This document compares an experimental true boiling point (TBP) curve for a light Arab oil to results from an empirical correlation and a commercial simulator. The experimental TBP curve was determined according to ASTM standards and provided data on fraction boiling temperatures, accumulated mass percentages, and densities. The empirical correlation, using constants for oils with similar density, showed greater deviation from the experimental curve compared to results from the HYSYS simulator, which took the experimental data as direct inputs. While alternative methods can estimate the full TBP curve, significant discrepancies exist, highlighting the need for faster, more accurate estimation techniques for characterizing oils.
Key Thermo-Physical Properties of Light Crude OilsVijay Sarathy
Process facilities are equipped with protection measures, such as pressure safety valves (PSV) & as a minimum, PSVs are sized for a fire case. To do so for a pressure vessel containing crude oil a key parameter is the Latent heat of Vaporization [Hv].
For pure components, the Joback’s Method can be employed which uses basic structural information of the chemical molecule to estimate thermo-physical data. However it can be complex for equipment that contains crude oil because the plus fractions [C7+] can contain thousands of straight chain, cyclic & functional groups. Therefore by splitting and lumping the crude fractions, a smaller number of components are arrived at, to characterize and be able to apply Equation of State (EoS) correlations to estimate the fraction’s thermo-physical properties.
Heating Value Estimation for Natural Gas ApplicationsVijay Sarathy
For natural gas custody transfer applications, the gross calorific or gross heating value is necessary for both the buyer and seller to estimate the sales price of natural gas. In case of fuel suppliers, heat content is expressed in terms of Higher Heating value (HHV) to estimate fuel charges in kWh. Whereas Lower Heating Value (LHV) is employed to estimate fuel requirements since the total energy input for a specific power output is already fixed. To understand how fuel heating values are affected, LHV and HHV is explained as,
Optimizing Bunsen burner Performance Using CFD AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Key Thermo-Physical Properties of Light Crude OilsVijay Sarathy
Process facilities are equipped with protection measures, such as pressure safety valves (PSV) & as a minimum, PSVs are sized for a fire case. To do so for a pressure vessel containing crude oil a key parameter is the Latent heat of Vaporization [Hv].
For pure components, the Joback’s Method can be employed which uses basic structural information of the chemical molecule to estimate thermo-physical data. However it can be complex for equipment that contains crude oil because the plus fractions [C7+] can contain thousands of straight chain, cyclic & functional groups. Therefore by splitting and lumping the crude fractions, a smaller number of components are arrived at, to characterize and be able to apply Equation of State (EoS) correlations to estimate the fraction’s thermo-physical properties.
Heating Value Estimation for Natural Gas ApplicationsVijay Sarathy
For natural gas custody transfer applications, the gross calorific or gross heating value is necessary for both the buyer and seller to estimate the sales price of natural gas. In case of fuel suppliers, heat content is expressed in terms of Higher Heating value (HHV) to estimate fuel charges in kWh. Whereas Lower Heating Value (LHV) is employed to estimate fuel requirements since the total energy input for a specific power output is already fixed. To understand how fuel heating values are affected, LHV and HHV is explained as,
Optimizing Bunsen burner Performance Using CFD AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This is a preliminary text for the chapter. The Oslo Group is invited to provide comments on the
general structure and coverage of the chapter (for example, if it covers the relevant aspects related to
measurement units and conversion factors, and if there are additional topics that should be covered in
this chapter), and on the recommendations to be contained in IRES.
The current text presents the recommendations from the UN Manual F.29 as well as some points that
were raised during the last OG meeting. The issue of “harmonization” of standard/default conversion
factors still needs to be addressed. It was suggested that tables be moved to an annex. Please provide
your views on which ones should be retained in the chapter.
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineering students during their Internal Combustion Course. Students belong to a very prestigious Engineering institute of Pakistan "University of Engineering and Technology Lahore"
MODELLING FOR CROSS IGNITION TIME OF A TURBULENT COLD MIXTURE IN A MULTI BURN...ijcsa
The impact of Cross Ignition process (CI) in the gas turbine operation and environmental issue is still
investigated for extending the efficiency of gas turbine engines and meanwhile decreasing the environment
pollution.This paper presents various constructive influential parameters and analysis of their related
interaction during CI. A developed computational model for determination of cross-ignition time (CIT) is
proposed, based on previous relevant models for thermal analysis and for distinguishing of heat fluxes in
combustion processes.
Due to the first analysis of theoretical results, experimental investigation for various operating conditions
were essential to validate the developed computational model of the CIT. Thus, a simple experimental test
rig is designed for this purpose, and for validation of certain conditions of the computational model.
Meanwhile, for expanding the investigations in higher energy conversion and reducing expensive testprocedures,
that are conducted during critical test running, a new strategy is proposed for simulating the
thermal heat fluxes throughout the burners compartment model by implementation of Computational Fluid
Dynamic (CFD).
Finally, new constructive criteria based on the validated investigations will enable the future generation of
gas turbine combustors to operate in critical conditions.
