Object Oriented Methodologies discusses several object-oriented analysis and design methodologies including Rambaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT), Booch methodology, and Jacobson's Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). OMT separates modeling into object, dynamic, and functional models represented by diagrams. Booch methodology uses class, object, state transition, module, process, and interaction diagrams. OOSE includes use case, domain object, analysis object, implementation, and test models.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a modeling language, used for design. Designed based on OMG Standard, Object this helps to express and design documents, software. This is particularly useful for OO design. Here is a brief tutorial that talks about UML usage.
THIS DESCRIBES VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORT PROTOCOL IN TRANSPORT LAYER OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
THERE ARE SIX ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORT PROTOCOL NAMELY
1. ADDRESSING
2. CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT
3.CONNECTION REFUSE
4.FLOW CONTROL AND BUFFERS
5.MULTIPLEXING
6.CRASH RECOVERY
with today's advanced technology like photoshop, paint etc. we need to understand some basic concepts like how they are cropping the image , tilt the image etc.
In our presentation you will find basic introduction of 2D transformation.
Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a modeling language, used for design. Designed based on OMG Standard, Object this helps to express and design documents, software. This is particularly useful for OO design. Here is a brief tutorial that talks about UML usage.
THIS DESCRIBES VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORT PROTOCOL IN TRANSPORT LAYER OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
THERE ARE SIX ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORT PROTOCOL NAMELY
1. ADDRESSING
2. CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT
3.CONNECTION REFUSE
4.FLOW CONTROL AND BUFFERS
5.MULTIPLEXING
6.CRASH RECOVERY
with today's advanced technology like photoshop, paint etc. we need to understand some basic concepts like how they are cropping the image , tilt the image etc.
In our presentation you will find basic introduction of 2D transformation.
Software Engineering - Modelling Concepts + Class Modelling + Building the An...Prakhyath Rai
Software Engineering - Part 2 which describes the following topics:
Introduction, Modelling Concepts and Class Modelling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO Modelling history. Modelling as Design technique: Modelling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modelling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams.
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data Modelling Concepts.
FORMALIZATION & DATA ABSTRACTION DURING USE CASE MODELING IN OBJECT ORIENTED ...cscpconf
In object oriented analysis and design, use cases represent the things of value that the system performs for its actors in UML and unified process. Use cases are not functions or features.
They allow us to get behavioral abstraction of the system to be. The purpose of the behavioral abstraction is to get to the heart of what a system must do, we must first focus on who (or what)
will use it, or be used by it. After we do this, we look at what the system must do for those users in order to do something useful. That is what exactly we expect from the use cases as the
behavioral abstraction. Apart from this fact use cases are the poor candidates for the data abstraction. Rather the do not have data abstraction. The main reason is it shows or describes
the sequence of events or actions performed by the actor or use case, it does not take data in to account. As we know in earlier stages of the development we believe in ‘what’ rather than
‘how’. ‘What’ does not need to include data whereas ‘how’ depicts the data. As use case moves around ‘what’ only we are not able to extract the data. So in order to incorporate data in use cases one must feel the need of data at the initial stages of the development. We have developed the technique to integrate data in to the uses cases. This paper is regarding our investigations to take care of data during early stages of the software development. The collected abstraction of data helps in the analysis and then assist in forming the attributes of the candidate classes. This makes sure that we will not miss any attribute that is required in the abstracted behavior using use cases. Formalization adds to the accuracy of the data abstraction. We have investigated object constraint language to perform better data abstraction during analysis & design in unified paradigm. In this paper we have presented our research regarding early stage data abstraction and its formalization.
Formalization & data abstraction during use case modeling in object oriented ...csandit
In object oriented analysis and design, use cases represent the things of value that the system
performs for its actors in UML and unified process. Use cases are not functions or features.
They allow us to get behavioral abstraction of the system to be. The purpose of the behavioral
abstraction is to get to the heart of what a system must do, we must first focus on who (or what)
will use it, or be used by it. After we do this, we look at what the system must do for those users
in order to do something useful. That is what exactly we expect from the use cases as the
behavioral abstraction. Apart from this fact use cases are the poor candidates for the data
abstraction. Rather the do not have data abstraction. The main reason is it shows or describes
the sequence of events or actions performed by the actor or use case, it does not take data in to
account. As we know in earlier stages of the development we believe in ‘what’ rather than
‘how’. ‘What’ does not need to include data whereas ‘how’ depicts the data. As use case moves
around ‘what’ only we are not able to extract the data. So in order to incorporate data in use
cases one must feel the need of data at the initial stages of the development. We have developed
the technique to integrate data in to the uses cases. This paper is regarding our investigations
to take care of data during early stages of the software development. The collected abstraction
of data helps in the analysis and then assist in forming the attributes of the candidate classes.
