in accordance with the Arrhenius equation.
This document presents a study examining the catalytic activity of stepped ruthenium and rhenium surfaces for steam reforming of methane. It develops a microkinetic model to predict the turnover frequency (TOF) as a function of key catalyst descriptors. Scaling laws are established using atomic oxygen and carbon binding energies as descriptors to predict intermediate species energies. A free energy diagram shows reactions 4 and 8 have high activation barriers, so the model assumes one is rate limiting. TOF volcano plots are created and show good agreement with rates calculated directly from catalyst data, correctly predicting Ru and Rh have high activity.
1. The document describes a mathematical model developed to model esterification in a batch reactor coupled with pervaporation for producing ethyl acetate.
2. The model accounts for the reaction kinetics of esterification catalyzed by Amberlyst 15 resin and permeation rates of components through a polydimethylsiloxane membrane based on experimental data.
3. A parametric study using the model found that conversion increases with increasing temperature, molar ratios of reactants, and catalyst concentration, with optimal conditions being a temperature of around 343K, catalyst concentration of 10g, and 50% excess acetic acid relative to ethanol.
Notes 3 of fe 501 physical properties of food materialsAbdul Moiz Dota
This document provides an introduction to water activity and sorption properties of foods. It discusses how water activity is an important physical property that controls many biochemical and microbiological reactions in foods. Most bacteria and molds do not grow at water activities below 0.91 and 0.80, respectively. Therefore, measuring water activity can predict microbial spoilage. The document also covers ideal solution theory, Raoult's law, Henry's law, and various colligative properties such as boiling point elevation and freezing point depression. It explains how these properties relate water activity to moisture content in foods and can be used to control reactions and estimate shelf life.
This document summarizes saponification of ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide in an isothermal batch reactor. It describes the basic design of a batch reactor where reactants are placed inside and allowed to react over time before removing products. The general mass balance equation and basic design equation for a batch reactor are provided. Kinetic parameters like rate of reaction, concentration, and temperature are also discussed. Procedures for a titration experiment to determine concentration are outlined. Tips are given to ensure accurate measurements in experiments.
Partial gibbs free energy and gibbs duhem equationSunny Chauhan
Partial gibbs free energy and gibbs duhem equation,relation between binary solution,relation between partiaL properties,PARTIAL PROPERTIES,PARTIAL PROPERTIES IN BINARY SOLUTION,RELATIONS AMONG PARTIAL PROPERTIES,Maxwell relation,Examples
The document summarizes an experiment investigating fac/mer isomerism in a low spin iron(II) complex. A complex was synthesized from iron(II) tetrafluoroborate, benzylamine, and 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, yielding 79.7% product. NMR showed a high ratio of facial to meridional isomers. UV-vis spectroscopy determined molar extinction coefficients of 6081.9 and 4518.4 L/mol-cm at 516.5 and 561.3 nm, respectively.
This document outlines the course contents, objectives, and topics for a Chemical Reaction Engineering course. The course will cover topics such as kinetics of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, reactor design including batch, mixed flow, plug flow, and catalytic reactors. Students will learn how to develop rate expressions and design industrial reactors by applying principles of thermodynamics and reaction kinetics. The objective is to provide an in-depth understanding of commonly used chemical reactor designs.
The Effect of Temperature on Aromatic Yield of Treated Heavy Naphthene From B...IJRESJOURNAL
The document discusses the effect of temperature on aromatic yield from treated heavy naphthene from Bonga Aromatic crude. It was observed that increasing the temperature of the catalytic reformer leads to an increase in aromatic yield. Specifically, the aromatic yield increased from 23.46% volume at 430°C to 51.38% volume at 540°C. Additionally, higher temperatures resulted in changes to the reformate composition, with decreasing naphthenes and increasing aromatics.
This document describes an experimental study on the effect of hydrogen blending on burning velocity for different fuels. The study involved:
- Designing a constant volume combustion chamber and instrumentation to measure laminar burning velocity and flame speed.
- Investigating the impact of equivalence ratio, initial pressure, and hydrogen blending ratio on burning velocity and other combustion parameters for LPG-air and hydrogen-LPG-air mixtures.
- Developing empirical correlations between studied variables using a FORTRAN program to calculate mixture properties.
Results showed that hydrogen blending increased adiabatic flame temperature and burning velocity. Burning velocity increased with higher equivalence ratios and hydrogen percentages, but decreased with initial pressure. Experimental data agreed well with previous
These slides may be used for a part of Advanced level course in Chemical Reaction Engineering. I taught this course to Masters level students covering 1.5 credit hours.