Design and implementation of a control structure for quality products in a cr...ISA Interchange
In recent years, interest for petrochemical processes has been increasing, especially in refinement area. However, the high variability in the dynamic characteristics present in the atmospheric distillation column poses a challenge to obtain quality products. To improve distillates quality in spite of the changes in the input crude oil composition, this paper details a new design of a control strategy in a conventional crude oil distillation plant defined using formal interaction analysis tools. The process dynamic and its control are simulated on Aspen HYSYS dynamic environment under real operating conditions. The simulation results are compared against a typical control strategy commonly used in crude oil atmospheric distillation columns.
Correlation of True Boiling Point of Crude OilIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- The knowledge of the crude boiling point is very important for the refining process design and optimization. In this project the aim is to find the correlation of true boiling points. The study will be very useful in crude transportation and downstream operations. Correlation is tried to obtain by testing a number of crude oil samples from heavy to light. The comparisons of boiling point of different crude samples obtained is tried to compare with already existing correlations. Framol, Destmol and Riazi’s, these three correlation models have taken. The result showed that comparison of three correlation models and which is more accurate.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This is a preliminary text for the chapter. The Oslo Group is invited to provide comments on the
general structure and coverage of the chapter (for example, if it covers the relevant aspects related to
measurement units and conversion factors, and if there are additional topics that should be covered in
this chapter), and on the recommendations to be contained in IRES.
The current text presents the recommendations from the UN Manual F.29 as well as some points that
were raised during the last OG meeting. The issue of “harmonization” of standard/default conversion
factors still needs to be addressed. It was suggested that tables be moved to an annex. Please provide
your views on which ones should be retained in the chapter.
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineering students during their Internal Combustion Course. Students belong to a very prestigious Engineering institute of Pakistan "University of Engineering and Technology Lahore"
MODELLING FOR CROSS IGNITION TIME OF A TURBULENT COLD MIXTURE IN A MULTI BURN...ijcsa
The impact of Cross Ignition process (CI) in the gas turbine operation and environmental issue is still
investigated for extending the efficiency of gas turbine engines and meanwhile decreasing the environment
pollution.This paper presents various constructive influential parameters and analysis of their related
interaction during CI. A developed computational model for determination of cross-ignition time (CIT) is
proposed, based on previous relevant models for thermal analysis and for distinguishing of heat fluxes in
combustion processes.
Due to the first analysis of theoretical results, experimental investigation for various operating conditions
were essential to validate the developed computational model of the CIT. Thus, a simple experimental test
rig is designed for this purpose, and for validation of certain conditions of the computational model.
Meanwhile, for expanding the investigations in higher energy conversion and reducing expensive testprocedures,
that are conducted during critical test running, a new strategy is proposed for simulating the
thermal heat fluxes throughout the burners compartment model by implementation of Computational Fluid
Dynamic (CFD).
Finally, new constructive criteria based on the validated investigations will enable the future generation of
gas turbine combustors to operate in critical conditions.
Design and implementation of a control structure for quality products in a cr...ISA Interchange
In recent years, interest for petrochemical processes has been increasing, especially in refinement area. However, the high variability in the dynamic characteristics present in the atmospheric distillation column poses a challenge to obtain quality products. To improve distillates quality in spite of the changes in the input crude oil composition, this paper details a new design of a control strategy in a conventional crude oil distillation plant defined using formal interaction analysis tools. The process dynamic and its control are simulated on Aspen HYSYS dynamic environment under real operating conditions. The simulation results are compared against a typical control strategy commonly used in crude oil atmospheric distillation columns.
Correlation of True Boiling Point of Crude OilIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- The knowledge of the crude boiling point is very important for the refining process design and optimization. In this project the aim is to find the correlation of true boiling points. The study will be very useful in crude transportation and downstream operations. Correlation is tried to obtain by testing a number of crude oil samples from heavy to light. The comparisons of boiling point of different crude samples obtained is tried to compare with already existing correlations. Framol, Destmol and Riazi’s, these three correlation models have taken. The result showed that comparison of three correlation models and which is more accurate.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Use of Hydrogen in Fiat Lancia Petrol engine, Combustion Process and Determin...IOSR Journals
To our path towards green economy, Hydrogen is often regarded to have a potential growth in the
coming future. However, the high cost of operation of fuel cell has often been a setback. If we could make use of
hydrogen gas as a fuel directly, the scope of development broadens. Owing to these aspects, this work primarily
focuses on the simulation technique of an Internal Combustion Spark Ignition Engine powered by Hydrogen gas.
The simulations of various stages have been carried out using the discrete approach, thereby investigating the
pressures and temperatures at various instants in the cycle. For the relative performance discussion we have
simulated the different cycles as ideal cycle, air fuel cycle and actual cycle. The resultant cyclic graph indicates
various discrepancies between ideal, air fuel and actual cycle. This analysis serves as a tool for a better
understanding of the variables involved and helps in optimizing engine design and fixing of various parameters,
including the determination of valve timings. Besides this, backfire, is the commonly faced problem with the
hydrogen engines. To reduce this effect, a fuel injectoris used for adding the gaseous fuel to the combustion
chamber.