This makes sure that we will not miss any attribute that is required in the abstracted behavior
using use cases. Formalization adds to the accuracy of the data abstraction. We have
investigated object constraint language to perform better data abstraction during analysis &
design in unified paradigm. In this paper we have presented our research regarding early stage
data abstraction and its formalization.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Introduction
A system of methods used in a particular area of
study or activity
Numbers of methodology are based on modeling the
business problem and implementing the application
in an object oriented fashion.
The major differences between different
methodologies lie primarily in the documentation of
information, and modeling notations and language.
3. The three major methodologies and their modeling
notations developed by Rumbaugh et al., Booch and
Jacobson which are the origins of the Unified Modeling
Language.
Each method has its strengths.
Rambaugh method is well-suited for describing the object
model or the static structure of the system.
The Jacobson et al. method is good for producing user –
driven analysis models.
The Booch method produces detailed object–oriented design
models.
4. Rambaugh et al.’s Object Modeling
Technique(OMT)
OMT presented by Jim Rambaugh and his co workers
describes a method for the analysis, design and
implementation of a system using an object-oriented
technique.
OMT is a fast, intuitive approach for identifying and
modeling all the objects making up a system.
Details such as class, attributes, method, inheritance
and association also can be expressed easily.
5. OMT consists of four phases, which can be performed
iteratively.
Analysis: The results are objects and dynamic and functional
models
System Design: The results are a structure of basic
architecture of system along with high–level strategy
decisions.
Object Design: This phase produces a design document,
consisting of detailed objects static, dynamic and functional
models.
Implementation: This activity produces reusable, extensible
and robust code.
6. OMT separates modeling into three different parts.
An object model, presented by the object model and
the data dictionary.
A dynamic model presented by the state diagrams
and even flow diagrams.
A functional model presented by data flow and
constraints.
7. Object Model
It describes the structure of objects in a system:
Their identity, relationships to other objects, attributes
and operations.
It is represented graphically with an object diagram
which contained classes interconnected by
association lines.
Each class contains a set of individual objects and
association lines establish relationships among the class.
8. OMT Dynamic Model
It provides a detailed and comprehensive dynamic
model, in addition to letting us depict states,
transitions, events and actions.
The OMT state transition diagram is a network of
states and events.
Each state receives one or more events, at which time it
makes the transition to the next state whereas the next
state depends on current state as well as events.
9. OMT Functional Model
OMT data flow diagram (DFD) shows the flow of data
between difference processes in a business.
It also provides a simple and intuitive method for
describing business process without focusing on the details
of the computer system.
DFD uses 4 primary symbols
1. The process is any function being performed.
2. The data flow shows the direction of data element
movement.
3. The data store is a location where data are stored
4. An external entity is a source or destination of a data
element
10. Data Flow Diagram
Four primary symbols
Process- any function being performed
Data Flow- Direction of data element movement
Data Store – Location where data is stored
External Entity-Source or Destination
of a data element
11. The OMT object model of a bank system. The boxes represent classes and the
filled triangle represents specialization. Association between Account and
Transaction is one to many; since one account can have many transactions, the
filled circle represents many (zero or more). The relationship between Client and
Account classes is one to one: A client can have only one account and account
can belong to only one person (in this model joint accounts are not allowed).
12. State transition diagram for the bank application user interface. The round boxes
represent states and the arrows represent transitions.
13.
14. Booch Methodology
It is a widely used object oriented method that helps us design
our system using the object paradigm.
It covers the analysis and design phases of an object oriented
system.
We start with class & object diagrams in analysis phase and
refine these diagrams in various steps.
The Booch method consists of the following diagrams :
Class diagrams,
Object diagrams,
State Transition diagrams,
Module diagrams
Process diagrams,
Interaction programs.
15. Diagrams of Booch method
Class diagrams-
describe roles and responsibilities of objects
Object diagrams
describe the desired behavior of the system in terms of
scenarios
State transition diagrams
state of a class based on a stimulus
Module diagrams
to map out where each class & object should be declared
Process diagrams
to determine to which processor to allocate a process
Interaction diagrams
describes behavior of the system in terms of scenarios
16. Diagrams of Booch method
• Class diagrams
describe roles and
responsibilities of
objects
• Object diagrams describe
the desired behavior of the
system in terms of
scenarios
22. The Macro Development process
The macro process serves as a controlling framework for
micro process & its main concern is technical management
of system.
It consists of following steps:
Conceptualization: Core requirements, goal of system &
Prototype to prove the concept.