Production of-n-propyl-acetate-by-reactive-distillation-experimental-and-theo...Josemar Pereira da Silva
This document summarizes the first steps in developing a catalytic reactive distillation process for producing n-propyl acetate. Kinetic experiments were conducted to determine the reaction rates for homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Pilot plant experiments were also performed using a homogeneous strong acid catalyst in a packed column with a top-column decanter. Simulation results matched experimental data well when accounting for non-ideal thermodynamics. Several process configurations were identified that could dramatically increase alcohol conversion and n-propyl acetate purity by adding a stripping section. The best startup strategy was determined to involve an initial charging of the two-phase top product to achieve steady-state conditions most quickly.
Episode 61 : MATERIAL BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEM
RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION
participating in a chemical reaction
Stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction:
– Showing the relative number of molecules/moles of components participating in the chemical reaction
Reactants– components that react with each other in a chemical reaction
Products – components that are produced by a chemical reaction
Chemical reactor- equipment in which chemical reactions occur
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
This document describes the simulation and design of a process to recover monoethylene glycol (MEG) from effluent waste streams of a petrochemical company in Iran. Aspen Plus simulation software was used to model the process, which involves separating water, salts, and various glycols (MEG, DEG, TEG, TTEG) using a series of distillation columns. Sensitivity analyses were performed to optimize column parameters such as pressure, reflux ratio, and boilup ratio. The results showed that MEG, DEG, TEG, and TTEG could be recovered at rates of 5.01, 2.039, 0.062, and 0.089 kg/hr, respectively.
This document describes an experimental study that measured ignition delay times for fuel-air mixtures behind reflected shock waves under conditions relevant to homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. Ignition delay times were measured for n-heptane, gasoline, and a gasoline surrogate mixture (iso-octane/toluene/n-heptane) over a range of pressures, temperatures, equivalence ratios, and exhaust gas recirculation levels using pressure history and chemiluminescence diagnostics in shock tubes. The results provide benchmark data for validating detailed chemical kinetic models under HCCI combustion conditions.
This document summarizes research on converting lignin into liquid compounds through a solvolysis (alcoholysis) process. Lignin was heated to 270-300°C with an alcohol and acid in a high-pressure reactor. Key results include:
- Formic acid produced the highest pressures and yields of phenolic compounds, while acetic acid yielded mainly esters.
- Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis showed the main products with formic acid were phenolic compounds, while acetic acid yielded esters like ethyl acetate and isopropyl acetate.
- Temperature reached 300°C within 75-90 minutes and pressure was regulated to not exceed 200 bars.
So in summary, this
1. The document outlines resources and strategies to help students maximize their performance on chemistry exams, including syllabus statements, examiners' reports, past papers, and revision materials.
2. It discusses effective strategies for multiple choice, calculation, and extended answer exam questions, focusing on topics like bonding, electron configuration, and redox reactions.
3. Sample exam problems are presented and worked through step-by-step to demonstrate the process for solving calculation questions and determining empirical and molecular formulas.
Abraham model correlations for ionic liquid solvents computational methodolog...Bihan Jiang
The document describes a computational methodology for updating existing Abraham model ion-specific equation coefficients using new experimental solubility and partition coefficient data for ionic liquid solvents. Specifically, it illustrates updating the coefficients for the trifluoroacetate anion based on 51 data points from three ionic liquid solvents containing that anion. The updated coefficients have significantly smaller standard errors and are able to better predict solubility and partition behavior in the three ionic liquids based on the increased data. The methodology allows coefficients to be refined as new data becomes available without needing to re-regress the entire Abraham model data set.
Data discrimination prevention in customer relationship managmenteSAT Publishing House
This document discusses discrimination prevention in customer relationship management for online shopping systems. It begins by defining direct and indirect discrimination and describing how data mining can lead to both. It then proposes three approaches for preventing discrimination: preprocessing the data before mining, modifying mining algorithms during processing, and modifying resulting models after processing. The document focuses on location-based indirect discrimination in online shopping and proposes using the Apriori algorithm to identify alternative sellers or product specifications to prevent such discrimination from occurring. It concludes by discussing challenges in preventing both direct and indirect discrimination while maintaining data quality and mining accuracy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1) The document discusses stereo matching techniques for images, which can be used in applications like robot vision. It reviews different stereo matching approaches like feature matching, relational matching, and signal matching.
2) It describes implementing a prototype application to demonstrate stereo matching between two images. The application allows navigating images, identifies points for matching, and shows statistics on the images and matched points.