Distillation Blending and Cutpoint Temperature Optimization in Scheduling Ope...Brenno Menezes
In oil refinery manufacturing, final products such as fuels, lubricants and petrochemicals are produced from crude-oil in process units considering their operations in coordination with tanks, pipelines, blenders, etc. In this process, the full range of hydrocarbon components (crude-oil) is transformed (separated, reacted, blended) into smaller boiling-point temperature ranges resulting in intermediate and final products, in which planning, scheduling and real-time optimization using distillation curves of the streams can be used to effectively model the unit-operations and predict yields and properties of their outlet streams.1 The hydrocarbon streams’ characterization or assays of both the crude-oil and its derivatives are decomposed, partitioned or characterized into several temperature cuts based on what are known as True Boiling Point (TBP) temperature distribution or distillation curves.2,3 These are one-dimensional representations of how quantity (yields) and quality (properties) data of hydrocarbon streams are distributed or profiled over its TBP temperatures where each cut is also referred to as a component, pseudocomponent or hypothetical in process simulation and optimization technology.4
To improve efficiency, effectiveness and economy of mixing/blending, reacting/converting and separating/fractionating inside the oil-refinery, we proposed a new technique to optimize the blending of several streams’ distillation curves with also shifting or adjusting cutpoint temperatures of distilled streams, i.e, their initial boiling point (IBP) and final boiling point (FBP), in order to manipulate their TBP curves in either off-line or on-line environment. By shifting or adjusting the front-end and back-end of the TBP curve for one or more distillate blending streams, it allows for improved control and optimization of the final product demand quantity and quality, affording better maneuvering closer and around downstream bottlenecks such as tight property specifications and volatile demand flow and timing constrictions. This shifting or adjusting of the TBP curve’s IBP and FBP (front- and back-end respectively) ultimately requires that the unit-operation has sufficient handles or controls to allow this type of cutpoint variation where the solution from this higher-level optimization would provide set points or targets to a lower-level advanced process control systems, which are now commonplace in oil refineries.
By optimizing both the recipes of the blended material and its blending component distillation curves, very significant benefits can be achieved especially given the global push towards ultralow sulfur fuels (ULSF) due to the increase in natural gas plays reducing the demand for other oil distillates. One example is provided to highlight and demonstrate the technique.
Distillation Blending and Cutpoint Temperature Optimization using Monotonic I...Alkis Vazacopoulos
A novel technique using monotonic interpolation to blend and cut distillation temperatures and evaporations for petroleum fuels in an optimization environment is proposed. Blending distillation temperatures is well known in simulation whereby cumulative evaporations at specific temperatures are mixed together then these data points are used in piece-wise cubic spline interpolations to revert back to the distillation temperatures. Our method replaces the splines with monotonic splines to eliminate Runge's phenomenon and to allow the distillation curve itself to be adjusted by optimizing its initial and final boiling points known as cutpoints. By optimizing both the recipes of the blended material and its blending component distillation curves, very significant benefits can be achieved especially given the global push towards ultra low sulfur fuels (ULSF) due to the increase in natural gas plays reducing the demand for other oil distillates. Two examples are provided to highlight and demonstrate the technique.
Experimental Study of Biodiesel Combustion Characteristics Marwan Khalil
This presentation was my dissertation defense in partial fulfillment of my degree requirements. It presents figures and numbers about the current Energy status and the dependency of the middle east on liquid fuels which, highlights the need of an alternative liquid fuel to retrofit diesel fuel. The Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport began producing Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oils under the Center of Aqua-Cultural Research managed by Dr. Essam Abd el Mula. In this presentation the experimental approach to test the biodiesel blends was presented, moreover results and discussion give in depth information for designers and burner operators about the combustion of biodiesel fuel blends.
Packed Bed Reactor for Catalytic Cracking of Plasma Pyrolyzed Gasijsrd.com
Packed bed reactors play vital role in chemical industries for obtaining valuable product, like steam reforming of natural gas, ammonia synthesis, sulphuric acid production, methanol synthesis, methanol oxidation, butadiene production, styrene production. It is not only used for production but also used in separation process like adsorption, distillation and stripping section. Packed bed reactors are work horse of the chemical and petroleum industries. Its low cost, and simplicity makes it first choice to any chemical processes. In our experimental work vacuum residue is used as a feed which is pyrolyzed in the primary chamber with the help of plasma into hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases which is feed stream to the Ni catalyst containing packed bed reactor called catalytic cracker. Ni loading in the catalyst about 70 % is used to crack or decompose lower molecular hydrocarbon in to hydrogen to maximize the energy content per mass flow of gas steam and also to minimize the carbon dioxide equivalent gases at outlet of the reactor. Since cracking is surface phenomena so the catalyst play important role in designing of reactor shape. Parallel Catalytic packed bed with regeneration and deactivation can be used for commercial production of clean fuel.