Analysis & development of model: Class, object &
interaction diagrams for roles & responses
Design/create sys., architecture: Schedules for multiple
processes on each relevant processor
Evolution or implementation: Refine through iterations
and a stream of s/w implementations
Maintenance: Make localized changes to system to add new
requirements & eliminate bugs
23. Object modeling using Booch notation. The arrows represent specialization;
for example, class Taurus is subclass of the class Ford.
24. An alarm class state transition diagram with Booch notation. This diagram can
capture the state of a class based on a stimulus. For example, a stimulus causes
the class to perform some processing, followed by a transition to another state.
In this case, the alarm silenced state can be changed to alarm sounding state
and vice versa.
25. The Micro Development process
It is a description of the day–to–day activities by a
single or small group of s/w developers which could
look blurry to an outside viewer as analysis & design
phases are not clearly defined.
1. Identify classes and objects
2. Identify class and object semantics.
3. Identify class & object relationships,
4. Identify class & object interfaces & implementation.
26. Jacobson et al. Methodology
Use Cases.
Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Object Oriented Business Engineering.
27. Use Cases
Understanding system requirements
Interaction between Users and Systems
The use case description must contain
How and when the use case begins and ends.
The Interaction between the use case and its actors, including
when the interaction occurs and what is exchanged.
How and when the use case will need data stored in the system.
Exception to the flow of events
How and when concepts of the problem domain are handled.
28. Some uses of a library. As you can see, these are external views of the library
system from the actor such as a member. The simpler the use case, the more
effective it will be. It is unwise to capture all of the details right at the start; you
can do that later.
29. OOSE
Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Objectory (Object Factory for S/w Development) is
built around several different models:
Use case model. The use-case model defines the outside (actors) and
inside (use case) of the systems behavior.
Domain object model. The objects of the “real” world are mapped
into the domain object model.
Analysis object model. The analysis object model presents how the
source code (implementation) should be carried out and written.
Implementation model. The implementation model represents the
implementation of the system.
Test model. The test model constitutes the test plans, specifications,
and reports.
31. OOBE
Object Oriented Business Engineering
OOBE is object modeling at the enterprise level.
Analysis phase
Object Model
Requirement
Analysis
Design and Implementation phase
DBMS
Distribution of Process
Testing phase
Unit testing,
integration and system testing.
32. The primary difference between OOBE and traditional business
modeling and redesign approaches is that OOBE facilitates
thinking about the business as though it were a series of
modular components that can be reconfigured at-will as the
business changes.
OOBE encourages convergence of diverse thinking (through
business patterns); while still very clearly capturing and
respecting those differences that create profitable differentiation
in the marketplace.
OOBE harmonies information systems thinking with
business thinking, driving systems from the business point of
view, but not treating business and systems as incompatible.
By providing a clean transition between business and systems
thinking, OOBE makes possible the realization of a new
breed of business operations where key processes, and even
entire businesses, are implemented electronically
33. PATTERNS
It is an instructive information that captures the
essential structure and insight of a successful family of
proven solutions to a recurring problem that arises
within a certain context and system of forces.
34. Good Pattern will do the following
It solves a problem.
It is a proven concept.
The Solution is not obvious.
It describes a relationship.
The pattern has a significant human component.
36. Patterns Template
Essential Components should be clearly recognizable on
reading a pattern:
Name
Problem
Context
Forces
Solution
Examples
Resulting context
Rationale
Related Patterns
Known uses
37. Frameworks
Way of delivering application development patterns to
support best practice sharing during application
development.
Can be viewed as the implementation of a system of
design patterns.
39. Difference between Patterns and
Frameworks
Design patterns are more abstract than frameworks.
Design patterns are smaller architectural elements
than frameworks.
Design patterns are less specialized than frameworks.
40. Model
An abstract representation of a system.
Types of model
1. Use case model
2. Domain model
3. Analysis object model
4. Implementation model
5. Test model
41. Model
Types of model
1. Use case model defines the outside (actors) &
inside (use case) of the system’s behavior.
2. Domain model maps real world object into the
domain object model.
3. Analysis object model how source code should be
carried out & written.
4. Implementation model represents the
implementation of the system.
5. Test model test plans, specifications & reports.
42. Model
Model is an iterative process.
It can represent static or dynamic situations.
Model
Static Dynamic
Represents a system’s behaviors
that, taken together, reflect its
behavior over time.
(e.g.) interaction & activity diagrams
Provides a system’s
parameters at rest or at a
specific point in time.
(e.g.) class diagram
44. Advantages of modeling
Easy to express complex ideas
Reduce complexity
Enhance & reinforce learning and training
Low cost
Easy to change the model