3) Test results on sample images show the interface of the application with image previews, point matching details in tables, and overlapped images after swiping between images. The empirical results found the proposed application has good utility for stereo matching.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
New study on friction in a mom total hip prosthesis with balls in self direct...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Hybrid fingerprint matching algorithm for high accuracy and reliabilityeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance analysis of al fec raptor code over 3 gpp embms networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Sdci scalable distributed cache indexing for cache consistency for mobile env...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of high pressure coolant on tool wear during turning operations of EN8 steel. The study found that using a high pressure coolant of 70 bar resulted in less tool wear compared to a low pressure coolant of 10 bar. Specifically, with the high pressure coolant, the tool was able to machine 520 components with a surface roughness value of 1.521 μm, whereas with the low pressure coolant the tool could only machine 160 components with a roughness of 2.923 μm. Scanning electron microscope images also showed less wear on the tool tip when using the high pressure coolant. Therefore, the study demonstrated that high pressure coolant can significantly reduce tool wear during turning hard metals
Efficient implementation of bit parallel finite field multiplierseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an article that presents an efficient implementation of a bit parallel Karatsuba finite field multiplier on FPGA. It begins by introducing finite field arithmetic and multiplication, which is the most resource intensive operation. It then discusses different multiplier designs, including the classical multiplier and Karatsuba multiplier. The Karatsuba multiplier has lower complexity than the classical multiplier by reducing the number of gates required. Experimental results on FPGAs show that the bit parallel Karatsuba multiplier consumes the fewest resources among known FPGA implementations. In summary, the document presents an efficient Karatsuba finite field multiplier design with lower complexity than alternative designs.
Study on security and quality of service implementations in p2 p overlay netw...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A hydration study by xrdrietveld analysis of cement regenerated from complete...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis to examine the hydration of cement regenerated from concrete designed to be completely recyclable. Specifically, it analyzed samples of cement paste in which hydration was arrested at various time points up to 28 days. The results showed that the alite and belite phases decreased over time as portlandite and amorphous calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) increased. Aluminate phases dissolved completely while ferrite decreased. Some differences were seen in the mineralogy of cement produced from recycled concrete versus ordinary portland cement, but the hydration processes were similar. The study highlighted the importance of sample preparation methods on the
Natural and calcined clayey diatomite as cement replacement materials microst...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses the use of natural clayey diatomite (CD) and calcined clayey diatomite (CCD) as partial replacements for cement at levels of 5-15% by weight.
2) Testing showed that both CD and CCD act as high-efficiency pozzolans, consuming more calcium hydroxide and producing a finer pore structure compared to reference cement pastes.
3) Microstructural analysis found that cement composites with CD and CCD replacements had higher amounts of gel-like hydrate phases, indicating pozzolanic reactions were occurring.
Contractual implications of cash flow on owner and contractor in villa constr...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study analyzing the contractual implications of cash flow on owners and contractors for villa construction projects in Oman. Data from 25 villa projects was used to calculate the minimum fund contractors require to continue work in cases of delayed interim payments. The analysis found that for a maximum 4-week payment delay, contractors require on average 8.5% of the contract value in minimum funds. Delayed payments can result in work stoppages, delayed project completion, penalties for the contractor, and even project incompletion. Ensuring adequate minimum funds mitigates these risks for contractors while also helping owners receive projects on schedule.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Phase equilibrium feasibility studies of free fatty acids extraction from pal...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the extraction of free fatty acids from palm oil using supercritical carbon dioxide. The study assessed the feasibility of using a thermodynamic model based on UNIFAC to predict phase equilibrium and activity coefficients for the carbon dioxide/fatty acid system. Experimental results were obtained for extract mole fraction at different pressures from 60-180 bars and temperatures of 313.15K and 353.15K. Mass transfer parameters like diffusion coefficient and solubility were also determined. The model predictions matched reasonably well with experimental data.