Production of Hydrocarbons from Palm Oil over NiMo Catalystdrboon
Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of palm oil in dodecane over NiMo/Al2O3 has been investigated in a 300mL Parr’s reactor. Triglycerides have been converted to hydrocarbons with various molecular sizes due to the compositions of fatty acids in palm oil. In this experiment, parameters of interest are temperature, pressure and turbine speed. Liquid samples were collected and analyzed by a gas chromatography (GC) to quantify desired hydrocarbon products (C15-C18) in the diesel range. It was found that the amount of desired products depends on the studied parameters. The conversion increases as the reaction temperature and a turbine speed increase, but the operating pressure decreases. In addition, the ratios of Cn/Cn-1 (C18/C17 and C16/C15) have been presented.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
On the Use of the Causal Analysis in Small Type Fit Indices of Adult Mathemat...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Model evaluation is one of the most important aspects of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Many model fit indices have been developed. It is not an exaggeration to say that nearly every publication using the SEM methodology has reported at least one fit index. Fit is the ability of a model to reproduce the data in the variance-covariance matrix form. A good fitting model is one that is reasonably consistent with the data and doesn’t require respecification and also its measurement model is required before estimating paths in a covariance structure model. A baseline model of four constructs together with a combination of none, one, two, three or four additional constructs was constructed with latent variables: educational performance, socioeconomic label, self concept and parental authority using dichotomous digits 0 or 1 for each additional construct. 16 progressively nested models were considered starting with baseline model using the mathematics adult learners data from the modeling sample and employing some small fit indexes which are commonly used (AIC, CAIC, RMR, SRMR, RMSEA, 2 / DF among others) [1] to test the fitness of the model. The measures of model fit based on results from analysis of the covariance structure model are presented.
The Sov’reign Shrine of Veiled Melancholy- The Shadow of Consumption on La Be...QUESTJOURNAL
―Youth grows pale and spectre thin and dies‖ – John Keats, (Ode to Nightingale) Tuberculosis was one of the most misunderstood and misrepresented diseases of all times. Hailed as Consumption’s Poster Child, Keats' life, like Beethoven's, served as a pattern tor the Romantic artist. In acute distress and emotional turmoil, in 1819 masterpiece followed masterpiece. In Keats' poems we see a concreteness of description of the object he contemplates. All the senses - tactile gustatory, kinetic, organic, as well as visual and auditory combine to give the total apprehension of his experience. His experiences often accord closely with his personal, life and the disasters he had. Keats is austere in poetry and yet he keeps high colouring and variety of appeal to the senses and the mind. Tuberculosis remains with us today, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia where more than a million people die of this disease each year. It is worth recalling its history and its association with literature with special reference to John Keats and his poetry- and specially La Belle Dame Sans Merci that shows a dominant forebrooding over man's mortality from it. La Belle becomes a representation of the disease in Keats’s La Belle Dame Sans Merci and reflects the poet’s struggle with tuberculosis.
Recruitment Practices And Staff Performance In Public Universities: A Case St...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Recruitment, as a human resource management function, is one of the activities that impact most critically on the performance of any organization irrespective of its size and location. Public Universities, known to train professionals that exhibit transformative leadership and successfully run blue-chip companies have equally suffered from rampart industrial unrest and human resource malpractices across Kenya. Could it be a unique trend of organizational deviance that could be reflecting absence of a well executed staff recruitment practice? While it is understood and accepted that poor recruitment decisions continue to affect organizational performance and limit goal achievement, knowledge about this aspect in Public Universities remains scanty. The aim of this study was to address this gap by evaluating how recruitment practices affect performance of administrative staff in Public Universities using Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya as a case reference. A cross-sectional survey design was employed while sampling strategy was a blend of multiphase, stratified and purposive sampling. A sample size of 124 out of 1150 comprised mainly of administrative staff was used and that a questionnaire was the principal tool of data collection. Results were analyzed using frequency tables, mean, standard deviation and simple linear regression. The study found that a recruitment policy existed at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya and that both external and internal recruitment practices were used to recruit employees at the University. However, it was noted that most of the university employees are recruited through media advert, internal advertisement, through transfers and promotions. The results of the regression indicated that recruitment practices are a significant predictor of employee performance, which was explained by 32% of variance and a moderate relationship captured by beta weight value of 0.57. On effectiveness of the recruitment policy, only 30% rated it as effective while 62% were indifferent and 8% rated it ineffective. The study concluded that although a significant relationship between recruitment practices and employee performance existed, it’s effectiveness and therefore positive impact on employee performance depended on employees’ positive perception and rating. It’s recommended that the Universities should avoid biasness in the recruitment process as this will negatively impact on employee performance.
Pesse Na Siri’ Budgetary System: A Historiography Study of Luwu Kingdom in Is...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to explore the budgetary system of pesse na siri’ at Luwu kingdom in the Islamic period of 1593 to 1945. Through the historiography method, it showed the base existence of the spiritual sense sensitivity, i.e., pesse (empathy) and siri’ (shame) and Islamic law in budgetary system. In the resources management, it was carried out in four stages, namely planning, implementation, reporting, and evaluation. Operationally, the pesse na siri’ budgetary system on the mobilization mechanism of resources or budget (balanca) through the top down system (i.e., known as balanca pole riwawo) and bottom up system (i.e., known as balanca pole riawa). The top down system was a mobilization resource form from agricultural products of the king’s land (i.e., known in Buginese language as Tanana datue) and the palace logistic. Meanwhile, the bottom up came from the resource offer–i.e., known as makkasiwiyang–mechanism, consisting of makkasiwiyang lili’ (the lower government level), makkasiwiyang ale (personal/individual), and makkasiwiyang reso (labor). One of the Islamic impacts in this system was to direct the budgetary system based on the Shari’a or Islamic law.
