This document discusses several software cost estimation techniques:
1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches - Top-down estimates system-level costs while bottom-up estimates costs of each module and combines them.
2. Expert judgment - Widely used technique where experts estimate costs based on past similar projects. It utilizes experience but can be biased.
3. Delphi estimation - Estimators anonymously provide estimates in rounds to reach consensus without group dynamics influencing individuals.
4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
Unit testing is often automated but it can also be done manually. Debugging is a process of line by line execution of the code/ script with the intent of finding errors/ fixing the defects.
Real Time Systems,Issues of real time system,Notations, state oriented Petrinets,Milestones, Walkthroughs, Inspections, Test plans,Functional test,Performance test,Stress test,Structural test
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
Unit testing is often automated but it can also be done manually. Debugging is a process of line by line execution of the code/ script with the intent of finding errors/ fixing the defects.
Real Time Systems,Issues of real time system,Notations, state oriented Petrinets,Milestones, Walkthroughs, Inspections, Test plans,Functional test,Performance test,Stress test,Structural test
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
Online auction system is web based application, in which the seller can sell the goods by sitting in his own house ,so the main advantage of this application is that there is no more system compatibility requirement problem. The main advantage of the online auction system is that the user can have the better choices for their investment and also it is time saving , and through this system user can invest in their own selected firm.
This Is OEMS, Online Exam Management System. OEMS Help to give Exam Online. It's Helpful to Student on Teacher Also. It helps to complete Exam sort time. This Project Submitted By Md. Galib Hossain. Founder BdEngineers.
Information Systems For Management StrategiesSindhuKB
Information System Analysis and Design, Information System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), System Implementation, System Testing, Documentation, Conversion Methods.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. Software cost estimation based on past
performance
Historical data used to identify cost factor
Methods
1. Top-down
2. Bottom-up
Top-Down:
Focuses on system level costs
Computing resources & personnel to develop the
system
Costs of Configuration management
Quality assurance
System Integration
Testing
Publications
3. Bottom –Up:
Estimates the cost to develop each module or
subsystem.
Combine overall cost.
Techniques:
1. Expert Judgment
2. Delphi Cost Estimation
3. Work Breakdown Structure
4. COCOMO Model
4. EXPERT JUDGMENT
Most widely used estimation technique
Top-down estimation technique
Ex:
Process Control System 10 months & $ 1
million cost
New System 25% more activities increase
our time and cost
Same computer and external sensing/controlling
devices & same people available to develop the
new system
Reduce our estimate by 20%
5. Advantages:
Experience
Expert confident that the project is similar to
previous one.
Group of experts prepare a consensus
estimate.
Minimize individual oversights.
6. Disadvantages:
Interpersonal group dynamics may have on
individuals in the group.
Political consideration
Dominance of an overly assertive group
member.
7. DELPHI COST ESTIMATION
Developed by Rand Corporation in 1948
Without introducing the adverse side effects
of group meetings
1. A coordinator provides each estimator with
the System Definition document
2. Estimators study the definition and complete
their estimate anonymously. Ask questions
of the coordinator.
3. Coordinator prepares and distributes a
summary of the estimators response
8. 4. Estimators complete another estimate, again
anonymously using the results from the
previous estimate.
5. The process is iterated for as many rounds
as required. No group discussion is allowed
during the entire process
9. VARIATION OF DELPHI COST ESTIMATION
1. Coordinator provides each estimator with a
system Definition and an estimation form
2. Coordinator calls a group meeting and discuss
the estimation issues with each other.
3. Estimators complete their estimates
anonymously
4. The coordinator prepares a summary of
estimates, but does not record any rationale.
5. The coordinator calls a group meeting to focus
on issues where the estimation vary widely
6. Estimators complete another estimate, again
anonymously. The process repeated so many
10. WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
Bottom-up estimation
Hierarchical chart individual parts of the
system
WBS product hierarchy / process hierarchy
Product Hierarchy
Identifies the product components and how its
interconnected.
Process Hierarchy
Identifies the work activities and the relationship
among those activities.