Optimal Production of Methyl Acetate using a Micro-ReactorSasha Kozmonaut
The document describes an experiment to determine the optimal conditions for producing methyl acetate using a microreactor. Various parameters were tested, including catalyst amount, temperature, and pump settings for methanol and acetic acid. The highest yield of 87.6% methyl acetate was achieved using 1.0mL of catalyst at 40°C with pump settings of 15% methanol and 35% acetic acid. In general, higher temperatures and greater catalyst amounts led to higher conversion of methanol.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
This document summarizes a study on the kinetics of methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide hydrogenation over copper-zinc oxide catalysts. Experiments were conducted in a fixed bed reactor between 200-230°C, 50-80 bar, and gas hourly space velocities of 7,800-23,400 h-1 using feeds with H2:CO2 ratios of 2-6 without CO. Kinetic parameters from a previous study were optimized to model the experimental data using a Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson mechanism. The influences of catalyst support (alumina vs zirconia) and operating conditions on kinetics were examined. The goal was to determine optimized parameters to reliably scale-up the
Liquid liquid equilibrium for the ternary system of isopropyl acetate 2 propa...Josemar Pereira da Silva
The document presents experimental data on liquid-liquid equilibrium for the ternary system of isopropyl acetate, 2-propanol, and glycerol at temperatures of 298.15 K, 308.15 K, and 318.15 K under atmospheric pressure. Triangular phase diagrams were obtained at each temperature showing the two-phase region. Distribution coefficients and selectivity parameters were calculated to evaluate glycerol's capacity as an extractive solvent. The NRTL and UNIQUAC models were applied to correlate the experimental data with low deviations.
This document summarizes an experiment analyzing biofuels synthesized from corn oil using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Two reaction conditions were tested: 1:6/1 wt% and 1:6/3 wt% oil to methanol ratios. GC-MS analysis found glycerin and fatty acid methyl esters in both conditions as expected. Some unique compounds and constitutional isomers were produced depending on the reaction condition. Mass spectra of the main compounds, like glycerin and a fatty acid methyl ester, were similar between conditions. The results were consistent with the proposed reaction for biodiesel synthesis.
This document describes a method for determining the presence of icing inhibitors ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGME) in groundwater contaminated with jet fuel JP-8 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 100mL groundwater samples were extracted twice with methylene chloride after adding sodium chloride and internal standards. The extracts were analyzed by GC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode. The method achieved detection limits of 0.8ng/mL and 0.5ng/mL for EGME and DEGME, respectively, and recoveries of about 50% from spiked samples. The presence of these icing inhibitors can be used
This poster describes analytical operating conditions for analysis of US EPA Method 8260C1, Revision 3, August 2006, and includes BFB tune parameters, calibration details, and a complete MDL and Precision and Accuracy study for almost 100 target compounds at multiple concentrations.
Comparison of The Experimental TBP Curve with Results of Empirical Correlatio...QUESTJOURNAL
This document compares an experimental true boiling point (TBP) curve for a light Arab oil to results from an empirical correlation and a commercial simulator. The experimental TBP curve was determined according to ASTM standards and provided data on fraction boiling temperatures, accumulated mass percentages, and densities. The empirical correlation, using constants for oils with similar density, showed greater deviation from the experimental curve compared to results from the HYSYS simulator, which took the experimental data as direct inputs. While alternative methods can estimate the full TBP curve, significant discrepancies exist, highlighting the need for faster, more accurate estimation techniques for characterizing oils.
Material Science and Engineering-B_Synthesis of ultra high molecular weight p...Shashi Kant
This document summarizes an article that appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is provided to the author for non-commercial research and education purposes only. The author is permitted to share the copy with colleagues and use it for teaching. However, reproducing, distributing, selling, licensing or posting the copy online is prohibited without permission from Elsevier. The authors are allowed to post their version of the article in Word or Tex format on their personal or institutional websites. Further information about Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies can be found online.
This document discusses optimal time periods needed for plant transpiration rates to reach steady state after changes in ambient CO2 concentration during gas exchange measurements. It finds that using a coefficient of variation threshold of 2-5% to determine steady state can be inaccurate, especially for slowly responding parameters like transpiration. Experiments on Arabidopsis and tomato plants found transpiration required 20-40 minutes to reach steady state after CO2 changes. The study concludes 20-40 minute constant time lags between measurement points should be used for CO2 response curves to maximize accuracy and comparability between experiments.
This document summarizes a simulation study of miscible CO2 flooding in stratified reservoirs. The study used reservoir simulation software to model CO2 flooding under different conditions. Key findings include:
1) CO2 flooding performance improved with higher injection rates and when layers had higher permeability at shallower depths (fining upward).
2) Limited communication between layers led to better recovery, as gravity effects were reduced.
3) Optimizing water-alternating-gas injection parameters like ratio, cycle length, and slug size improved recovery in stratified reservoirs with limited CO2 sources.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document describes a new strategy for comprehensively analyzing polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The method allows for the purification and fractionation of the target compound groups in a simple multi-step automated clean-up. The compounds are then analyzed using a single benchtop mass spectrometer in four separate injections. Electron impact ionization followed by tandem mass spectrometry provides the required sensitivity for environmental levels while maintaining selectivity, accuracy, and repeatability.