Fabrication of Complete Dentures for A Patient with Resorbed Mandibular Anter...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The loose and unstable lower complete denture is one of the most common problems faced by denture patients with highly resorbed ridge. The management of such highly resorbed ridges has always posed a difficulty to the prosthodontist.Obtaining consistent mandibular denture stability has longbeen a challenge for dental profession. The simplest approach often is to extend the denture base adequately for proper use of all available tisues.To achieve this goal impression of the resorbed mandibular ridge is very important. The objective is to develop a physiologic impression with maximum support of both hard and soft tissues.In such cases, an innovative technique of impressionmaking by using a close fitting tray and anelastomeric impression material tomake a proper impression to achieve maximum retentionand stability.This article describes an impression technique used for highly resorbed mandibular ridge using an all green impression technique, to gain maximum retention andstability
Steganographic Technique Using Instant Messaging Conversation DynamicsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Steganography is considered to be not only the science but also the art of hiding secret messages into other innocuous and non-secret media of different types. History of steganography started with the history of civilization and algorithms of data hiding have been constantly developed with the rise of mankind's knowledge. Some of steganographic algorithms are so close connected to the use of digital media, computers and information technology, that those algorithms do not have analogy in non-digital world. It is possible to see the use of hard disk drives (HDD), solid state discs (SSD) and file systems for the purpose of steganography, or steganography in TCP/IP networks as the example. In this paper we are concentrating on such algorithm and we are examining the possibility of the use of dynamics of conversation realized with the use of instant messaging services, which are very popular standalone services or are part of widely used social networks like Facebook. The paper discusses the possibility of hidden message encoding by the use of different parameters of conversation dynamics and introduces new algorithm and its program implementation. The last part of the paper summarizes results of its experimental use.
Simple Obfuscation Tool for Software ProtectionQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the issue of source code obfuscation and also the creation of a tool for automatic obfuscation of source code written in C language. The result is a tool that performs both data flow and control flow obfuscation and allows the user to configure the applied transformation algorithm. For easier and better usability the tool provides a graphical user interface, which brings possibility to control and configure transformation process.
Block Hybrid Method for the Solution of General Second Order Ordinary Differe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: We consider the construction of block hybrid method for the solution of general second order ODEs. Derivation of the method was based on the use of hermite polynomial as basis function. The main method and its additional equations are obtained from the same continuous formulation via interpolation and collocation procedures. The method is then applied in block form as simultaneous numerical integrator, this approach eliminates requirement for starting values, and it also reduces computational effort. The stability properties of the method is discussed and the stability region shown. Two numerical experiments were given to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the new method.
Modeling – Based Instructional Strategy for Enhancing Problem Solving Ability...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The modeling-based instructional framework accommodates the physics modeling mechanism in which the learner apply the fundamental principles in physics and develop an idealized physics model of the real world situation by means of assumptions and approximations. The present study was intended to find out the effectiveness of Modeling-based instructional strategy for enhancing physics problem solving ability of students at secondary school level. The investigator adopted a quasi-experimental method with two group pretest post-test design for the study. The sample selected for the study consisted of 242 IX standard students from three different schools of Palakkad district. The tools used for collecting the data were the Problem Solving Ability Test in Physics, lesson designs based on Modeling-based instructional strategy and activity oriented method. The findings of the study concluded that the Modeling-based instructional strategy enhanced the problem solving ability of students of secondary school level. And also the strategy scaffolded the formation of mental models of problem representations with in the cognitive structure of the learner.
Exploring the Effectiveness of the Arabic LanguageTeaching Methods in Indones...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research work is to identify the effectiveness of the Arabic language teaching methods in Indonesia(National University of Malang for Sample)in terms of making use of Arabic as a medium of communication among the students in the light of the modern approaches in teaching and learning of Arabic language. This research is methodologically characterized as a descriptive, analytical, evaluative and field research work. In order to arrive at the purpose of this study, a questionnaire has been designed and carried out on a specimen from the teachers of the concerned university. Eventually, the study has arrived into a finding that the method used in the university is the Eclectic Method (i.e. Selective Method), except that translation is utilized extensively with it, and it might influentially cause the depreciation of the communication skill of the students, and the major intermediary language for the Arabic language teaching is the Indonesian language. However, its uncontrolled over-usage in the Arabic language teaching procedure may negatively cause the weakness of the students in the listening and speaking skills, since they could not get enough opportunity to practice them during language learning, in addition to the fact that the teachers might be employed as Arabic language teachers on the basis of their high conversance with the grammatical rules of Arabic language and not on their skills in the Arabic language communication medium.