Micellar Effect On Dephosphorylation Of Bis-4-Chloro-3,5-Dimethylphenylphosph...IOSR Journals
The rate enhancement depends on the hydrophobicity of the nucleophile. The micellar catalyzed reaction between bis-4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenylphosphate ester and hydroxide or hydroperoxide anions has been examined in buffered medium (pH 8-10). First order rate constant (Kψ) for the reaction of hydroxide ion with bis-4-CDMPP go through maxima with the increasing concentration of cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTABr). Micelles of CTABr very effective catalyst to the reactions of phosphate diesters. Rate constants measured with OH2- ions are approximately twice and thrice than that of OH- ions in presence of CTABr.
Micellar Effect On Dephosphorylation Of Bis-4-Chloro-3,5-Dimethylphenylphosph...IOSR Journals
The rate enhancement depends on the hydrophobicity of the nucleophile. The micellar catalyzed reaction between bis-4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenylphosphate ester and hydroxide or hydroperoxide anions has been examined in buffered medium (pH 8-10). First order rate constant (Kψ) for the reaction of hydroxide ion with bis-4-CDMPP go through maxima with the increasing concentration of cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTABr). Micelles of CTABr very effective catalyst to the reactions of phosphate diesters. Rate constants measured with OH2- ions are approximately twice and thrice than that of OH- ions in presence of CTABr.
This document describes an experiment using bomb calorimetry to measure the enthalpy of combustion of 1,2-diphenylethane. Bomb calorimetry works by igniting a substance in an insulated chamber and measuring the temperature change, from which the energy released can be calculated. The experiment used benzoic acid to first calibrate the bomb calorimeter and verify its functioning. Then, 1,2-diphenylethane was ignited in the bomb calorimeter in multiple trials. The results were used to calculate the enthalpy of combustion and enthalpy of formation of 1,2-diphenylethane.
Group Project- An extract from original reportMukesh Mathew
1. PVT analysis was carried out on samples from three wells to determine reservoir properties like bubble point pressure, solution gas-oil ratio, oil composition and volume factors. The analysis found the oil to have a stock tank gravity of 33.9-34.1 API and be mainly composed of methane and heptanes+.
2. Core data from three wells was analyzed statistically to find average porosity and permeability ranges of 15-21% and 210-350mD respectively. Capillary pressure and relative permeability curves were also generated from core and SCAL data.
3. Normalization of capillary pressure data using the modified Leverett J-function allowed the creation of a single curve for use in reservoir modeling
This document summarizes a study that optimized parameters for the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) using palm shell activated carbon. The parameters studied were H2S concentration, adsorption temperature, and space velocity. Statistical analysis was used to develop a regression model relating these parameters to breakthrough adsorption capacity. H2S concentration and space velocity had the most significant effects on capacity, with higher concentrations and lower space velocities resulting in higher capacity. Characterization of the activated carbon confirmed that H2S was being adsorbed onto pore surfaces.
Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide using palm shell activated carboneSAT Journals
Abstract Removing H2S from biogas that is produced from anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent is a crucial step in order for the biogas to be utilized as a source of energy. In this study, palm shell activated carbon (PSAC) prepared by steam activation was used to adsorb H2S from simulated biogas. The parameters studied were H2S concentration, adsorption temperature and space velocity. The effect of these parameters towards breakthrough adsorption capacity was studied using statistical analysis with Design Expert Software. H2S concentration and space velocity were found to be significant in affecting the breakthrough adsorption capacity.Adsorption temperature on its own was found not to have significant effect on the breakthrough adsorption capacity but its interaction with other parameters was found to be significant. Characterization of fresh and spent PSAC confirmed and provided further information on the adsorption of sulfur species on PSAC pore surface. Keywords: Activated carbon; Biogas; Hydrogen sulfide; Adsorption
Similar to Feasibility study of mtbe physical adsorption from polluted water on gac, pac and husk rice carbon in batch process (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
This document discusses the assessment of seismic susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and the importance of vulnerability assessment in mitigating earthquake risks and losses. It then describes modeling the nonlinear behavior of RC building elements and performing pushover analysis to evaluate building performance. The document outlines modeling RC frames and developing moment-curvature relationships. It also summarizes the results of pushover analyses on sample 2D and 3D RC frames with and without shear walls. The conclusions emphasize that pushover analysis effectively assesses building properties but has limitations, and that capacity spectrum method provides appropriate results for evaluating building response and retrofitting impact.
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
Effect of hudhud cyclone on the development of visakhapatnam as smart and gre...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the effects of Cyclone Hudhud on the development of Visakhapatnam as a smart and green city through a case study and preliminary surveys. The surveys found that 31% of participants had experienced cyclones, 9% floods, and 59% landslides previously in Visakhapatnam. Awareness of disaster alarming systems increased from 14% before the 2004 tsunami to 85% during Cyclone Hudhud, while awareness of disaster management systems increased from 50% before the tsunami to 94% during Hudhud. The surveys indicate that initiatives after the tsunami improved awareness and preparedness. Developing Visakhapatnam as a smart, green city should consider governance
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
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Feasibility study of mtbe physical adsorption from polluted water on gac, pac and husk rice carbon in batch process
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 167
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF MTBE PHYSICAL ADSORPTION FROM
POLLUTED WATER ON GAC, PAC AND HUSK RICE CARBON IN
BATCH PROCESS
Omid Mowla1
, Ayoub Karimi Jashni2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran
2
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran,
Abstract
MTBE or Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether is an organic compound, which is used to increase the gasoline Octane Number. At the
beginning of 80’s, by discovering the undesirable effects of tetra ethyl lead usage in fuel, MTBE started to be used worldwide. But
gradually the undesirable effects of MTBE on environment had been revealed.
There are many technologies for MTBE removal from polluted water. Adsorption is the most conventional and economical
technology. In this research, some experiments have been done for studying the adsorption of MTBE on different solid adsorbent in
batch process. In these experiments a fixed amount of adsorbents including Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), Powdered Activated
Carbon (PAC) and the Husk Rice Carbon (HRC) have been put in different one litter covered vessels containing water polluted with
known initial MTBE concentration and stirring them. By measuring MTBE concentration in the vessel at different times the effect of
different operating parameters such as temperature and pH have been studied on adsorption and optimum condition have been
determined. The batch experimental results have been used to calculate the constant parameters of Freundlich and Langmuir
adsorption isotherm equations for these systems.
Keywords: MTBE, Adsorption, Activated Carbon, Husk Rice Carbon
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
MTBE or Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (C5H12O) is an
organic compound with oxygen in its chemical structure
which is colorless, flammable and combustible in normal
pressure and temperature. With molar mass of 88.15 gr/mol its
melting point is -9 C° and boiling point is 55.2 C°. With
density of 0.758, MTBE has a high solubility in water [1].
MTBE can be used to increase the Octane Number of
gasoline. At the beginning of 80’s, by discovering the
undesirable effects of tetra ethyl lead usage in fuel, MTBE
started to be used worldwide. Nowadays MTBE forms about
15% of total fuel volume [2]. Gradually the undesirable effects
of MTBE on environment had been revealed. MTBE leakage
into soil, surface water or groundwater can pollute them and
therefore make them unusable for farming activities or
domestic demands.
There are many technologies for MTBE removal from
polluted water [3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8]. Adsorption is the most
conventional and economical technology [9] and would be
discussed in this paper. Adsorption is a unit operation in which
soluble components come out from solvent by an interphase
mass transfer and transferred into surface of adsorbent [10].
Activated carbon adsorption has been widely considered as a
potential treatment for removing organic matters from
wastewater as it has a strong affinity for adsorption of organic
substances even at low concentration [11, 12].
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
In order to find the optimal conditions for adsorption of
MTBE on any one of the adsorbents, some experiments have
been carried out in an experimental setup as shown in figure 1.
In each run, 1 liter of water polluted with MTBE with a certain
initial concentration is poured in 5 capped glass containers and
the pH value in each container is adjusted at the decided level
by adding sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide and the
temperature is adjusted by a hot plate heater. A certain weight
of the adsorbent is poured into every five containers and the
solution is stirred by a magnetic stirrer (manufactured by
Cenco Company under serial No. 34518). For obtaining the
optimal pH, the experiments are carried out simultaneously
and at the same temperature for all five containers. Samples
are taken in certain time intervals from all five containers. The
optimal pH value for adsorption of each one of the adsorbents
used in this study can be obtained by determining the
concentration of MTBE in the samples and plotting the value
of C/C0 with time. After obtaining the optimal pH value, the
experiments continue to find the optimal temperature. A
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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certain weight of the adsorbent is put in the capped glass
container and then 1 liter of water polluted by MTBE with the
predetermined initial concentration and the optimal pH
obtained in the previous stage is added to it. When the
temperature of the solution reaches the desirable level samples
are taken from the solution in certain time intervals and the
concentration of MTBE in the samples is determined. This
experiment is carried out in 5 various temperatures. The
optimal temperature for the adsorption of MTBE by any one
of the adsorbents is obtained by analyzing the collected data.