The Teller & The Tales: A Study of The Novels of Amitav GhoshQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The paper re-visit the plot and setting of the novels of Amitav Ghosh. The paper has two parts – (i)The Teller & (ii) The Tales. In the first section the text tries to give a brief sketch of the life of Amitav Ghosh to chornicle the life of the visionary commentator of life and the social anthroplogist , the most prominent among the Indian writers of English. In the second part the theme and storyline of the novels were revisted along with characters and narrative technique. The first section has been introduced to give an overview of the prolificness of the author and the second part is the testimony of his logocentricism. The paper aims to present the plot and theme of all Ghosh’s novels
ABSTRACT: The purpose of Larkin as literary artist was to convey his ultimate message that man has to transcend the gross environment for the attainment for final goal. His poem opens with important question which prompt us to scrutinize ourselves. According to Philip Larkin “when you come to talk about once duty as writer then ones can say that his duty is to write for harmony”. In this paper there an urge in Larkin’s poem to attain transcendental knowledge by which everything is known. The meaningful change in environment through literature result from the development of qualities and attitude that foster constructive pattern of human interaction through literature. In an age of highly industrialized and mechanized structure of our society where we have 'given our hearts away a sordid boon' and where all spiritual values have been thrown overboard, the relevance of selecting this topic "Spiritual Quest in Philip Larkin" becomes important. In Larkin's poetry there is invariably, an element of spiritual crises, a note of subsequent struggle to step out of it. This inner conflict to proceed forward in the path of Divine realization lends magnificence to his poetic and spiritual personality.
The Influence of Religiosity on Marital Satisfaction and Stability AmongChris...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Various studies indicate that religious couples are more likely to enjoy stable and happy marriages. They are also less likely to experience conflict and violence, or to divorce perhaps because religion offers couples theologically grounded guidelines on how to handle marital conflicts when they arise. The present qualitative study was conducted using face to face interviews with nine participants in Kenya who had been identified as practicing Christians. The aim of the study was to explore how religiosity impacted the participant’s marital satisfaction. Results indicated that specific attributes related to religiosity like individual and partner prayer, reading the Bible, church attendance, impacted participants and their spouses lives positively and in turn their experiences in marriage. Engaging in religious practices was reported by the participants as eliciting qualities like perseverance, forgiveness and humility which in turn assisted them in keeping their marriages stable and thus resulting in marital satisfaction
The SA0 Group Reservoir ’S Compositive Evaluation In The Central Developing P...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Using the data from logging in a net of high density, the sand core from a airtight well, and the testing data for oil and gas , and then according to the experiment of exploitation, we studied the deposit visage in macroscopical way, the physical characteristics of the reservoir, and the partition of the oil and gas’s border. It is clear that the zero group of Sa’s oil floor is mainly deposit in the foreside of a delta under the background of lake incursion, and the ventro-delta express a character that there were some sandstones which was transited for two times. Make a certain that the oil and gas’s border of zero group in Sa is maybe 600m underground, and demarcated the maximal square is 26.8km2 about this reservoir, and tell us that it lies in the top of the anticline. Of course, this production can be used in the designing of the zero group of Sa’s exploitation
Down the Purgatory of Memories:The Pain of Remembering in M alayalam Naxal Ci...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Keralam, the southern most state in India is known for its cinema and politics. It is in Kerala that Communist Party came to power through Parliamentary election process for the first time in history. The political consciousness nurtured by the Communist movement found its reflections in Malayalam (language being spoken by the people of Keralam) Cinema as well. As a result films produced during the formative years of Malayalam Cinema were characterized by their political content. Having said this it should also be added that since those films are produced within the dominant production system with a view to garner profit they fail to politically stimulate the audience. But the situation had been changed after the Naxalite (radical left movement ideologically inclined to Maoism) uprising in 1969 during which both the feudal/bourgeois value orientations and the alleged degeneration of the Communist Party were challenged by the educated radical youths who fought for an immediate revolution. The state promptly intervened and contained Naxalite uprising with an iron fist. The repressive machinery of the state intervened whenever instances of resistance occurred. The Emergency declared in 1975 exposed the inhuman face of government that unleashed series of tortures against its citizens. The post -1980 political films, otherwise called as Naxalite films, try to recapture the tormenting experience of being political during the time of such mass oppression. Those movies resort to memory to expose the stark experience of the past.Remembering is a way of representing the past with all its nuances as it situates the remembering subject at close proximity with the past. At the same time Naxalite movies explored the possibility of forgetting also to unveil the subtle complexities of individual's relationship with the past. Here I consider two Malayalam films-AmmaAriyan(1986) directed by John Abraham and Margam (2003) directed by Rajeev Vijayaraghavan- to investigate how memory and oblivion are meticulously used by the filmic narratives to politicize a society already under the grip of political amnesia.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Comparison of the experimental tbp curve with results of empirical correlations and ….
*Corresponding Author: Lívia B. Meirelles1
, 2 | Page
faster, more efficient and more accurate methods for determining the TBP curve. The objective of this work is to
compare the results obtained by an experimental methodology, the use of commercial software and the
application of empirical correlations
II. METHODS
2.1experimental method
Standard ASTM D-2892 standardizes the method of obtaining the true boiling curve using a distillation
column at atmospheric pressure. The defined experimental conditions are boiling final temperature of 400ºC,
reflux ratio (L/D) of 2:1, developed in a column with 15 to 18 theoretical plates, maintained the operating
pressure of 0,674 kPa to 0,27 kPa, with volume of 1 L to 30 L and operating in batch. The feed is supplied in the
bottom balloon, which shall be maintained under magnetic stirring and minimum heating power of 0,12 W/mL.
The outer surface of the column shall contain an insulation blanket, in order to minimize heat losses to the
environment. The condenser located at the top shall be capable to condense the C4 fractions and for this purpose
the temperature of the cooling fluid should be -20ºC. The method used in this work to obtain the experimental
TBP curve was performed under conditions established in ASTM D 2892 .The properties of lightweight
distillate Arab oil are: API grade density, density (d20
4) and dynamic viscosity (µ). Data are presented in the
Table 1.
Table 1 – Crude oil proprieties
°API 32
20
4d 0,8611
cP at Cº20 5,191
cP at Cº60 3,273
The fractions collected at the top of the distillation column were separated and their variables of
interest are determined, which are the initial and final boiling temperatures of each fraction, the volumetric and
mass accumulated percentage of each fraction and a density at 20ºC.
2.2. Empirical Correlations
The first work to develop empirical correlations to obtain the TBP curve started in 1920 and used
ASTM curves ASTM D 86, simulated distillation curve (ASTM D 2887) and flash vaporization as the input
variable. However, no correlation was proposed to estimate the entire range of petroleum distillation,
particularly heavy compounds. proposed a correlation based on the probability distribution model for the
heptane and heavier fraction fractions in crude oil and reservoir fluids. [4] The correlation proposed by [4] is
presented in equation (1):
B
o
o
xB
A
T
TT
1
1
1
ln
(1)
In the equation (1), there is no end point of distillation, even where 100% of the fraction is vaporized,
ie 1x , which means that the final boiling point is infinite. Theoretically, every light product has a limited
final boiling temperature, in which a small amount of fraction is obtained. A , B , and oT
are parameters
determined by regression of available distillation data.
From equation (1), developed an empirical correlation to estimate the TBP curve from the viscosity.
For this, they use the correlation proposed by[4], in which the regression analysis and B value of the light
fractions is higher than that those for the heavier fractions and is usually greater than 1.5. It was considered
B=1,5, and used temperature normalization as a variable U, as well as used a continuous complex mixture to
represent the other parameters. [2] Thus, we obtained the correlation proposed in equation (2):
A
eB
DBAx
BU
A
BU
D
B
1
2
,, (2)
3. Comparison of the experimental tbp curve with results of empirical correlations and ….
*Corresponding Author: Lívia B. Meirelles1
, 3 | Page
Equation (2) was evaluated for 224 petroleum samples with density
15
4d between 0,7883 and 0,9024,,
divided into four groups I
0,8886-0,7883 , II
0,8970-0,8095 , III
0,9047-0,8685 and
IV
0,9024-0,8581 .. For group I, in which the oil in question is found, the determined constants were:
14,8859A and 0,908937B .
2.3. simulators
Hysys (version 8.2), developed by Honeywell, is the process simulation program used in this work. It is
a simulator of the sequential-modular type, which means that the program calculates the unit operations
individually, feeding the next unit operations with the data of the process streams, in an established sequence.
Experimental data and oil properties were included in Hysys, in Oil Manager setup, referring to the data
presented in Table 1 and the experimental TBP curve (Temperature versus accumulated mass%). With this
information, the program uses empirical correlations and extrapolation methods to estimate a new TBP curve
with boiling point ranges covering the entire range of petroleum distillation (atmospheric and vacuum). For the
calculation of the simulated curve, the program uses the extrapolation method. For the curve extension up to
100% of vaporized mass, there are three options of calculations: least squares, Lagrange or exponential. For the
article it was used the exponential method.
III. Results
In the experimental methodology, the determined variables are initial and final boiling temperature of
each fraction, the accumulated mass and volumetric percentage and the density 20
4d at 20ºC. This information
is tabulated according to the initial temperature of the fraction and is shown in Table 2.
Table 2 - Distillation data to determine the TBP of Light Arab oil.
Temperature C % accumulated mass % accumulated volumetric 20
4d
15 1,1 1,6 -
61 3,9 5,2 -
87 6,1 8,1 0,6807
110 9,1 11,6 0,7138
127 11,4 14,4 0,7288
159 16,9 20,7 0,7571
191 22,4 26,8 0,7806
208 25,2 30,0 0,7895
226 28,5 33,5 0,7956
252 33,2 38,5 0,8106
291 40,4 46,0 0,8370
311 44,3 49,9 0,8505
330 47,8 53,4 0,8647
363 53,0 58,4 0,8844
384 56,2 61,5 0,8933
421 61,8 66,8 0,9127
The empirical correlation shown in equation (1) was used with the constants determined by [2],
14,8859A and 0,908937B . However, it was not possible to calculate the cumulative mass % for the
beginning of the TBP curve. Considering these values in equation (1), the calculated TBP curve is presented in
Table 3. The results obtained in the Hysys, inserted the data of Tables 1 and 2 are presented in Table 3.