Each experiment is repeated at least three times and the
average of the results are reported.
Fig1- Experimental setup used for batch experiments
3. RESULTS
3.1 Determination of Optimal pH Value
Charts 1, 2 and 3 show the variation of C/C0 with time for the
pH range of 5 to 9 for GAC, PAC and HRC, respectively.
Chart1- Variation of C/C0 ratio with time for GAC at various
pH
Chart2- Variation of C/C0 ratio with time for PAC at various pH
Chart3- Variation of C/C0 ratio with time for HRC at various pH
3.2 Determination of the Optimal Temperature
Keeping the pH of the samples fixed at the value of 9, some
experiments are carried out to determine the optimal
temperature. Charts 4, 5 and 6 show the variation C/C0 with
time for GAC, PAC and HRC for various temperatures,
respectively.
Chart4- Variation of C/C0 with time for GAC at various
temperatures
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Chart5- Variation of C/C0 with time for PAC at various
temperatures
Chart6- Variation of C/C0 with time for HRC at various
temperatures
3.3 Comparison of the Performance of the Three
Adsorbents
Chart 7 shows the variation of C/C0 with time in the optimal
operational conditions for various adsorbents.
Chart 7- Variation of C/C0 with time at the optimal operating
conditions for various adsorbents
4. DETERMINATION OF ADSORPTION
ISOTHERM EQUATIONS
After determination of optimal conditions of adsorption for the
adsorbents used in batch experiments, the adsorption isotherm
is obtained for these conditions. In order to determine the
adsorption isotherm equations, the equilibrate concentration of
MTBE on active carbon (qeq) and equilibrate concentration of
MTBE in liquid phase (Ceq) at various conditions are required.
Ceq value is obtained by the data collected from the
experiment as mentioned before. Then, the value of qeq is
calculated from relation 1 [13] knowing the parameters of
optimal conditions for each adsorbent. Having the qeq and Ceq
values, and using the linear form of Freundlich and Longmuir
adsorption isotherm equations as shown in relations 2 [14] and
3 [13], the constants of these adsorption isotherms could be
obtained by plotting these linear equations for each adsorbent
and determining the slope and ordinate of the plotted line in
each case.
w
eq
eq
C
CCV
q
00
(1)[13]
(2)[14]
(3)[13]
It can be observed that by conversion of Freundlich isotherm
equation into a linear form and plotting the log(qeq ( versus
log(Ceq), the slope of the line gives the n value, and the
ordinate of the line gives log(K).
Moreover, by conversion of Longmuir isotherm equation into
a linear form and plotting the 1/qeq versus 1/Ceq, the slope of
the line gives 1/Kq°
and the ordinate gives 1/q°
. To achieve
adsorption isotherm equations in this study, batch experiments
are carried out for six solutions with various initial
concentrations at optimal operational conditions. In all batch
experiments, the weight of adsorbent in testing containers was
3 g, and the volume of the solution was 1 liter.
4.1 Granular Active Carbon (GAC)
The parameters required for determination of adsorption
isotherm equations namely qeq and Ceq were determined by
carrying out batch experiments on six solutions with different
MTBE initial concentrations in optimal operational conditions,
and by using the adsorbent of GAC. These parameters are
shown in Table 1.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Table1- Equilibrium data for MTBE adsorption at optimal
operational conditions for GAC
Using the data of Table 1 and equations 2 and 3, the linear
forms related to Freundlich and Longmuir isotherms are
plotted as illustrated in Chart 8
(a)
(b)
Chart 8- the linear forms related to (a) Freundlich and (b)
Longmuir isotherm for GAC at optimal operating conditions
Using Chart 8, the constants of Freundlich and Longmuir
adsorption isotherms coefficients can be obtained for the
adsorption of MTBE on GAC. These values are presented in
Table 2.
Table 2- The constants of Freundlich and Longmuir
adsorption isotherms coefficients for GAC
In order to assess the accuracy of Freundlich and Longmuir
adsorption isotherm equations for the GAC, the adsorption
isotherm equation plotted by using some other obtained
experimental data are compared with the adsorption isotherm
equation plotted by the constants obtained from Table 2.
These validity diagrams are shown in Chart 9.
4-2- Powder Active Carbon (PAC)
The parameters required for determination of adsorption
isotherm equations namely qeq and Ceq were determined by
carrying out batch experiments on six solutions with different
MTBE initial concentrations in optimal operational conditions,
and by using the adsorbent of PAC. These parameters are
shown in Table 3.