Table 3 - TBP curve calculated by empirical correlation and in Hysys.
Temperature C % accumated mass
(correlation)
% accumated mass
(Hysys)
-171,1 - 0,0
4,3 - 1,0
29,4 - 2,0
54,0 3,5 3,5
73,8 7,0 5,0
97,2 10,5 7,5
115,8 14,0 10,0
132,7 17,4 12,5
146,8 20,9 15,0
161,2 24,3 17,5
4. Comparison of the experimental tbp curve with results of empirical correlations and ….
*Corresponding Author: Lívia B. Meirelles1
, 4 | Page
175,6 27,8 20,0
204,8 31,2 25,0
232,1 34,7 30,0
259,1 38,1 35,0
286,2 41,6 40,0
311,7 45,0 45,0
339,9 48,5 50,0
371,5 51,9 55,0
404,1 55,3 60,0
436,8 58,8 65,0
470,4 62,2 70,0
506,5 65,7 75,0
546,3 69,1 80,0
592,2 72,5 85,0
648,5 76,0 90,0
683,8 79,4 92,5
727,2 82,8 95,0
760,7 86,3 96,5
803,0 89,7 98,0
842,1 93,1 99,0
896,4 96,6 100,0
The results of Tables 2 and 3 are presented in Figure 1 which shows the boiling point versus percentage
of mass accumulated.
Figure 1 - Graph of the experimental TBP curves, calculated by empirical correlation and in Hysys.
Alternative to experimental methodologies make it possible to estimate the extent of the TBP curve
above 400 ° C, exceeding the information by ASTM D 2892. To obtain these data experimentally, ASTM
recommends distillations at atmospheric pressures (ASTM D 5236) or the use of simulated distillation (ASTM
D 2887). As can be seen in Figure 1, the estimation of the extent of the curve presents relevant discrepancy.
Data from the literature, such as that of [8], show that the profile of the light petroleum distillation curve is not
approximated by a straight line, as proposed in the TBP curve estimated by empirical correlations,
By evaluating only the data that comprise the experimental distillation range, it is concluded that the
HYSYS estimate has a smaller deviation when compared to the experimental result. This result is expected since
the input parameters in the software include the data of the TBP curve, and the software uses the extrapolation
of the data as a tool. The estimation of the TBP, corresponding to atmospheric pressure, by empirical
correlations has approximation considered only in a narrow temperature range between 350 ºC and 450 ºC,
interval corresponding to fraction C7.
5. Comparison of the experimental tbp curve with results of empirical correlations and ….
*Corresponding Author: Lívia B. Meirelles1
, 5 | Page
IV. Conclusion
The true boiling curve defines the oil characteristic to be processed in a refinery, from the definition of
the temperatures at which the yield of each fraction is obtained and allows meeting the desired profile of the
production of the products, considering the demand and quality of the oil derivatives. Given the relevance of this
information, the delay and complexity of experimentally obtaining these results for oil evaluation and
monitoring of a distillation unit, emphasizes the importance of developing faster and more efficient
experimental methodologies. As well as, the improvement of methodologies that allow an estimation of the TBP
curve with less deviation from the experimental one.
It is recommended to extend the comparisons made in this work to other oils with a wide range of API
grade density, to identify which are best represented by already proposed methods and in which temperature
range greater deviations are obtained in order to evaluate which alternative method (Simulator or correlation) is
more appropriate and propose adjustments, if necessary. For future work, in addition to evaluating other oils
with different characteristics, it is also important to compare with other proposed correlations for curve
interconversion, such as the ASTM D 2887 or ASTM D 86 curves.
References
[1]. J. G., SPEIGHT, Handbook of Petroleum Product Analysis, (John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2014)
[2]. G. ARGIROV, S., IVANOV, G., CHOLAKOV, Estimation of crude oil TBP from crude viscosity, Fuel, 97, 2012, 38-365.
[3]. M. A., FAHIM, T. A., AL-SAHHAF, A. S , ELKILANI, Introdução ao refino de petróleo. (Elsevier, Rio de Janeiro, 2012).
[4]. M. de L. S. P ,MARQUES, Microdestilação Caracterização de petróleo – alternativa para avaliação de petróleos. Rio de Janeiro,
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de janeiro, BR, 2011.
[5]. M. R.,RIAZI, “Distribution Model for Properties of Hydrocarbon-Plus Fractions,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research,
28, 1989, 1731–1735.
[6]. American society for testing and materials - ASTM. Standard Test Method for Distillation of Crude Petroleum (15-Theoretical Plate
Column). ASTM D-2892. 2015.
[7]. American society for testing and materials - ASTM. Standard Test Method for Distillation of Heavy Hydrocarbon Mixtures
(Vaccum Potstill Method), (ASTM D-5236. 2002).
[8]. M.R., RIAZI, Characterization and properties of petroleum fractions. (ASTM International, PA, 2005).