(a)
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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(b)
Chart 9- Checking validity of (a) Freundlich and (b)
Longmuir isotherm for PAC
Table3- Equilibrium data for MTBE adsorption at optimal
operational conditions for PAC
Using the data of Table 3 and equations 2 and 3, the linear
forms related to Freundlich and Longmuir isotherms are
plotted as illustrated in Chart 10.
(a)
(b)
Chart 10- the linear forms related to (a) Freundlich and (b)
Longmuir isotherm for PAC at optimal operating conditions
Using Chart 10, the constants of Freundlich and Longmuir
adsorption isotherms coefficients can be obtained for the
adsorption of MTBE on PAC. These values are presented in
table 4.
Table 4- The constants of Freundlich and Longmuir
adsorption isotherms coefficients for PAC
Assessment of the accuracy of Freundlich and Longmuir
adsorption isotherm equations for the PAC is carried out by
comparing the adsorption isotherm equation plotted by using
some other obtained experimental data with the adsorption
isotherm equation plotted by the constants obtained from
Table4. These validity Diagrams are shown in Charts 11.
(a)
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(b)
Chart 11- Checking validity of (a) Freundlich and (b)
Longmuir isotherm for PAC
4.3 Husk Rice Carbon (HRC)
The parameters required for the determination of adsorption
isotherm equations namely qeq and Ceq were determined by
carrying out batch experiments on six solutions with different
MTBE initial concentrations in optimal operational conditions,
and by using the adsorbent of HRC. These parameters are
shown in Table 5.
Table5- Equilibrium data for MTBE adsorption at optimal
operational conditions for HRC
Using the data of Table 5 and equations 2 and 3, the linear
forms related to Freundlich and Longmuir isotherms are
plotted as illustrated in Chart 12.
(a)
(b)
Chart 12- the linear forms related to (a) Freundlich and (b)
Longmuir isotherm for HRC at optimal operating conditions
Using Chart 12, the constants of Freundlich and Longmuir
adsorption isotherms coefficients can be obtained for the
adsorption of MTBE on HRC. These values are presented in
table 6.
Table 6- fixed values of Freundlich and Longmuir adsorption
isotherms coefficients for HRC in batch experiments
In order to assess the accuracy of Freundlich and Longmuir
adsorption isotherm equations for the HRC, adsorption
isotherm equation plotted by using some other obtained
experimental data are compared with the adsorption isotherm
equation plotted by the constants obtained from Table 6.
These validity diagrams are shown in Chart 13.
(a)
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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(b)
Chart 13- Checking validity of (a) Freundlich and (b)
Longmuir isotherm for HRC
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the data obtained for adsorption of MTBE on
different adsorbents, the following points could be mentioned:
A- The effect of the kind of adsorbent: All three adsorbents
used in this research showed great potentials for the adsorption
of MTBE. GAC shows a better performance in MTBE
adsorption compared to other adsorbents used in these
experiments. Application of natural and available adsorbent of
HRC is also well-justified on economic terms, as it is really
cheap, and it can be used at industrial scales.
B- The effect of pH: The increase in the pH of the solution,
results in the increase in MTBE adsorption. The reason can be
justified by considering the equation of MTBE ionization in
water as shown in relation 4, so that as the acidity decreases
the OH-
ions concentration in the environment increases.
OHMTBEOHMTBE 2 (4)[10]
Considering relation 4, the increase in OH-
ions concentration
causes the balance equation of MTBE ionization in water to be
inclined toward converting the MTBE+
ions to neutral MTBE
molecules. This would result in the increase of neutral MTBE
molecules concentration in the solution compared to the time
when the acidity of the solution is higher. As the concentration
of MTBE molecules in the solution increases, the adsorption
rate of this substance also increases and, as a result, the MTBE
concentration in the solution is decreased.
C. The effect of temperature: The increase in the temperature
results in the increase of MTBE adsorption rate. This can be
justified considering the direct relation between the
temperature and the molecular diffusion coefficient. The
increase in the temperature would result in the increase in
molecular diffusion coefficient, and this in turn results in the
increase of the molecular diffusion rate of the soluble material
into active carbon and, as a result, the increase in adsorption
rate.
D. Considering the accuracy assessment of Freundlich and
Longmuir adsorption isotherm Diagrams for the three
adsorbents, it can be observed that the error rate between the
lab data and the data obtained from adsorption isotherm
Diagrams is trivial and there is a quite sufficient conformity
between them.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research is supported by Shiraz Oil Refinery Company,
Iran.
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